P-wave tomography of crust and upper mantle under Southern California: Influence of topography of Moho discontinuity

We use 146 422 P-wave arrival times from 6 347 local earthquakes recorded by the Southern California SeismicNetwork to determine a detailed three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure at 0～35 km depth. We have takeninto account the Moho depth variations, which were obtained by seismological methods. Checkerboard tests sug-gest that our inversion results are reliable. Our models provide new information on regional geological structuresof Southern California. At shallow depths P-wave velocity structure correlates with surface geological features andexpresses well variations of surface topography of the mountains and basins. The velocity structure at each layer ischaracterized by block structures bounded by large faults. Ventura Basin, Los Angeles Basin, Mojave Desert, Pen-insular Ranges, San Joaquin Valley, Sierra Nevada, and Salton Trough show respectively all-round block. SanAndreas Fault becomes an obvious boundary of the region. To its southwest, the velocity is higher, and there arestrong heterogeneity and deeper seismicity; but to its northeast, the velocity is lower and shows less variation thanto the southwest, the seismicity is shallower. To investigate the effect of the Moho geometry we conducted inver-sions for two cases: one for flat Moho geometry, another for a Moho with lateral depth variations. We found thatthe topography of the Moho greatly affects the velocity structure of the middle and lower crust. When the Mohotopography is considered, a more reasonable tomographic result can be obtained and the resulting 3-D velocitymodel fits the data better.     

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE FROM YUNXIAN-NINGLANG WIDE-ANGLE SEISMIC REFLECTION AND REFRACTION PROFILE IN NORTHWESTERN YUNNAN,CHINA

The Red River Fault in western Yunnan is one of the longest strike-slip faults in China and has a high seismic potential. To investigate its complicated structure, a near-NS directed 300km long wide-angle reflection/refraction seismic profile was laid out from Yunxian to Ninglang, across the Red River Fault. The 2-D velocity structure model along the profile was obtained through 1-D and 2-D analysis and fitting the observed data with combination of first-arrival traveltime tomography and forward modeling. The results indicate:In the crust, the average P-wave velocity is 6.2~6.3km/s and basically shows a positive gradient structure, but there are some low velocity anomalies at different area in upper and lower crust. Regarding the crust boundary, a relative large lateral variation exists in the depth of Moho, which goes deeper from south to north, ranging from 45km to as deep as 54km; compared to other typical continental crust, the study area demonstrates a striking thickening. It should be mentioned that the crustal thickening is mainly observed in the lower crust, while the upper and middle crust possess nearly constant thickness. We observed strong seismic velocity contrast across the Red River Fault, which emphasizes the role of the fault as an important tectonic boundary between Yangtze paraplatform and Sanjiang geosynclinal system. Along the profile, the Moho depth has no remarkable variation when crossing the Red River Fault. Combining with other study results on nearby area, it proves that there is notable heterogeneity between different parts of the Red River Fault.     

A first deep seismic survey in the Sea of Marmara: Deep basins and whole crust architecture and evolution

Increased source strength, streamer length and dense spatial coverage of seismic reflection profiles of the SEISMARMARA Leg 1 allow to image the deep structure of the marine North Marmara Trough (NMT) on the strike-slip North Anatolian Fault (NAF) west of the destructive Izmit 1999 earthquake. A reflective lower crust and the Moho boundary are detected. They appear upwarped on an E-W profile from the southern Central Basin eastwards, towards more internal parts of the deformed region. Thinning of the upper crust could use a detachment suggested from an imaged dipping intracrustal reflector that would allow upper crustal material to be dragged from beneath it and above the lower crust, accounting for the extensional component but also southwest motion of the southern margin of the NMT. Sections across the eastern half of the NMT, crossing the Cinarcik and Imrali basins, reveal several faults that are active reaching into the basement and have varying strike and proportions of normal and strike-slip displacement. They might be viewed as petals of a large scale negative flower-structure that spreads over a width of 30 km at surface and is rooted deeper in the lithosphere. Under the Central Basin a very thick sediment infill is revealed and its extensional bounding faults are active and imaged as much as 8 km apart down to 6 km depth. We interpret them as two deep-rooted faults encompassing a foundering basement block, rather than being merely pulled-apart from a jog in a strike-slip above a décollement. The deep-basin lengthening would account for only a modest part of the proposed 60 km finite motion since 4 Myr along the same direction oblique to the NMT that sidesteps the shear motion from its two ends. Thus differential motion occurred much beyond the deep basins, like subsidence involving the NMT bounding faults and the intracrustal detachments. The complex partitioned motion localized on active faults with diverse natures and orientations is suggested to represent the overburden deformation induced from horizontal plane simple shear occurring in depth at lithospheric scale, and in front of the North Anatolian Fault when it propagated through the region.     

