广东省海洋环境和资源管理信息系统

一、前言海洋环境和资源管理的基本目的是在保持经济持续发展的前提下确保海洋资源开发利用和海洋环境保护的平衡。这是一项重要而艰巨的工作,关键在于进行科学的管理和决策。为了科学地进行海洋环境和资源的综合管理,建立广东省海洋环境和资源管理信息系统是一项必不可少的基础工作。广东省海洋环境和资源管理信息系统,是以数据库技术为核心,把海洋环境和资源信息资料存储在计算机存贮器上,在计算机硬件和软件的支持下,实现对海洋环境和资     

福建罗源湾和泉州湾环境容量调查研究项目通过验收

日前，福建省海洋与渔业局组织专家，对由海洋三所和厦门大学牵头，福建省水产研究所、福州市海洋环境监测站等单位参加完成的“福建罗源湾环境容量调查研究”和“福建泉州湾环境容量调查研究”项目进行了评审验收。     

2012年春秋季罗源湾表层海水水质状况及富营养化评价

根据2012年5、10月春秋两季福建省罗源湾海水化学调查数据,对罗源湾内的4个海洋环境分级控制区的水质状况及水质控制目标实现情况进行了分析,并对该湾的营养盐含量的平面分布、季节变化、N/P比值结构进行了分析,对罗源湾水体富营养化程度进行了评价.调查结果显示,罗源湾主要污染物质为无机氮和活性磷酸盐,春秋季无机氮平均含量分别为0.363 mg/dm3和0.428mg/dm3,活性磷酸盐平均含量分别为0.039 mg/dm3和0.062 mg/dm3,含量均显著高于该湾功能区划要求.两个季节罗源湾海水水质平面分布趋势基本一致,湾口水质相对较好,向湾内水质呈逐渐恶化的趋势.罗源湾内的4个海洋环境分级控制区中,渔业环境保护利用区两个航次均未达到水质控制目标;生态廊道保护利用区5月份部分达标,而在10月份则全部未达标;北岸、南岸港口与工业开发监督区也是部分达标.虽然水质状况春季优于秋季,发生赤潮的可能性,春季却大于秋季.自20世纪80年代以来,罗源湾的水环境质量呈逐渐恶化的趋势,尤其是自21世纪以来,水质恶化趋势明显加剧.     

论厦门市海岸带综合管理

本文在分析厦门市海洋管理现状和存在问题的基础上，提出了厦门海岸带综合管理的指导思想；并在海岸带综合管理体制，协调机制，立法与执法，海洋资产资产化管理，海洋资源与海洋环境监测监督与评价，海洋管理信息系统，财政支持机制，公众海洋意识教育和参与海洋管理等方面提出了海岸带综合管理对策。     

近江牡蛎与太平洋牡蛎的同工酶鉴别

福建省罗源湾于上世纪80年代初先后引进来自日本、台湾和澳大利亚的太平洋牡蛎．该品种引进后不久就开始出现养殖品质退化的现象；对此，有人怀疑是与本地近江牡蛎杂交所致。本文通过同工酶分析，确认罗源湾太平洋牡蛎被测样品中不舍与近江牡蛎杂交的个体．苹果酸脱氢酶电泳可作为鉴定相关种群的技术手段．但是，本项调查结果也显示罗源湾太平洋牡蛎很可能不是纯系品种，培育纯化品系、加强种质管理对振兴福建牡蛎产业具有重要意义。     

海洋环境监测实验室信息管理系统设计与应用

文章根据海洋环境监测业务的特点,提出了海洋环境监测实验室信息管理系统的总体设计方案,对系统的结构、系统的功能进行了设计描述。提出建立海洋环境监测实验室信息管理系统,可提升实验室信息运转效率和管理水平,规范质量管理,保证数据可靠性,更好地为海洋环境监测管理服务。     

