分布逼近的卡尔曼滤波及其在星载GPS卫星定轨中的应用

探讨了利用推广卡尔曼滤波估计非线性系统状态时存在的问题，进而简要介绍了目前自动控制领域广泛使用的分布逼近的卡尔曼滤波UKF(Unscented Kalman Filter)，考虑到卫星定轨中系统的动态方程和量测方程存在严重非线性的情形，提出了将UKF用于星载GPS卫星定轨．实例计算结果表明，UKF的性能要优于推广卡尔曼滤波．     

An Orbital Prediction Algorithm for LEO Satellites Based on Optical Observations of Short Arcs at Single Station

The forecasting technique of the target tracking based on the short arcs at single station is an important way to guarantee that high-precision photoelectric theodolites can normally track and capture the targets in unconventional environments. We construct the tracking prediction algorithm based on nonlinear filter, which can provide the guiding data for the closed loop tracking under normal circumstances. At the same time we also construct the target prediction algorithm based on the nonlinear transformation, without valid observational data, which can provide a track guidance for the theodolite and ensure that the targets will not be lost. It is demonstrated that the nonlinear filtering is more effective than the EKF (extended Kalman filter) in the tracking prediction algorithm of the short arcs at single station. The results indicate that the nonlinear filter designed in this paper can be used as the guiding algorithm for the optical tracking equipments. And its guiding accuracy is in the same order of magnitude of the theodolite's random measurement accuracy. When the systematic error of the equipments reaches 50″, the accuracy can achieve 20″ for predictions in 60 s. This still satisfies the requirement of the field of view of the tracking equipments.     

Probabilistic Data Association Method for Space Object Tracking

In the optical observation of space objects, multiple measurements often occur in the tracking gate, which brings about the uncertainty of tracking measurement and the reduction of tracking accuracy, causes the instability along the tracking path, and eventually leads to the interruption of tracking and the loss of the target. A new approach, combining the Kalman filter and probabilistic data association, is proposed in this paper for the adaptive tracking of space objects. In this method, the gate of association is predicted by the Kalman filter, while the equivalent measurement obtained from the probabilistic data association is adopted as an effective feed. The experiments show that this technique can effectively improve the tracking accuracy as well as the robustness for the automatic tracking of space objects.     

Can Asymmetry of Solar Activity be Extended into Extended Cycle？

With the use of the Royal Greenwich Observatory data set of sunspot groups,an attempt is made to examine the north-south asymmetry of solar activity in the “extended” solar cycles. It is inferred that the asymmetry established for individual solar cycles does not extend to the “extended” cycles.     

Separation of Different Contributions to the Total X-ray Luminosity in Gamma-ray Loud Blazars

The relativistic beaming model has been successfully used to explain many of the observational properties of active galactic nuclei. In this model the total emission is formed by two components, one beamed, one unbeamed. However, the exact contribution from each component in unresolved sources is still not clear. In the radio band, the core and extended emissions are clearly separated. We adopt the method proposed by Kembhavi to separate the two contributions in the X-ray emissions in a sample of 19 gamma-ray loud blazars. It is clearly shown that the beamed emission dominates the X-ray flux and the unbeamed X-ray emission is correlated with the extended radio emission of the considered objects. We also find that the ratio of the beamed to the unbeamed X-ray luminosity is correlated with the X-ray spectral index, an effect that should be a consequence of the underlying X-ray emission mechanism.     

姿态卡尔曼滤波对FAST馈源舱 BDS/SINS组合导航位姿精度的提高

500 m球面射电望远镜(The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope, FAST)馈源舱位置和姿态测量精度直接影响望远镜接收机的对准精度.为了提高馈源舱位姿精度,提出姿态卡尔曼滤波算法,采用北斗导航系统的多天线技术解算馈源舱姿态,将它与捷联惯导解算的馈源舱姿态对比,两者的差值作为姿态卡尔曼滤波的量测量.为了降低北斗导航系统解算姿态的复杂度,采用了罗德里格矩阵解算方法.以望远镜跟踪观测模式时,北斗导航系统和捷联惯导解算的实际导航结果作为测试数据,测试结果表明采用姿态卡尔曼滤波的组合导航结果精度优于传统卡尔曼滤波的组合导航结果,尤其在航向角和yf轴的位置精度上.     