由地壳速度结构判断郯庐断裂带江苏段未来大震位置

用多震相地震走时成像法反演郯庐断裂带鲁苏皖段及邻区三维地壳速度结构。一些地区如郯庐断裂带临沭到定远及以东地区在中地壳的20~25km出现低速层,一些地区莫霍面埋深有变化。浅层速度结构的分段与断裂活动的分段相一致,表明新沂到泗洪是活动断裂的闭锁段。对比1668年山东郯城8级地震区和研究区的深部速度结构,结合与郯庐带相交的断裂、地震活动、活动断裂的闭锁段、中地壳低速层及莫霍面深度变化,综合判断郯庐断裂带江苏段未来可能发生大震的地区为33.4°~34.1°N,118.2°~118.8°E,重点是宿迁、沭阳、泗阳和泗洪。震级估计可达8级。     

福建—台湾海峡深部地壳结构探测与滨海断裂带性质研究

基于2012年实施的漳浦—下洋—武平人工地震爆破探测数据以及2015年实施的陆海联测HX07的数据,用射线追踪和正演走时拟合方法,获得了福建南部—台湾海峡的初步二维纵波速度模型。剖面显示:滨海断裂带表现为宽约20km的切穿地壳的破碎低速带,与其两侧的地壳结构存在较大的横向差异,莫霍面在滨海断裂带处发生较大的突变,其深度由左侧的30km左右抬升至右侧的28.8km左右,上下地壳厚度比亦由靠陆一侧的1:1降至向海一侧的0.5:1;上述特征表明滨海断裂带是华南地块正常型陆壳与海区减薄型陆壳的分界断裂。地壳速度在海陆过渡带偏高,康拉德面和莫霍面在此处也有显著抬升,推测其可能是在地壳的伸展拉张及太平洋板块与菲律宾海板块向欧亚大陆板块的俯冲的共同作用下,深部软流圈物质沿着长乐—诏安深大断裂上侵形成的。     

THE DIFFERENCE OF DEPOSITION RATE IN THE BOREHOLES AT THE JUNCTION BETWEEN NANKOU-SUNHE FAULT AND HUANGZHUANG-GAOLIYING FAULT AND ITS RESPONSE TO FAULT ACTIVITY IN THE BEIJING AREA