罗源湾潮致余流特征及其对物质分布的影响

基于MIKE 3开展了罗源湾的三维数值模拟,以流场和断面垂向流速阐释了罗源湾的潮流分布特征,计算了罗源湾的潮致余流场,采用拉格朗日粒子追踪法模拟了具有粒子特性的物质在湾内的运移并分析了粒子的运动规律,结合潮流和潮致余流特征讨论了罗源湾不同区域的物理自净能力。研究结果表明,罗源湾西北部、东北岸内凹处和内湾口处形成了余环流结构,湾内不同区域的物质分布与潮致余流结构有明显相关性,粒子在罗源湾西北部海域运移缓慢,而湾口及可门水道附近具有较好的自净能力。本研究为进一步探讨罗源湾污染物质分布机制提供了科学依据,为罗源湾的污染控制和环境保护提供了技术支撑,研究方法也为其他海湾的相关研究提供借鉴参考。     

海洋环境管理经济手段的设计

目前由于海洋环境管理经济手段存在较多的缺陷，导致了海洋生态环境的恶化，所以，有必要对海洋环境管理经济手段进行重新设计。本文在论证了以行政干预为主的庇古税和以市场调节为主的科斯手段都不适合中国目前的实际情况以后，认为排污权交易可以作为中国目前海洋环境管理的经济手段。     

实验室管理信息系统在海洋环境监测工作中的应用

文章介绍了北海环境监测中心实验室管理信息系统(LIMS)的实施与运行情况,并根据运行经验探讨了实验室管理信息系统对海洋环境监测工作的促进作用及其存在的问题。     

海洋环境监测数据库建设及可视化管理系统的设计与实现

针对大量来之不易的海洋环境监测数据,设计开发了海洋环境监测数据库建设及可视化管理系统。文章对系统的功能和模块设计进行了论述,实现了监测数据库的导入、导出,监测数据查询及监测数据的分析评价等功能,满足了海洋环境监测数据的管理。     

档案目标管理实现现代化管理问题的探讨

本文结合我公司档案目标管理的实践,对档案目标管理中如何实现现代化管理问题进行了探讨,提出了贯彻ＩＳＯ９０００质量保证体系与档案目标管理相结合、利用计算机局域网建立档案数据库管理系统等思路,并在实际应用中取得了良好的效果。     

Public management in New Zealand and its effect on institutional arrangements for managing fisheries

In the last few decades Western democracies, predominately those of British origin, have debated vigorously about how to improve public management performance. These debates have created an influx of new ideas and initiatives regarding the concept and practise of public management. New Zealand implemented public management reform further and faster than most other nations. At the same time, New Zealand implemented sweeping reforms to the management of fisheries, which led to the quota management system based on the allocation of individual transferable quota. This article briefly outlines the history of changes in New Zealand's public management system and the effect these changes have had on institutional arrangements for managing fisheries. Each institutional arrangement has been devised to accommodate the priorities and policies of the government of the day, spanning the Marine Department established in 1866 to recent structural changes made to the Ministry of Fisheries. The recent structural changes have placed greater emphasis on governance to improve performance, but have also led to substantial losses of in-house experience and institutional knowledge. This article contributes to the broader discussion about whether structural changes provide measureable benefits or the most cost effective way to deliver improvements in performance.     

Key principles of marine ecosystem-based management

Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) has gained international popularity in recent years, but the lack of consensus on its definition has precluded the use of a universal implementation framework. The large number and variety of principles that make up EBM, and the diversity in perspectives among key management players, has impeded the practical application of EBM. Agreement on a list of the essential ingredients of EBM is vital to successful application. A frequency analysis of EBM principles was conducted to identify the Key Principles that currently define EBM, from a list of twenty-six principles extracted from a subset of the EBM theoretical/conceptual literature (covering a range of published sources across disciplines and application types). Fifteen Key Principles were identified (in descending frequency of appearance in the literature): Consider Ecosystem Connections, Appropriate Spatial & Temporal Scales, Adaptive Management, Use of Scientific Knowledge, Integrated Management, Stakeholder Involvement, Account for Dynamic Nature of Ecosystems, Ecological Integrity & Biodiversity, Sustainability, Recognise Coupled Social-Ecological Systems, Decisions reflect Societal Choice, Distinct Boundaries, Interdisciplinarity, Appropriate Monitoring, and Acknowledge Uncertainty. This paper also examines the development of EBM principles over time, leading to predictions on the directions EBM will take in the future. The frequency analysis methodology used here can be replicated to update the Key Principles of EBM in the future. Indeed, further research on potential emerging Key Principles such as ‘Consider Cumulative Impacts’, ‘Apply the Precautionary Approach’ and ‘Explicitly Acknowledge Trade Offs’ will help shape EBM and its successful application in the management of marine activities.     

