喜马拉雅造山带中段定结地区拆离断层

定结地区位于喜马拉雅造山带中段,发育大量的低角度伸展拆离断层,这些拆离断层中部分构成了藏南拆离系的主体。它们基本上垂直于造山带走向伸展,各拆离断层特征显著,普遍发育糜棱岩,糜棱岩类型复杂,主要有硅质糜棱岩、长英质糜棱岩、花岗质糜棱岩。在研究区的北部,拆离断层呈环状产出,构成变质核杂岩三层结构中的中间层,规模一般较大;同时拆离断层使变质核杂岩体盖层中的部分地层拆离减薄;在研究区南部拆离断层呈线状延伸很远,总体上平行造山带延伸,构成了藏南拆离系重要组成部分。部分拆离断层同韧性剪切带平行产出,形成拆离剪切的脆韧性体系。     

河南省崤山地区金银矿床控矿构造特征与成矿模式

崤山位于华北陆块南缘,是河南省重要的有色金属成矿区。为进一步明确崤山地区控矿构造特征,分析探讨成矿就位机制,指导崤山地区中深部地质找矿工作,本文对崤山地区矿床地质特征、构造性质等要素进行了分析研究,将崤山地区控矿构造分为拆离断层控矿构造、韧性剪切带控矿构造和张扭性断裂控矿构造三类。①拆离断层沿太古界太华岩群的结晶基底与中元古界熊耳群盖层间发育,带内发育糜棱岩,崤山北部主要含矿石英脉多发育在紧靠拆离断层带下盘的太华岩群中,矿体就位于拆离剪切形成的拆离断层及其次级断裂带中;②韧性剪切带主要位于崤山中西部和北部,早期呈压扭特性,发育绿泥片岩质初糜棱岩、糜棱岩、花岗质超糜棱岩等,申家窑韧性剪切带晚期表现为张性特征,在其下盘发育有多组与其走向一致的羽列状次级断裂构造,矿体就位于韧性剪切带及其下盘羽状次级断裂带中;③张扭性断裂多发育于崤山中东部,断裂内充填有含金石英脉条带,围岩中多具绿泥石化、绿帘石化、钾化、黄铁矿化等,矿体就位于张扭性断裂带中。按照岩体、构造对成矿的作用关系,建立了崤山地区以深源岩浆为流体、以构造侵位为空间的"双控"成矿模式,指出韧性剪切带、拆离断层带中深部及其次级断裂带是寻找脉型金银矿床的有利地段,燕山期中酸性侵入岩体周缘有斑岩型铜钼矿成矿潜力。     

武功山北缘剥离断层、近水平韧性剪切带与伸展构造

武功山北缘的伸展构造结构完整,系由以脆性变形的上拆离盘及近水平的韧性剪切带为代表的变质核杂岩体所组成。上拆离盘组成于一系列的北倾犁式正断层系及拉张断陷盆地;变质核杂岩体的岩石以舌状—饼状褶皱、片理化、拉伸线理及条带状糜棱岩等近水平的韧性剪切变形为其特征。根据由伸展构造所控制的拉伸断陷盆地的沉积物时代来推测,武功山北缘的伸展构造可能发生于印支运动晚期。     

北喜马拉雅穹隆带雅拉香波穹隆的构造组成和运动学特征

雅拉香波穹隆构造位于北喜马拉雅穹隆带,由上、下两个拆离断层分割成3个构造层。下拆离断层以韧性变形为主,其下的糜棱状片麻岩和花岗岩体形成穹隆核部即下构造层;上拆离断层以脆性变形为主,其上为低级变质的西藏沉积岩系及基性岩墙群(上构造层);千糜岩和糜棱状片岩构成上、下两拆离断层间的中构造层。穹隆构造内经历3期运动,第1和第2期的线理具有统一的北北西—南南东倾伏向,前者仅保存于局部下构造层,代表上盘向南南东的运动学特征,为早期构造变形,成因尚待查明;第2期为穹隆内主导线理,代表穹隆统一的上盘向北北西的运动。第3期低透入性线理向穹隆外侧倾伏,代表垮塌下滑运动。雅拉香波穹隆下构造层与高喜马拉雅岩系相似,下拆离断层为主拆离断层,中构造层可能为西藏沉积岩系底部经拆离作用形成,所以下拆离断层可能是分割高喜马拉雅结晶岩系与西藏沉积岩系的藏南拆离系在北喜马拉雅的出露。雅拉香波穹隆早期(距今14.5Ma±)可能经历了沿藏南拆离系的北北西向拆离,后期(距今13.5Ma±)因岩浆底辟和剥蚀反弹而发生穹隆作用。     

