含植物河道水动力学研究进展

提出了基于河道管理、河流修复与水资源可持续发展的含植物明渠水动力学研究理念,强调了含植物明渠水动力学研究的重要意义.从含植物水流的时均阻力特性、紊流机理的物理模型试验研究及数值模拟计算研究等几方面,深入介绍了国内外关于含植物明渠水动力学研究进展.指出:必须进一步解决对柔性植物枝叶形状及柔韧度的相似模拟;建立柔性植物的刚度、水流特性及阻力特性之间的定量规律;进一步研究含植物水流各向异性的紊流特性;发展更为精细的大涡数值模型来研究水深较大的复杂的各向异性紊流等有待于深入探讨的问题.     

水生植物对水沙运动影响的三维湍流模型

水生植物的存在改变了明渠内水流的流动结构,也影响着泥沙的输运。建立三维湍流模型,在水流控制方程中加入植被阻力项和植被密度项来考虑刚性植物对水动力特性和泥沙输运特性的影响。应用该三维数值模型计算了矩形水槽内淹没植被对水流水平时均流速垂向分布的影响、复式明渠边滩栽种挺水植被对水流深度、平均流速分布以及植被岛周围泥沙床面的冲淤变形的影响。数值计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,表明本模型可以有效地描述刚性水生植物对水流泥沙运动的影响。     

不同渗流强度对明渠水流结构影响的试验研究

关于明渠流引入渗流后的水流运动规律研究很多,但学者们的研究却存在着不同的结论。为探究不同渗流强度对明渠水流结构的影响,通过自行设计的明渠紊流水槽及渗透装置,利用PIV（Particle Image Velocity）图像采集系统及数据分析软件,测量了水流流速并分析了流速变化与相对渗流强度的关系。结果表明:水流流速并不是渗流强度的单值函数关系,随着入河渗流强度的增加,近底水流流速呈先减小后稍有增加,又继续减小的趋势;出河渗流时流速变化趋势与入河相反;出河及入河渗流都有着拐点的存在,且对应的相对渗流强度与雷诺数相关,雷诺数越大,拐点出现时对应的相对渗流强度越小。     

过渡区动床明渠流的流速分布

利用激光流速仪测量了随水流强度加大松散床面,从定床到具有一定输沙强度的动床流动,试验水流条件均处于过渡区。试验资料分析表明,动床过渡区明渠流的卡门常数小于通常所采用的0.4;水流强度逐渐增大,随着推移质运动量增加,阻力系数有减小再增大的趋势;雷诺应力分布和紊动强度分布规律同光滑明渠流类似。     

采样频率及样本容量对明渠紊流统计值的影响

为了研究采样频率和样本容量对明渠紊流统计特征值的影响,利用粒子图像测速技术,对明渠恒定均匀水流的二维流速分布进行测量,获得了包含340535个样本的流场时间序列.对该大容量时间序列进行抽样,得到不同采样频率和容量条件下的一系列子序列.对比分析各子序列的时均流速、紊动强度及雷诺应力的变化特点,发现存在临界的采样频率和样本容量,紊动统计特征参数在临界值以下波动较大,而在临界值以上基本趋于稳定;要满足同一测量精度,时均流速对采样频率和样本容量的要求最低,紊动强度次之,雷诺应力最高.     

淹没植物明渠床面冲淤及其对水流运动的影响

植物的存在改变了河流水动力特性,造成独特的床面冲淤态势。利用实验室水槽模拟含淹没植物的河道,对床面形态和紊流统计特性参数进行测量,研究不同类型紊流作用下的床面冲淤特征以及床面起伏对流动的影响。结果表明:床面剪切紊流条件下,床面形态为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊与沙波复合分布,床面变形加剧了流速沿水深不均匀分布并促进水流动量交换;在自由剪切混合层紊流条件下,床面形态为植物根部马蹄形冲坑及其后方沙沟、沙脊交错分布,床面变形对流动的影响并不显著;“类二重紊流”条件下,床面形态同样表现为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊-沙波复合,床面变形促进植物层内部的水流动量交换、抑制紊动清扫,抑制植物层外部的动量交换、促进紊动喷射。     