Considering ecosystem-based fisheries management in the California Current

Recognizing that all management decisions have impacts on the ecosystem being exploited, an ecosystem-based approach to management seeks to better inform these decisions with knowledge of ecosystem structure, processes and functions. For marine fisheries in the California Current, along the West Coast of North America, such an approach must take into greater consideration the constantly changing climate-driven physical and biological interactions in the ecosystem, the trophic relationships between fished and unfished elements of the food web, the adaptation potential of life history diversity, and the role of humans as both predators and competitors. This paper reviews fisheries-based ecosystem tools, insights, and management concepts, and presents a transitional means of implementing an ecosystem-based approach to managing US fisheries in the California Current based on current scientific knowledge and interpretation of existing law.     

海洋石油工程服务管理研究

海洋石油工程具有高投资、高风险、高技术含量等特点.海洋石油工程是项复杂的系统工程,提高服务管理水平,对于保证施工、建造、拖航及安装设置过程的安全,提高效率,进而提高竞争力极为重要.文中提出了海洋石油工程服务管理的系列理论与方法,并提出海洋石油工程服务管理中应注意的事项,为此类工程项目管理提供合理建议.     

Community involvement in fisheries management: Experiences in the Gulf of Thailand countries

This paper examines the involvement of coastal communities in fisheries management among the countries of the Gulf of Thailand—Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. Initiatives to decentralize management to local governing bodies, to utilize traditional management methods and to engage in community agreements to protect local resources are explored. An examination of recent experiences indicates some movement toward more local involvement in management. However, the study also leads to several suggestions for the future: in Vietnam and Cambodia, there is a need for significant legislation to control fisheries operations and greater clarity of the role of communities in management; in Malaysia, there is an overall need for more support to local fisheries management; and in Thailand, the need is for greater support of local-level enforcement and monitoring activities.     

A procedural framework for robust environmental management of deep-sea mining projects using a conceptual model

Robust environmental management of deep-sea mining projects must be integrated into the planning and execution of mining operations, and developed concurrently. It should follow a framework indicating the environmental management-related activities necessary at each project phase, and their interrelationships. An environmental management framework with this purpose is presented in this paper; it facilitates the development of environmental information and decision-making throughout the phases of a mining project. It is based environmental management frameworks used in allied industries, but adjusted for unique characteristics of deep-sea mining. It defines the gathering and synthesis of information and its use in decision-making, and employs a conceptual model as a growing repository of claim-specific information. The environmental management activities at each phase have been designed to enable the implementation of the precautionary approach in decision making, while facilitating review of adaptive management measures to improve environmental management as the quantity and quality of data increases and technologies are honed. This framework will ensure fairness and uniformity in the application of environmental standards, assist the regulator in its requirements to protect the environment, and benefit contractors and financiers by reducing uncertainty in the process.     

The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management

During the past 10 years, the evolution of marine spatial planning (MSP) and ocean zoning has become a crucial step in making ecosystem-based, sea use management a reality. The idea was initially stimulated by international and national interest in developing marine protected areas, e.g., the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. More recent attention has been placed on managing the multiple use of marine space, especially in areas where conflicts among users and the environment are already clear, e.g., in the North Sea. Even more recent concern has focused on the need to conserve nature, especially ecologically and biologically sensitive areas, in the context of multi-use planning of ocean space. Despite academic discussions and the fact that some countries already have started implementation, the scope of MSP has not been clearly defined. Terms such as integrated management, marine spatial management, and ocean zoning are all used inconsistently. This is one of the reasons why its importance is not more seriously reflected at the levels of policy and decision-making in most countries. This article attempts to deal with this problem. It describes why MSP is an essential step to achieve ecosystem-based sea use management, how it can be defined and what its core objectives are. The article concludes with an analysis of the use and achievements of MSP worldwide, with particular focus on new approaches in Europe.