歧口凹陷及周缘新生代构造的成因和演化

歧口凹陷及周缘构造带发育不同方向的新生代断层,主要包括NE、NNE、NEE、近EW和NW向等,从运动学平衡角度推测这些断层均应不同程度地表现为具走滑分量的正断层或上盘斜落的走滑断层。本文提出一个双动力过程模式来解释歧口凹陷及周缘构造带的形成和演化。始新世时主要发生NWW—SEE向区域裂陷伸展,形成NE—NNE向正断层和NEE—近EW向传递断层;渐新世时,受纵贯研究区的NNE向深断裂右旋走滑的影响,叠加了SN向的局部伸展,形成大量NEE—近EW向盖层正断层。晚第三纪时NNE向区域性伸展作用基本停止,深断裂仍继续右旋走滑活动,引起盆地区断层进一步活动。     

内蒙古呼和浩特变质核杂岩韧性拆离带40Ar-39Ar定年及其构造含义

晚中生代,内蒙古大青山依次经历晚侏罗世盘羊山逆冲推覆、早白垩世呼和浩特变质核杂岩伸展、早白垩世大青山逆冲推覆断层及早白垩世以来高角度正断层复杂构造演化。其中,呼和浩特变质核杂岩韧性剪切带的冷却时间和抬升机制的制约尚不明确。本文在野外考察和显微构造分析基础上,采用逐步加热40Ar-39Ar定年法对韧性剪切带内不同单矿物的冷却年龄进行了测定。角闪石、白云母、黑云母和钾长石单矿物40Ar-39Ar冷却年龄处于120~116Ma之间。结合已有年龄数据及单矿物封闭温度,构建了韧性剪切带的冷却曲线。结果表明,韧性剪切带在122~115Ma期间存在一个明显的快速冷却过程。这一阶段快速冷却是与变质核杂岩拆离断层相关核部杂岩拆离折返作为大青山逆冲推覆断层上盘抬升的结果。     

济阳坳陷断裂活动和CO2气藏的关系研究

济阳坳陷在惠民凹陷和东营凹陷的地壳中各存在1个低速体,位于惠民凹陷上地壳底部的低速体是坳陷内已经发现火成岩的岩浆房以及CO₂的气体库。凹陷的边界断层在10~12km±的深度其倾角变得平缓,并以韧性剪切方式沿拆离带向下延伸。拆离带内岩石多为糜棱岩,在岩石圈上部巨大的压力作用下,呈现韧性状态的拆离带是良好的封盖层。由于拆离带的作用,沿岩石圈下部裂缝上升的岩浆和气体等在拆离带下部聚集而形成低速体。在地壳相对较稳定期,拆离带也处于较稳定阶段并起分隔作用;如果地壳发生拉分作用,则低速体也会随之发生暂时性破裂,从而导致低速体内的岩浆和气体运移、聚集和成藏。郯庐断裂是间接的成气断裂,埕南断裂及惠民凹陷内地幔隆起区上地幔及下地壳张性断裂是直接的成气断裂;高青—平南断层以及商店—平方王断层等为输气断裂;临邑—商河断层、林樊家断层和齐河—广饶断层等是有利的输气断裂。     