Beijing plain area has been always characterized by the tectonic subsidence movement since the Pliocene. Influenced and affected by the extensional tectonic environment, tensional normal faulting occurred on the buried NE-trending faults in this area, forming the "two uplifts and one sag" tectonic pattern. Since Quaternary, the Neocathaysian stress field caused the NW-directed tensional shear faulting, and two groups of active faults are developed. The NE-trending active faults include three major faults, namely, from west to east, the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault, Shunyi Fault and Xiadian Fault. The NW-trending active faults include the Nankou-Sunke Fault, which strikes in the direction of NW320°~330°, with a total length of about 50km in the Beijing area. The northwestern segment of the fault dips SW, forming a NW-directed collapse zone, which controls the NW-directed Machikou Quaternary depression. The thickness of the Quaternary is more than 600 meters; the southeastern segment of the fault dips NE, with a small vertical throw between the two walls of the fault. Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is a discontinuous buried active fault, a boundary line between the Beijing sag and Xishan tectonic uplift. In the Beijing area, it has a total length of 110km, striking NE, dipping SE, with a dip angle of about 50~80 degrees. It is a normal fault, with the maximum fault throw of more than 1 000m since the Tertiary. The fault was formed in the last phase of Yanshan movement and controls the Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary sediments.There are four holes drilled at the junction between Nankou-Sunhe Fault and Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault in Beijing area. The geographic coordinates of ZK17 is 40°5'51"N, 116°25'40"E, the hole depth is 416.6 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK18 is 40°5'16"N, 116°25'32"E, the hole depth is 247.6 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK19 is 40°5'32"N, 116°26'51"E, the hole depth is 500.9 meters. The geographic coordinates of ZK20 is 40°4'27"N, 116°26'30"E, the hole depth is 308.2 meters. The total number of paleomagnetism samples is 687, and 460 of them are selected for thermal demagnetization. Based on the magnetostratigraphic study and analysis on the characteristics of sedimentary rock assemblage and shallow dating data, Quaternary stratigraphic framework of drilling profiles is established. As the sedimentation rate of strata has a good response to the activity of the basin-controlling fault, we discussed the activity of target fault during the Quaternary by studying variations of deposition rate. The results show that the fault block in the junction between the Nankou-Sunhe Fault and the Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is characteristic of obvious differential subsidence. The average deposition rate difference of fault-controlled stratum reflects the control of the neotectonic movement on the sediment distribution of different tectonic units. The activity of Nankou-Sunhe Fault shows the strong-weak alternating pattern from the early Pleistocene to Holocene. In the early Pleistocene the activity intensity of Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault is stronger than Nankou-Sunhe Fault. After the early Pleistocene the activity intensity of Nankou-Sunhe Fault is stronger than Huangzhuang-Gaoliying Fault. The activity of the two faults tends to consistent till the Holocene.     

Initiation of the San Jacinto Fault and its Interaction with the San Andreas Fault: Insights from Geodynamic Modeling

The San Andreas Fault (SAF) is the Pacific-North American plate boundary, yet in southern California a significant portion of the relative plate motion is accommodated by the San Jacinto Fault (SJF). Here we investigate the initiation of the SJF and its interaction with the SAF in a three-dimensional visco-elasto-plastic finite-element model. The model results show that the restraining bend of the southern SAF causes strain localization along the SJF, thus may have contributed to its initiation. Slip on the SJF tends to reduce slip rate on the SAF and enhance deformation in the Eastern California Shear Zone. The initiation of the SJF and its interaction with the SAF reflect the evolving plate boundary zone as it continuously seeks the most efficient way to accommodate the relative plate motion.     

Resistivity structure of a seismic gap along the Atotsugawa Fault, Japan

Seismicity along the Atotsugawa Fault, located in central Japan, shows a clear heterogeneity. The central segment of the fault with low-seismicity is recognized as a seismic gap, although a lot of micro-earthquakes occur along this fault. In order to elucidate the cause of the heterogeneity in seismicity, the electrical resistivity structure was investigated around the Atotsugawa Fault by using the magnetotelluric (MT) method. The regional geoelectrical strikes are approximately parallel to the fault in a low-frequency range. We constructed two-dimensional resistivity models across the fault using TM-mode MT responses to minimize three-dimensional effects on the modeling process. A smooth inversion algorithm was used, and the static-shifts on the apparent resistivity were corrected in the inversion process.A shallow, low resistivity zone along the fault is found from the surface to a depth of 1-2 km in the best-fit model across the high-seismicity segment of the fault. On the other hand, the corresponding low resistivity zone along the low-seismicity segment is limited to a shallower depth less than 1 km. The low resistivity zone along the Atotsugawa Fault is possibly due to fluid in the fracture zone; the segment with higher levels of seismicity may have higher fluid content in the fault zone compared with the lower seismicity segment. On a view of the crustal structure, a lateral resistivity variation in a depth range of 3-12 km is found below the fault trace in the high-seismicity segment, while a resistive layer of wide extent is found at a depth of about 5 km below the fault trace in the low-seismicity segment. The resistive layer is explained by less fluid condition and possibly characterized as high rigidity. Differences in the resistivity structures between low and high-seismicity segments of the fault suggest that the seismic gap in the central part of the Atotsugawa Fault may be interpreted as a locked segment. Thus, MT is an effective method in evaluating a cause and future activity of seismic gaps along active faults.The lower crust appears as a conductive zone beneath the low-seismicity segment, less conductive beneath the high-seismicity segment. Fluid is inferred as a preferable cause of the conductive zone in this study. It is suggested that the conductive lower crust beneath the low-seismicity segment is recognized where fluid is trapped by an impermeable layer in the upper crust. On the other hand, fluid in the lower crust may upwell to the surface along the high-seismicity segment of the fault.     