Navigating to the Moon along low-energy transfers

This paper presents a navigation strategy to fly to the Moon along a Weak Stability Boundary transfer trajectory. A particular strategy is devised to ensure capture into an uncontrolled relatively stable orbit at the Moon. Both uncertainty in the orbit determination process and in the control of the thrust vector are included in the navigation analysis. The orbit determination process is based on the definition of an optimal filtering technique that is able to meet accuracy requirements at an acceptable computational cost. Three sequential filtering techniques are analysed: an extended Kalman filter, an unscented Kalman filter and a Kalman filter based on high order expansions. The analysis shows that only the unscented Kalman filter meets the accuracy requirements at an acceptable computational cost. This paper demonstrates lunar weak capture for all trajectories within a capture corridor defined by all the trajectories in the neighbourhood of the nominal one, in state space. A minimum Δv strategy is presented to extend the lifetime of the spacecraft around the Moon. The orbit determination and navigation strategies are applied to the case of the European Student Moon Orbiter.     

A novel approach to fireball modeling: The observable and the calculated

Estimating the mass of a meteoroid passing through the Earth's atmosphere is essential to determining potential meteorite fall positions. High‐resolution fireball images from dedicated camera networks provide the position and timing for fireball bright flight trajectories. There are two established mass determination methods: the photometric and the dynamic. A new approach is proposed, based on the dynamic method. A dynamic optimization initially constrains unknown meteoroid characteristics which are then used in a parametric model for an extended Kalman filter. The extended Kalman filter estimates the position, velocity, and mass of the meteoroid body throughout its flight, and quantitatively models uncertainties. Uncertainties have not previously been modeled so explicitly and are essential for determining fall distributions for potential meteorites. This two‐step method aims to automate the process of mass determination for application to any trajectory data set and has been applied to observations of the Bunburra Rockhole fireball. The new method naturally handles noisy raw data. Initial and terminal bright flight mass results are consistent with other works based on the established photometric method and cosmic ray analysis. A full analysis of fragmentation and the variability in the heat‐transfer coefficient will be explored in future versions of the model.     

一种空间目标光电跟踪新方法

针对目前空间目标光电观测的自动跟踪过程中,容易受到恒星干扰等影响丢帧后失跟的问题,从概率观点分析了光电跟踪的两个环节:状态外推和实时采样.根据估计理论,建立了一种新的光电跟踪方法.方法利用卡尔曼滤波数据融合的本质提高外推的稳健性,通过均值漂移方法实现跟踪窗口的调整.仿真试验表明,新方法能够有效的降低跟踪中干扰的影响,提高跟踪的稳健性.     

Comparison of three filters in asteroid-based autonomous navigation

At present,optical autonomous navigation has become a key technology in deep space exploration programs.Recent studies focus on the problem of orbit determination using autonomous navigation,and the choice of filter is one of the main issues.To prepare for a possible exploration mission to Mars,the primary emphasis of this paper is to evaluate the capability of three filters,the extended Kalman filter(EKF),unscented Kalman filter(UKF) and weighted least-squares(WLS) algorithm,which have different initial states during the cruise phase.One initial state is assumed to have high accuracy with the support of ground tracking when autonomous navigation is operating; for the other state,errors are set to be large without this support.In addition,the method of selecting asteroids that can be used for navigation from known lists of asteroids to form a sequence is also presented in this study.The simulation results show that WLS and UKF should be the first choice for optical autonomous navigation during the cruise phase to Mars.     

GPS近实时共视观测资料处理算法研究

GPS共视资料的高精度快速处理可实现近实时共视时间传递，常见的平滑方法不能满足近实时共视的要求。分析GPS共视资料特点，设计一种卡尔曼滤波算法，对共视资料进行近实时处理，以便削弱观测噪声，估计异地钟差，对相距2000多公里的中国科学院国家授时中心(NTSC)与日本通信综合研究所(CRL)，和相距1000多公里的CRL与韩国计量科学研究院(KRIS)的共视观测资料处理结果表明：卡尔曼滤波算法所得钟差与根据BIPMT公报所得钟差的均方根误差分别优于2．9ns和2．6ns，为进一步提高比对精度，最后对近实时共视应用于多站点间相互比对的情况，提出在卡尔曼滤波算法基础上使用间接观测平差处理技术，根据共视网络中站点间距离设置观测权值，通过解矛盾方程组得到两站钟差，以NTSC、CRL和KRIS3站比对为例，以BIPMT公报得到的钟差为标准，对间接观测平差处理前后的数据比较表明，近实时比对精度可进一步提高。     

Size-Flux Relation in Solar Active Regions

We present a study of the relationship between integral area and corresponding total magnetic flux for solar active regions. It is shown that some of these relationships are satisfied to simple power laws. Fractal examination showed that some of these power laws can not be justified inside the simple models of stationary magnetic flux tube aggregation. All magnetic fluxes and corresponding areas were calculated using the data measured with the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope of the Huairou Solar Observing Station in Beijing.     