西藏定结地区变质核杂岩研究

喜马拉雅造山带定结地区近EW向展布两条变质核杂岩带：高喜马拉雅变质核杂岩带和拉轨岗日－孜松变质核杂岩带，在研究区以拉轨岗日－孜松变质核杂岩为典型代表。该变质核杂岩带由多个变质核杂岩体组成，各变质核杂岩体具典型的三层结构。核部由两期（加里东期和喜山期）花岗岩和拉轨岗日群变质岩组成；拆离断层、韧性剪切带及糜梭岩带组成滑脱层；盖层由二叠系、三叠系浅变质岩或未变质的沉积岩系组成。     

Extensional tectonics in Mt Parnon (Peloponnesus,Greece)

Peloponnesus in the south-western part of the Aegean is formed by a heterogeneous pile of alpine thrust sheets that was reworked by normal faulting from Upper Miocene to recent times. Upper Miocene–Lower Pliocene extension in Mt Parnon was accommodated by several mappable brittle detachment faults that exhibit a top-to-the-NE-ENE sense of shear. The hanging wall of the detachments comprises a number of highly tilted fault blocks containing abundant evidence of intense internal deformation by normal faulting and layer-parallel shearing contemporaneous with faulting. These fault blocks are remnants of a cohesive extensional block that slipped to the NE-ENE and broke up along high-angle normal faults that sole into or are cut by the detachments. The largest part of this block is located at the eastern edge of the metamorphic core forming the hanging wall of East Parnon high-angle normal fault that excised part of the aforementioned detachments. The lowermost metamorphic Unit of the nappe-pile does not seem to be affected by the previous extensional episode. Upper plate reconstruction shows that various units of the nappe-pile were affected by high-angle normal faults that linked to detachment faults in the weaker layers. Since the Middle-Upper Pliocene further exhumation of the metamorphic rocks has resulted in the formation of high-angle normal faults overprinting Neogene extensional structures and cut the entire nappe-pile. This new fault system tilted the earlier extensional structures and produced a NE-SW coaxial deformation of Mt Parnon.     

STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE KULU-RAMPUR AND LARJI WINDOW ZONES, WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE KULU-RAMPUR AND LARJI WINDOW ZONES, WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA     

Landforms along transverse faults parallel to axial zone of folded mountain front,north-eastern Kumaun Sub-Himalaya,India

The shape of the frontal part of the Himalaya around the north-eastern corner of the Kumaun Sub-Himalaya, along the Kali River valley, is defined by folded hanging wall rocks of the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT). Two parallel faults (Kalaunia and Tanakpur faults) trace along the axial zone of the folded HFT. Between these faults, the hinge zone of this transverse fold is relatively straight and along these faults, the beds abruptly change their attitudes and their widths are tectonically attenuated across two hinge lines of fold. The area is constituted of various surfaces of coalescing fans and terraces. Fans comprise predominantly of sandstone clasts laid down by the steep-gradient streams originating from the Siwalik range. The alluvial fans are characterised by compound and superimposed fans with high relief, which are generated by the tectonic activities associated with the thrusting along the HFT. The truncated fan along the HFT has formed a 100 m high-escarpment running E–W for ～5 km. Quaternary terrace deposits suggest two phases of tectonic uplift in the basal part of the hanging wall block of the HFT dipping towards the north. The first phase is represented by tilting of the terrace sediments by ～30 ^° towards the NW; while the second phase is evident from deformed structures in the terrace deposit comprising mainly of reverse faults, fault propagation folds, convolute laminations, flower structures and back thrust faults. The second phase produced ～1.0 m offset of stratification of the terrace along a thrust fault. Tectonic escarpments are recognised across the splay thrust near south of the HFT trace. The south facing hill slopes exhibit numerous landslides along active channels incising the hanging wall rocks of the HFT. The study area shows weak seismicity. The major Moradabad Fault crosses near the study area. This transverse fault may have suppressed the seismicity in the Tanakpur area, and the movement along the Moradabad and Kasganj–Tanakpur faults cause the neotectonic activities as observed. The role of transverse fault tectonics in the formation of the curvature cannot be ruled out.     