沂沭断裂带重力场及地壳结构特征

沂沭断裂带为郯庐断裂带山东段,新构造运动显著,是华北地区的强震活动带之一。文中收集了该地区的布格重力数据,利用小波多尺度分析方法对重力场进行有效分离,研究区域地壳结构特征及断裂空间展布,并应用Parker变密度模型对区域莫霍面进行反演分析,得到以下几点结论:1)重力区域场显示,沂沭断裂带形成了NNE走向的大型重力梯度带,分隔了鲁西、鲁东地块,成为区域内重要的地球物理分界线。2)重力局部场显示,中上地壳结构复杂,沂沭带内部呈现两堑一垒的重力异常格局,5条主干断裂形成线性梯度带分布于东、西地堑内,鲁西块体的多条NW向活动断裂交切于沂沭断裂带,多数断裂只交切于西地堑,而蒙山山前断裂和苍尼断裂横穿沂沭断裂带;下地壳结构相对简单,发生明显的褶曲构造,表现出大规模高、低密度异常相间排列的典型特征。3)区域莫霍面形态东高西低,沂沭断裂带形成了莫霍面陡变带,造成了东西分异格局,潍坊东—莒县—临沂一线出现莫霍面上隆区,具有强震发生的深部孕震环境。4)区域内地震多发于高、低重力异常转化带之间,特别是活动断裂对应的重力梯度条带之上,地震的发生与断裂活动有着密切的关系,沂沭断裂带地震活动性最强,且东地堑强于西地堑。     

中国大陆东南缘地震接收函数与地壳和上地幔结构

从2008-2011年,分别在中国大陆东南缘沿海和内陆两条NE向剖面上进行了宽频地震观测,利用记录到的远震波形资料提取得到1446个远震P波接收函数,用H-κ叠加扫描和CCP偏移叠加方法研究了中国大陆东南缘地壳及上地幔过渡带的结构及其变化特征.结合固定台网25个台站的H-κ结果,获得中国大陆东南缘(福建地区)地壳厚度从内陆到沿海逐渐减薄的图像:地壳从闽西北山区的33 km减薄到厦门沿海一带的29 km以下,平均地壳厚度为31.3 km,具有陆地向洋壳过渡的特征;地壳泊松比从内陆到沿海显示出分带特征,闽中西部内陆地区小于0.26,沿海地带高于0.26,且在断裂带的交汇区域表现为相对异常高值.地壳上地幔顶部(0~200 km)的CCP偏移叠加成像结果显示闽江断裂等NW向断裂深切Moho界面,在断裂两侧Moho面急剧抬升或下沉,产状改变,这些特征向内陆地区逐渐变得不明显.闽江等NW向断裂对研究区地壳厚度、地震等有明显控制作用.上地幔尺度(300~700 km)的CCP偏移叠加成像,未见410 km和660 km速度间断面突变和起伏异常,其绝对深度略大于IASP91模型的,上地幔转换带厚度正常(250±5 km),表明中国大陆东南缘上地幔转换带未受欧亚与菲律宾板块碰撞的明显影响,推断中国大陆东南缘及台湾海峡下方不存在俯冲板块,或俯冲前缘未扰动到410 km的深度.     