规则波作用下刚性挺水植物波生流试验研究

通过在波浪水槽中进行一系列物理模型试验研究规则波作用下刚性挺水植物波生流特性,测试了2种水深和不同入射波况条件下的波生时均流速并对比了挺水植物有茎与无茎时波生流的情况,基于假设检验分别对挺水植物的拖曳力长度尺度、植物特征参数建立模型。研究结果表明:在茎密度为60株/m2时,波生流仍以根部作用为主要因素,对沉水植物公式进行拓展,据此提出挺水植物时均流速最大值预测公式;茎部对时均流速均方根具有衰减作用,且茎部在根部及根部上方区域产生的相对衰减强度,与厄塞尔数呈抛物线函数关系;在簇状根系分布下,茎部对垂向流速结构起稳定作用,尤其是在时均流速最大值所对应的量纲一垂直位置。     

含植物河道紊流结构研究进展

自然河流中,水生植物的存在改变了河道中的紊流结构.与普通明渠紊流相比,含植物河道水体掺混更剧烈,紊流结构更复杂.由于紊流结构直接影响河流中泥沙、污染物和营养物的输移,含植物河道紊流结构研究越来越受到重视.从紊流平均结构、紊动特性、拟序结构和紊流类型几方面归纳并总结了国内外研究进展,综合分析了影响紊流结构的因素,提出利用场与点相结合的综合分析方法,对拟序结构的形成及发展过程进行定量刻画,探究植物条件下紊流机理是今后的重要研究方向.     

横向振动格栅紊流紊动特性试验

建立了一套大尺度格栅紊流试验系统,格栅进行有别于传统垂向模式的横向振动,采用粒子图像测速技术(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)测量流速。对瞬时流速的检验表明,该系统产生的紊流场具有较强的随机性和统计规律性。均方根流速在格栅片附近变化较大,在两片格栅中间处趋于稳定,纵向均方根流速明显大于垂向均方根流速,二者比值在1.5~2.0之间,接近天然明渠紊流。雷诺应力在距格栅越近处波动越大,随着距格栅距离的增加而减小,至两片格栅中间处雷诺应力基本为0。时间和长度积分尺度在格栅片处最小,随着距格栅距离的增加而线性增加,至两片格栅中间处达到最大值。流速能谱呈现Kolmogorov理论的-5/3次方规律。本系统生成的紊流场的统计规律与传统的垂向振动格栅紊流较为一致,但纵向和垂向的紊动强度更接近实际,为后续紊流中泥沙和污染物等运动机理的研究奠定了基础。     

长江中游若干湖泊水生植物体内C、N、P及δ^13C分布

本文就长江中游9个湖泊10种水生植物的C、N、P和稳定C同位素进行了测定,水生植物C元素的平均含量为33.2±5.46%,N、P分别为1.58±0.90%和0.30±0.13%,δ13C组成变化在-27.91‰～-17.16‰之间.从水生植物的生长区域来看,叶子中的C、N和δ13C值与其所处的水环境有密切的关系.对于沉水植物,由于受到无机碳的限制,其叶子中C和N含量显著低于挺水植物及浮水植物;而同时由于水体中无机碳δ13C组成较高,使得沉水植物叶子的δ13C大于挺水植物和浮水植物.     

The influence of vegetation on turbulence and flow velocities in European salt-marshes

Flow hindrance by salt‐marsh vegetation is manifested in the structure of the tidal current; it has a significant impact on sediment transport and it has been related to increased sediment accretion. The flow characteristics in three different vegetation types (Spartina maritima, Sp. anglica and Salicornia sp./Suaeda maritima) were measured on three salt‐marshes in Portugal and England. These in situ measurements differ from laboratory flume experiments with ‘clean’ vegetation by the complexity of natural canopies. Skimming flow develops above the Spartina canopy when the vegetation is fully submerged. In this situation, a low turbulence zone with nearly constant velocity in the denser canopy is separated from the skimming flow above by an interface characterized by high Reynolds stresses. In the low turbulence zone, a positive relationship exists between turbulence intensity and shoot density, which is due to wake turbulence generated locally in the canopy. The rate of particle settling should be increased in that zone. The lower limit of skimming flow is best predicted by the height within the canopy that includes 85% of the biomass. For emergent Spartina canopies and the short Salicornia/Suaeda marsh, the maximal velocity‐gradient is shifted upwards compared to a standard boundary layer over bare sediment and the turbulence is attenuated near the bed, but to a lesser extent than for fully submerged Spartina canopies. A turbulence reduction near the bed was observed in all measured profiles; that should enhance sediment deposition and protects the bed against subsequent erosion.     