庐山变质核杂岩东侧的伸展拆离及构造意义

庐山变质核杂岩东侧的星子牛屎墩地区出露与西侧拆离带相似的伸展拆离滑脱、韧性流变的构造现象, 岩层整体呈现上盘向南东滑脱的正断层性质, 推测庐山变质核杂岩东侧的拆离带就在此处, 而并非五里正断层。东侧拆离带内岩石以糜棱岩、糜棱状岩石及混合岩为主, 并发育大量的长英质脉体, 形成温压较高, 埋深较大, 其糜棱岩带、构造片岩带保留完好。运动学涡度分析得到涡度W_k>0.75, 表明该拆离系为以单剪为主的一般剪切带。根据糜棱岩中长石的变形特征估算东侧拆离带的形成温度为650 ℃~700 ℃, 与西侧拆离带近于一致。锆石U-Pb年龄测定得到东侧拆离带的伸展年龄为140~135 Ma, 也代表了庐山变质核杂岩的形成时间。     

东喜马拉雅缺口的地质与地貌成因

东喜马拉雅缺口位于西藏东南部米林地区,平均海拔高度只有4500m,远远低于喜马拉雅山其它地段。我们的研究揭示,它的形成是由一条规模很大的,称之为米林韧性正断层的活动造成的。断层带的宽度至少有20km,大体倾向西,主要由眼球状糜棱岩组成,岩石中的拉伸线理以及眼球旋转的方式表明位于其东西两侧的高喜马拉雅深变质岩系和特提斯喜马拉雅中浅变质岩系之间发生过大规模的拆离运动,导致了东喜马拉雅构造结的最高峰——南迦巴瓦(7756m)的早期抬升以及特提斯喜马拉雅的重力垮塌。该断裂的南西端和藏南拆离系(STDS)相交,因此,它很可能是藏南拆离系的东翼断裂,同样形成于中新世。拆离构造的发生表明喜马拉雅山在中新世发生南北向构造缩短的同时还伴随着近东西向的拉伸。米林断裂的北东端和派区断裂相接。后者在中新世呈左旋剪切,构成东喜马拉雅挤入构造的西边界。米林断裂和上述两个断裂的衔接关系表明该断裂是一个协调高喜马拉雅和特提斯喜马拉雅之间斜向拆离运动的转换断层。     

Folding of a detachment and fault – Modified detachment folding along a lateral ramp,southwestern Montana,USA

The inversion of the Middle Proterozoic Belt sedimentary basin during Late Cretaceous thrusting in Montana produced a large eastwardly-convex salient, the southern boundary of which is a 200 km-long oblique to lateral ramp subtended by a detachment between the Belt rocks and Archean basement. A 10 km-long lateral ramp segment exposes the upper levels of the detachment where hanging wall Belt rocks have moved out over the Paleozoic and Mesozoic section. The hanging wall structure consists of a train of high amplitude, faulted, asymmetrical detachment folds. Initial west-east shortening produced layer parallel shortening fabrics and dominantly strike slip faulting followed by symmetrical detachment folding. “Lock-up” of movement on the detachment surface produced regional simple shear and caused the detachment folds to become asymmetrical and faulted. Folding of the detachment surface after lock-up modified the easternmost detachment folds further into a southeast-verging, overturned fold pair with a ramp-related fault along the base of the stretched mutual limb.     

CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE WESTERN HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS:PROBLEMS IN RESTORATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CRUSTAL SHORTENING

CROSS-SECTIONS OF THE WESTERN HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS:PROBLEMS IN RESTORATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CRUSTAL SHORTENING1　PowersPM ,LillieRJ ,YeatsRS .StructureandshorteningoftheKangraandDehraDunreentrants ,Sub Himalaya ,India[J].GSABulletin ,1998,110 :10 10～ 10 2 7.…     

Late orogenic crustal extension in the northern Menderes massif (western Turkey): evidence for metamorphic core complex formation