VELOCITY STRUCTURE TOMOGRAPHY OF REGIONS DOWNSTREAM THE JINSHA RIVER BASED ON DENSE OBSERVATION

In this paper, the double difference seismic tomography method is applied to the phase arrival times of 7 465 seismic events to determine the hypocenter parameters of events as well as detailed 3D velocity structure at the northern segment of Xiaojiang Fault and its surrounding area. The data was recorded by 42 stations of the Jinshajiang River network from August 2013 to November 2016. At 2~6km, V_P and V_S present low velocity anomalies along the northern segment of Xiaojiang Fault, and the V_S anomaly is especially remarkable. On both sides of the Xiaojiang Fault, there also exist obvious P and S wave low velocity areas. These low velocity areas correspond to the terrain, lithology distribution and the watershed of Jinsha River at shallower layer in the study area. Starting from 6km, a NE-directed high V_P band along Zhaotong-Ludian and Huize-Yiliang Fault is formed on the eastern side of the northern segment of Xiaojiang Fault. V_S also shows the high value in the area bounded by Lianfeng Fault, Baogunao-Xiaohe Fault and Huize-Yiliang Fault. Above 10km depth, to the west side of the Xiaojiang Fault including the Ninghui Fault, V_P shows a significant low-velocity anomaly, while to the east side it presents high velocity feature. The Xiaojiang fault zone shows a significant low V_P from north to south in the study region, and the low velocity anomaly in the northern segment is relatively significant, especially the low velocity anomaly area reaches 15km deep around Qiaojia area. Beneath the Baihetan Dam, a significant low V_P area reaching to 5km deep is found. The earthquakes around the dam formed a strip from shallow to deep on the low-velocity area side. Whereas, a stable high-velocity area is found under the Wudongde Dam. The events relocation result shows that:all the focal depths in the study area are shallower than 20km, and the predominant focal depth is within 15km. Different from the NE-trending of the major faults in the study area, the relocated seismic events are obviously distributed nearly east-west along Matang Fault and Daduo Fault and the region around Huize. The focal depths of M_S6.5 Ludian earthquake sequences are shallower than 15km, and mostly less than 10km. The aftershocks within 2a after the Ludian M6.5 earthquake form two predominant bands of about 40km and 20km along near EW and SN direction, respectively.     

龙门山断裂带地壳密度结构

研究龙门山及邻区地壳密度结构对于认识该地区地震活动性具有重要意义.根据龙门山及邻区( 100°～105°E,28°～33°N)的布格重力异常资料,选取了跨越龙门山断裂带的6条重力测线,在深地震测深资料约束下,使用Geosoft软件分别反演出了龙门山地区地下的沉积层、康拉德界面和莫霍面的深度分布.研究结果表明:龙门山断裂带两侧的地壳结构明显不同,西面高原地区沉积层较薄,大部分为基岩出露;而东边盆地沉积层明显较厚,多在6km以上.莫霍面和康拉德面在两侧均相对平缓,康拉德面从东部的大约24km增加到青藏高原山区的35km左右;莫霍面深度从东部盆地的大约42km增加到西部青藏高原的67km左右.龙门山断裂带整体表现为一条近SN向的陡变重力梯度带,并在其地壳内各界面均发生错断,莫霍面和康拉德面错断距离分别达6 ～ 7km和3～ 5km.该区地壳的这种陡变和不均匀性是导致地震活动性强烈的主要原因之一.     

NEW EVIDENCES FOR LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE YISHU-TANGTOU FAULT,THE TAN-LU FAULT ZONE,AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION

The Tan-Lu Fault Zone(TLFZ), a well-known lithosphere fault zone in eastern China, is a boundary tectonic belt of the secondary block within the North China plate, and its seismic risk has always been a focus problem. Previous studies were primarily conducted on the eastern graben faults of the Yishu segment where there are historical earthquake records, but the faults in western graben have seldom been involved. So, there has been no agreement about the activity of the western graben fault from the previous studies. This paper focuses on the activity of the two buried faults in the western graben along the southern segment of Yishu through combination of shallow seismic reflection profile and composite drilling section exploration. Shallow seismic reflection profile reveals that the Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄)only affects the top surface of Suqian Formation, therefore, the fault may be an early Quaternary fault. The Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)has displaced the upper Pleistocene series in the shallow seismic reflection profile, suggesting that the fault may be a late Pleistocene active fault. Drilling was implemented in Caiji Town and Lingcheng Town along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)respectively, and the result shows that the latest activity time of Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)is between(91.2±4.4)ka and(97.0±4.8)ka, therefore, the fault belongs to late Pleistocene active fault. Combined with the latest research on the activity of other faults along TLFZ, both faults in eastern and western graben were active during the late Pleistocene in the southern segment of the Yishu fault zone, however, only the fault in eastern graben was active in the Holocene. This phenomenon is the tectonic response to the subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plate and collision between India and Asian Plate. The two late Quaternary active faults in the Yishu segment of TLFZ are deep faults and present different forms on the surface and in near surface according to studies of deep seismic reflection profile, seismic wave function and seismic relocation. Considering the tectonic structure of the southern segment of Yishu fault zone, the relationship between deep and shallow structures, and the impact of 1668 Tancheng earthquake(M=8(1/2)), the seismogenic ability of moderate-strong earthquake along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)can't be ignored.     