水电开发对河流水沙年内分配的影响分析

以中国西南重要的国际河流澜沧江为研究对象,借鉴"基尼系数"的构建思路,建立了水沙年内分配均匀度计算模型,并通过下游水沙与上游天然水沙和区域降水的关系,建立了河流水沙年内分配均匀度回归还原模型。还原结果与实测对比表明:漫湾、大朝山电站建设以来,澜沧江径流年内分配均匀度年均升高1.14%,变幅在-7.32%~10.81%之间,输沙年内分配均匀度年均降低0.23%,变幅在-18.98%~26.76%之间;漫湾、大朝山电站同时运行期间,澜沧江径流年内分配均匀度年均升高3.90%,输沙年内分配均匀度年均降低0.42%;大朝山水电站建设后,澜沧江径流年内分配均匀度升高而输沙年内分配变化不明显,说明大朝山水电建设后河流水沙关系发生了变化,但变化较小。该成果不仅能为相关研究提供方法借鉴,也为水电开发对澜沧江水沙年内分配影响程度的科学评估提供了新的依据。     

Arsenic accumulation and speciation in plants from different habitats

Understanding As accumulation in plants is necessary in order to alleviate problems with As in the environment and to improve sustainable As phytotechnologies. To find suitable candidates for phytoremediation purposes and to investigate specific accumulation patterns due to growth habitat and plant groups, As accumulation in 124 plant species collected from different habitats and speciation in 6 of these plant species, was determined. The data show that submerged plants have a higher accumulation than emergent and terrestrial plants. The As concentration in terrestrial and emergent plants were correlated with the [As]_soil, while the accumulation factor correlated negatively with [As]_soil. Gymnosperms had a high [As]_shoot:[As]_root ratio. The inorganic As species, arsenate and arsenite were found in plants from all habitats and methylarsonic acid (MMA) in all but one plant species. Arsenate predominated in submerged plants. The results suggest that the habitat and the [As]_soil have a strong influence on the As accumulation in plants and that submerged plants and/or gymnosperms might be suitable for phytoremediation of As.     

基于高速摄像技术的推移质运动特征试验

在明渠中开展不同水流条件下低强度均匀沙平衡输沙试验,基于灰度相减方法分析整个床面推移质运动特征,以探寻紊流结构与推移质运动之间的作用机理。结果表明:①受水槽横向方向水流强度分布特征影响,推移质运动概率从水槽中线到两侧壁逐渐变小,且基本呈对称分布;②在紊流相干结构作用下,推移质床面在紊流低速条带区形成凸槽,高速条带区形成凹槽,推移质运动概率沿水槽横向方向存在高低相间的带状分区;③随摩阻雷诺数增大,相邻两推移质运动高概率区域的间距值变化范围为0.13~0.24倍水槽宽度,其值随摩阻雷诺数增大而增大;④不同水流条件下,推移质运动高概率区域间距值约为水深的2倍,这与流向涡模型吻合,表明流向涡是诱导床面出现凹凸相间形态的重要因素。     

Sediment phosphorus fractions and profile distribution at different vegetation growth zones in a macrophyte dominated shallow Wuliangsuhai Lake,China

Sediment phosphorus (P) fractions and profile distribution at submerged macrophyte growth zone, emergent macrophyte growth zone and open-water zone were studied in Wuliangsuhai Lake, China, as well as the correlations among water content, grain size, and organic matter and P fractions. Among the three surveyed zones, the highest concentrations of most P forms occurred in the surface sediment and the lowest between a depth of 12 and 22 cm, except HCl-P and NaOH-P. Sediment phosphorus was mainly associated to inorganic forms (>50%) in three surveyed areas, and the highest value of inorganic phosphorus (IP) in the surface sediment was obtained from submerged macrophyte growth zone. Submerged and emergent macrophytes increased the IP content by 107 and 44 μg/g, respectively, in the surface sediment compared with open-water zone. Vertical profiles of IP in the three surveyed zones showed that the concentrations decreased from surface to 12 cm depth and then increased. There was a similar trend in the sediment profiles of organic phosphorus (OP) and total phosphorus (TP), but the highest concentration of OP and TP in surface sediment was obtained from the emergent macrophyte growth zone. Compared with open-water zone, the emergent macrophyte increased TP content in surface sediment by 1.73 times to 1,320 μg/g, while submerged macrophyte enhanced TP content in the surface sediment by 1.13 times to 865 μg/g. It was observed that in macrophyte growth zones, a strong linear correlation existed between organic matter and OP (r > 0.98), and the maximum concentrations of OP were present in the areas with maximum concentrations of organic matter. Results show that, although rooted macrophyte could uptake directly P from sediments, it is responsible for increasing the internal P loading especially OP by reducing current velocities, attenuating wave energy and generating organic residue in Wuliangsuhai Lake.     