组合GPS/测距测向仪车载导航和卡尔曼滤波

讨论了ＧＰＳ单点伪距定位的特点,然后利用距测向仪来弥补ＧＰＳ导航的不足以及提高导航精度,并给出了确定初值的一种迭代算法,最后提出了八状态的卡尔曼滤波器。     

星载GPS自主定轨的长期稳定性

通过模拟长达100天的星载GPS伪距观测资料,进行卡尔曼滤波定轨仿真计算．重点研究：1)采用简化的动力学模型与简化状态转移矩阵,是否保证滤波的长期稳定性；2)模型误差矩阵Q的选取对滤波定轨精度的影响；3)与事后最小二乘批处理相比较,在简化模型下自主定轨的精度．同时给出了相应的结论．     

Steps Towards a Fully Automated Classification and Redshiftmeasurement Pipeline for LAMOST Spectra. I. Continuum level and wavelength estimation for galaxies

1 INTRoDUCTIONThere are aiready several wide-field multi-fiber spectrograPhic surveys in various stages ofdevelopment, most notably the stellar popu1ation, galaxy and QSO suxveys using the 2dF faciLity as described by Lewis et al. (1998) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) aJs summarizedby York et al. (2000), both of which are already underway, and those surveys planning to usethe 6dF facility as described by Wason et al. (2000) and the LAMOST facility as outllnedby Wang et a…     

VOFilter： Bridging Virtual Observatory and Industrial Office Applications

VOFilter is an XML based filter developed by the Chinese Virtual Observatory project to transform tabular data files from VOTable format into OpenDocument format. VOTable is an XML format defined for the exchange of tabular data in the context of the Virtual Observatory (VO). It is the first Proposed Recommendation defined by International Virtual Observatory Alliance, and has obtained wide support from both the VO community and many Astronomy projects. OpenOffice.org is a mature, open source, and front office application suite with the advantage of native support of industrial standard OpenDocument XML file format. Using the VOFilter, VOTable files can be loaded in OpenOffice.org Calc, a spreadsheet application, and then displayed and analyzed as other spreadsheet files. Here, the VOFilter acts as a connector, bridging the coming VO with current industrial office applications. We introduce Virtual Observatory and technical background of the VOFilter. Its workflow, installation and usage are presented. Existing problems and limitations are also discussed together with the future development plans.     

Automated spectral classification using template matching

An automated spectral classification technique for large sky surveys is pro-posed. We firstly perform spectral line matching to determine redshift candidates for an observed spectrum, and then estimate the spectral class by measuring the similarity be-tween the observed spectrum and the shifted templates for each redshift candidate. As a byproduct of this approach, the spectral redshift can also be obtained with high accuracy. Compared with some approaches based on computerized learning methods in the liter-ature, the proposed approach needs no training, which is time-consuming and sensitive to selection of the training set. Both simulated data and observed spectra are used to test the approach; the results show that the proposed method is efficient, and it can achieve a correct classification rate as high as 92.9%, 97.9% and 98.8% for stars, galaxies and quasars, respectively.     

An algorithm for detecting and estimating cycle slips in single-frequency GPS

An algorithm for detecting outliers and cycle slips in single-frequency GPS using a 3rd order polynomial model of the Kalman filter and for estimating the ambiguity by using optimal wavelet is presented in this paper. It is applicable to the carrier phase measurement with sample rate of one per second. The results of calculation with the GPS data aboard satellite Topex on 1995 June 22 show that the algorithm is so efficient that it can accurately estimate the ambiguity even for signals interrupted by a few seconds.     

MK标准星的CCD光谱及光谱分类判据向黄红区的扩展

本文提供了１２５颗ＭＫ标准星的ＣＣＤ光谱,光谱型从Ｏ到Ｍ,光度级从Ｖ到Ⅰ,构成较完整的二元分类框架,光谱覆盖范围由传统蓝紫区延伸到黄红区．初步考察和归纳了黄红区适于恒星分类的主要光谱特征和判据．这些结果对于采用相似分辨率的恒星光谱分类工作是非常有用的．     

单频GPS周跳检测与估计算法

提出一种单频GSP载波相位中的野值，周跳俭测与模糊度估计算法，采用三阶多项式的卡尔曼滤波检测野值与周跳，而用一种最佳小波估计模糊度，该算法适用于采样间隔为1秒的载波相位测量，用1995．6．22Topex星载GPS数据计算的结果表明，它有限高的效率，可以准确估计信号中断几秒内的模糊度。