Retardations in fault creep rates before local moderate earthquakes along the San Andreas fault system,central California

Records of shallow aseismic slip (fault creep) obtained along parts of the San Andreas and Calaveras faults in central California demonstrate that significant changes in creep rates often have been associated with local moderate earthquakes. An immediate postearthquake increase followed by gradual, long-term decay back to a previous background rate is generally the most obvious earthquake effect on fault creep. This phenomenon, identified as aseismic afterslip, usually is characterized by above-average creep rates for several months to a few years. In several cases, minor step-like movements, called coseismic slip events, have occurred at or near the times of mainshocks. One extreme case of coseismic slip, recorded at Cienega Winery on the San Andreas fault 17.5 km southeast of San Juan Bautista, consisted of 11 mm of sudden displacement coincident with earthquakes ofM _L =5.3 andM _L =5.2 that occurred 2.5 minutes apart on 9 April 1961. At least one of these shocks originated on the main fault beneath the winery. Creep activity subsequently stopped at the winery for 19 months, then gradually returned to a nearly steady rate slightly below the previous long-term average.The phenomena mentioned above can be explained in terms of simple models consisting of relatively weak material along shallow reaches of the fault responding to changes in load imposed by sudden slip within the underlying seismogenic zone. In addition to coseismic slip and afterslip phenomena, however, pre-earthquakeretardations in creep rates also have been observed. Onsets of significant, persistent decreases in creep rates have occurred at several sites 12 months or more before the times of moderate earthquakes. A 44-month retardation before the 1979M _L =5.9 Coyote Lake earthquake on the Calaveras fault was recorded at the Shore Road creepmeter site 10 km northwest of Hollister. Creep retardation on the San Andreas fault near San Juan Bautista has been evident in records from one creepmeter site for the past 5 years. Retardations with durations of 21 and 19 months also occurred at Shore Road before the 1974 and 1984 earthquakes ofM _L =5.2 andM _L =6.2, respectively.Although creep retardation remains poorly understood, several possible explanations have been discussed previously. (1) Certain onsets of apparent creep retardation may be explained as abrupt terminations of afterslip generated from previous moderate-mainshock sequences. (2) Retardations may be related to significant decreases in the rate of seismic and/or aseismic slip occurring within or beneath the underlying seismogenic zone. Such decreases may be caused by changes in local conditions related to growth of asperities, strain hardening, or dilatancy, or perhaps by passage of stress-waves or other fluctuations in driving stresses. (3) Finally, creep rates may be lowered (or increased) by stresses imposed on the fault by seismic or aseismic slip on neighboring faults. In addition to causing creep-rate increases or retardations, such fault interactions occasionally may trigger earthquakes.Regardless of the actual mechanisms involved and the current lack of understanding of creep retardation, it appears that shallow fault creep is sensitive to local and regional effects that promote or accompany intermediate-term preparation stages leading to moderate earthquakes. A strategy for more complete monitoring of fault creep, wherever it is known to occur, therefore should be assigned a higher priority in our continuing efforts to test various hypotheses concerning the mechanical relations between seismic and aseismic slip.     

宁夏吴忠地区北部的浅部结构和隐伏断裂——地震反射剖面结果

应用浅层地震勘探法对宁夏吴忠地区北部的浅部地壳结构和隐伏活动断裂进行研究。结果表明,该区存在2条隐伏断裂,分别为银川主断层南段和新华桥断层。推测银川主断层南段为近SN走向的W倾正断层,断层下盘地层界面一般呈近水平状展布,而在断层上盘,T_Q及其以下的地层界面向断面方向倾伏并显示出逆牵引现象,断层向上错断了第四系内部。钻孔联合地质剖面及浅层地震探测结果共同揭示新华桥断层为一条走向NE,倾向SW的正断层,深、浅地震测线控制的新华桥断层延伸长度9 km左右,向上错断了第四系内部的T_(02)界面。     