The Simav metamorphic core complex of the northern Menderes massif, western Turkey, consists of a plutonic (Tertiary) and metamorphic (Precambrian) core (footwall) separated from an allochthonous cover sequence (hanging wall) by a low-angle, ductile-to-brittle, extensional fault zone (i.e. detachment fault). The core rocks below the detachment fault are converted into mylonites with a thickness of a few hundred metres. Two main deformation events have affected the core rocks. The first deformational event (D₁) was developed within the Precambrian metamorphic rocks. The second event (D₂), associated with the Tertiary crustal extension, includes two distinct stages. Stage one is the formation of a variably developed ductile (mylonitic) deformation (D_2d) in metamorphic and granitic core rocks under greenschist facies conditions. The majority of the mylonites in the study area have foliations that strike NNW to NNE and dip SW to SE. Stretched quartz and feldspar grains define the mineral lineation trending SW-NE direction and plunging gently to SW. The kinematic indicators indicate a top-to-NE sense of shear. Stage two formation of brittle deformation (D_2b) that affected all core and cover rocks. D_2b involves the development of cataclasites and high-angle normal faults. An overall top towards the north sense of shear for the ductile (mylonitic) fabrics in the core rocks is consistent with the N-S regional extension in western Turkey.     

Metamorphism of Greater and Lesser Himalayan rocks exposed in the Modi Khola valley, central Nepal

Thermobarometric estimates for Lesser and Greater Himalayan rocks combined with detailed structural mapping in the Modi Khola valley of central Nepal reveal that large displacement thrust-sense and normal-sense faults and ductile shear zones mostly control the spatial pattern of exposed metamorphic rocks. Individual shear zone- or fault-bounded domains contain rocks that record approximately the same peak metamorphic conditions and structurally higher thrust sheets carry higher grade rocks. This spatial pattern results from the kinematics of thrust-sense faults and shear zones, which usually place deeper, higher grade rocks on shallower, lower grade rocks. Lesser Himalayan rocks in the hanging wall of the Ramgarh thrust equilibrated at about 9 kbar and 580°C. There is a large increase in recorded pressures and temperatures across the Main Central thrust. Data presented here suggest the presence of a previously unrecognized normal fault entirely within Greater Himalayan strata, juxtaposing hanging wall rocks that equilibrated at about 11 kbar and 720°C against footwall rocks that equilibrated at about 15 kbar and 720°C. Normal faults occur at the structural top and within the Greater Himalayan series, as well as in Lesser Himalayan strata 175 and 1,900 m structurally below the base of the Greater Himalayan series. The major mineral assemblages in the samples collected from the Modi Khola valley record only one episode of metamorphism to the garnet zone or higher grades, although previously reported ca. 500 Ma concordant monazite inclusions in some Greater Himalayan garnets indicate pre-Cenozoic metamorphism.     

大别山超高压变质岩的变形历史及折返过程

大别山南部的超高压变质岩在其形成及折返过程中经过5期变形。D₁变形为榴辉岩相前变形,形成于扬子板块北缘陆壳基底的俯冲过程中;D₂变形形成于折返初期(220-210Ma)即超高压变质岩在浮力驱动下折返至下地壳底部的过程中,变形以块状榴辉岩的糜棱岩化及层状榴辉岩和基质的紧密-同斜褶皱为特征;D₃变形发生在折返中期(200-180Ma)即超高压变质岩在南北陆块持续碰撞作用下被挤出并向北逆冲折返至中地壳的过程中,变形以榴辉岩的布丁化和基质的强烈韧性剪切变形为特征;D₄变形是折返晚期(130-110Ma)超高压变质岩在地壳浅部伸展体制下向南滑脱所致;在折返至近地表时,超高压变质岩受到NE向断层(D₅)的切割。     

定结地区韧性剪切带变形特征与糜棱岩研究

定结地区位于喜马拉雅造山带中段 ,发育有多方向、多尺度、多层次、多期次的韧性剪切带。在剪切带中 ,各种韧性变形组构极为丰富 ,表明剪切带岩石的变形主要为韧性变形机制所致。变形岩石类型为花岗质糜棱岩、长英质糜棱岩和硅质糜棱岩 ;由于岩石受糜棱岩化作用程度的不同 ,在韧性剪切带中发育糜棱岩化岩石、初糜棱岩、糜棱岩及超糜棱岩 ;剪切带岩石的变形温度为 2 0 8～ 5 5 9℃。