The size and shape of small-scale current ripples: an experimental study using medium sand

Flume experiments with medium sand confirm the increasing complexity in the shape of small-scale current ripples with increasing flow velocity for constant depth. Experiments suggest that a measure of ripple shape (the ratio of wavelengths of transverse to streamwise features, λ-_x/λ-_z) has a more complex relationship with the flow property (Fr, H?/d?) (where Fr is Froude Number of the flow and H?/d? is relative roughness), than was previously realized. It is suggested that hydraulic properties of the flow at the sediment water interface have a more general relationship with ripple form than do properties of the whole flow such as Froude and Reynolds Numbers. Properties of the whole flow tend to separate data into depthrelated curves at shallow flows where the free water surface influences the structure of the turbulence.     

Biogeochemistry of the rare-earth elements in aquatic macrophytes of Linsley Pond,North Branford,Connecticut

Aquatic plants, water, lake mud, soils and rocks from Linsley Pond were analyzed for all the naturally occurring elements of the periodic table which could be detected by optical and X-ray emission spectroscopy. In the course of this study, it was noted that all the rare earths of even atomic number were detected; of the odd-numbered members of the group only La and Pr were found. The others were presumably present in amounts below detection. These elements relative to their concentration in the soils and rocks of the basin are absorbed by plants, giving an enrichment of about one hundred fold relative to Al on a dry weight basis. Samarium is present in excess of Nd in the rooted emergent plants but not in the submerged rooted or rootless ones. There is some suggestion of a fractionation of the rare earths in different parts of the plants. A comparison of the relative accumulation of trace elements with their content in the sediment suggests that Y, La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Dy, Er and Yb may be essential trace elements.     

黄土缓坡片蚀过程及其水力参数适宜性试验研究

为确定黄土缓坡片蚀过程中侵蚀限制条件的变化及水力参数的适宜性,采用模拟降雨试验,在60 mm/h雨强、3种坡度（7.5°、10°、15°）和2种坡长（5 m和10 m）条件下,验证含沙量作为表征参量判定片蚀过程侵蚀限制条件的可行性,提出检验水力参数与产沙量作用关系适宜性的评价方法。结果表明:①依据含沙量随径流的变化规律,片蚀过程依次经历输沙能力限制阶段、剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ共3个侵蚀阶段,其中剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ的侵蚀量占绝对优势。②从水力参数的适宜性来看,径流功率和雷诺数均能很好地表征与产沙量的关系,径流剪切力和弗劳德数则不能有效反映与产沙量的关系。③在不同侵蚀限制阶段,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量的作用关系是不同的。输沙能力限制阶段和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ时,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量分别呈指数关系和线性正相关关系;剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ时,该2种水力参数均与产沙量呈线性负相关关系,但作用关系不唯一,且存在雷诺数临界值,即在输沙能力限制阶段和剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅱ,径流功率和雷诺数与产沙量的作用关系不受坡长效应影响;在剥蚀能力限制阶段Ⅰ,需要同时考虑坡长和雷诺数临界值的共同影响。该研究结果可为深入理解片蚀过程的复杂性提供参考依据。     

Suspended sediment dynamics and morphodynamics in the Yellow River, China

The Yellow River in China carries large amounts of sediments in suspension at concentrations up to several hundreds of kilograms per cubic metre; the sediment is composed mainly of silt. These high sediment concentrations influence the hydrodynamics (flow velocity and turbulence) which, in turn, determine the sediment concentration profile, whereas both the high sediment concentrations and pseudo-cohesive properties of silt determine the morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The effect of sediment on the hydrodynamics is analysed using the Richardson number and the Reynolds number to provide a framework to differentiate between various flow regimes in the Yellow River, which is calibrated and validated with Yellow River data. The flow may be sub-saturated (stable flow), super-saturated (unstable flow characterized by high deposition rates, caused by collapse of turbulence), or hyperconcentrated sub-saturated (stable flow because of hindered settling effects), depending on the Richardson number. Independent of this, the flow may be turbulent, transitional or laminar, depending on the Reynolds number. Analysis of these flow types improves understanding of the flow regimes and morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The morphodynamics of the Yellow River are also affected by pseudo-cohesive behaviour caused by shear dilatance, which results in increasing critical shear stress for erosion at decreasing grain-size. This pseudo-cohesive behaviour may be partly responsible not only for the high deposition rates which characterize the lower Yellow River, but also for mass erosion during river floods.