Crustal-scale prestack depth imaging of the 1994 and 1999 LARSE surveys

While seismic imaging for crustal and mantle structures has traditionally relied on surface wave and refraction data, the use of reflection data for crustal-scale targets has been largely limited to the common midpoint (CMP) stack techniques. The rapid increase in the number of seismograph array deployments in recent years in crustal and mantle seismology has reached a level such that a re-examination of the imaging techniques is becoming necessary. In this paper we show the advantage of prestack depth imaging for crustal reflection studies, based on data from two reflection surveys of the Los Angeles Regional Seismic Experiment (LARSE) to map faults and crustal-scale structures. Our analysis indicates that the quality of the previous images of these surveys is limited by the CMP stack technique. For comparison, we present here depth images of the same LARSE data using wave equation prestack depth imaging and a tomographic velocity model based on first arrivals of the LARSE surveys and local earthquakes. Our new images are considerably improved over previous images in terms of resolution and reflector continuity. The new images show reflectors throughout the crust and suggest truncations in the Moho associated with the San Andreas Fault. A series of bright reflector segments, which are associated with the San Gabriel and San Andreas faults have been identified and might represent reflections from the fault zones. Our results suggest that the presence of high noise level, strong lateral velocity heterogeneity and wide angle geometry argue for, rather than against, the use of prestack depth imaging over the simple CMP stack techniques. As demonstrated in this study, it is now viable to conduct prestack depth imaging of crustal reflection data using a velocity model based on earthquake first arrivals thanks to the dense acquisition deployment.     

基于InSAR形变数据分析台湾纵谷断层南段现今运动特征

本文利用2007—2010年花东纵谷南段区域的InSAR形变数据作为约束, 采用分段断层模型和层状介质模型, 反演中国台湾东部纵谷断层南段滑动速率空间分布, 并据此分析断层运动特征。 研究结果表明, 纵谷断层南段整体以逆冲运动为主, 兼具左旋走滑运动。 纵谷断层南段的滑动速率具有空间非均匀性, 在空间上可以细分为深浅两个极值区, 浅部(0~15 km)最大滑动速率为10 cm/a, 位于深度2.5 km左右; 深部(15~30 km)最大滑动速率为21 cm/a, 位于深度25 km左右。 反演结果与用重复地震估算的深部滑动速率基本吻合。     

THE PALEOSEISMIC SURFACE RUPTURE AT SOUTH OF CENTRAL ALTYN TAGH FAULT AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION

In this study, we described a 14km-long paleoearthquakes surface rupture across the salt flats of western Qaidam Basin, 10km south of the Xorkol segment of the central Altyn Tagh Fault, with satellite images interpretation and field investigation methods. The surface rupture strikes on average about N80°E sub-parallel to the main Altyn Tagh Fault, but is composed of several stepping segments with markedly different strike ranging from 68°N~87°E. The surface rupture is marked by pressure ridges, sub-fault strands, tension-gashes, pull-apart and faulted basins, likely caused by left-lateral strike-slip faulting. More than 30 pressure ridges can be distinguished with various rectangular, elliptical or elongated shapes. Most long axis of the ridges are oblique(90°N~140°E)to, but a few are nearly parallel to the surface rupture strike. The ridge sizes vary also, with heights from 1 to 15m, widths from several to 60m, and lengths from 10 to 100m. The overall size of these pressure ridges is similar to those found along the Altyn Tagh Fault, for instance, south of Pingding Shan or across Xorkol. Right-stepping 0.5~1m-deep gashes or sub-faults, with lengths from a few meters to several hundred meters, are distributed obliquely between ridges at an angle reaching 30°. The sub-faults are characterized with SE or NW facing 0.5~1m-high scarps. Several pull-apart and faulted basins are bounded by faults along the eastern part of the surface rupture. One large pull-apart basins are 6~7m deep and 400m wide. A faulted basin, 80m wide, 500m long and 3m deep, is bounded by 2 left-stepping left-lateral faults and 4 right-stepping normal faults. Two to three m-wide gashes are often seen on pressure ridges, and some ridges are left-laterally faulted and cut into several parts, probably owing to the occurrence of repetitive earthquakes. The OSL dating indicates that the most recent rupture might occur during Holocene.
Southwestwards the rupture trace disappears a few hundred meters north of a south dipping thrust scarp bounding uplifted and folded Plio-Quaternary sediments to the south. Thrust scarps can be followed southwestward for another 12km and suggest a connection with the south Pingding Shan Fault, a left-lateral splay of the main Altyn Tagh Fault. To the northeast the rupture trace progressively veers to the east and is seen cross-cutting the bajada south of Datonggou Nanshan and merging with active thrusts clearly outlined by south facing cumulative scarps across the fans. The geometry of this strike-slip fault trace and the clear young seismic geomorphology typifies the present and tectonically active link between left-lateral strike-slip faulting and thrusting along the eastern termination of the Altyn Tagh Fault, a process responsible for the growth of the Tibetan plateau at its northeastern margin. The discrete relation between thrusting and strike-slip faulting suggests discontinuous transfer of strain from strike-slip faulting to thrusting and thus stepwise northeastward slip-rate decrease along the Altyn Tagh Fault after each strike-slip/thrust junction.     

四川地区的地震层析成像

由四川地震台网的P波数据所进行的层析成像研究得到了该区地壳及上地幔速度图像的新信息(结果表明:1.20^-km深度处的速度图像与地表构造特征密切有关,反映了地壳的岩性分布,呈现为断块结构;龙门山、鲜水河主要断裂及南北构造带和四川盆地清晰地成像在图上.一直被认为是隐伏存在的华蓥山断裂则鲜明地展现在20-85km深度的速度图像上.2.50±km深度处的速度图像则反映了该区的莫霍面深度明显起伏;四川盆地、徽（县）成（县）盆地和汉中盆地的地壳厚度小于50km,上地幔顶部速度约8.1km/s.龙门山以104°E为界,北段地壳厚度与四川盆地一样,中南段与川西相近.康滇地轴为四川地区地壳由东向西增厚的过渡地带.3.岩石层厚度显著变化,扬子准地台为比较活动的褶皱区,具有较厚的岩石层.4.速度结构与地震活动性存在一定的联系,该区1930年以来M≥6.0的强震震中在20^-km深度（上地壳）上的投影大都分布在速度梯度带上,成条带分布.考虑到强震的余震区大都偏高速体一侧,似乎表明,高速体有高于周围介质的剪切强度,它可能起沿断裂带凹凸体的作用.强震震中在50⁺km深度（上地幔顶部）上的投影几乎都分布在低速区及其边缘,那里壳幔间速度呈过渡关系,是软流层顶部较浅地区.     

中国海陆莫霍面及深部地壳结构特征——以阿尔泰—巴士海峡剖面为例

中国海陆莫霍面及深部地壳结构特征研究是东亚地区宏观构造格架研究中的重点内容之一.本文以地震测深等数据为约束信息,以重力数据为基础,通过分区计算,反演了中国海陆莫霍面深度.依据地壳性质与莫霍面深度分布特征,划分了莫霍面深度梯级带与分区,并对各分区的莫霍面分布特点进行了归纳、总结.并选取阿尔泰—巴士海峡典型剖面进行了重、震反演,建立了密度结构.剖面上莫霍面深度和深部结构能够清晰地反映中国大陆"三横、两竖、两三角"构造格架中的两横和两竖,在昆仑—秦岭—大别以北的准噶尔地块和中朝地台莫霍面深度45~50 km,而其以南至贺兰山—龙门山之间的祁连、柴达木至松潘—甘孜的莫霍面呈"W"型起伏,莫霍面深度由祁连地块北部的50 km,加深至68 km,在柴达木盆地抬升至58 km,在阿尼玛卿山莫霍面降至68 km,向南逐渐抬升至四川盆地的44 km,经大兴安岭—太行山—武陵山这一竖的台阶式抬升至华南褶皱带的35 km,在江绍—南岭以南缓慢抬升至南海北部陆架区的20~25 km.在巴士海峡处南海沿马尼拉海沟向东俯冲,莫霍面形态较复杂.同时剖面上祁连—柴达木地块的中下地壳存在一个低速、低密度体,推测其可能是由于部分熔融引起的,是青藏高原东北缘壳内物质流动的通道.