Effects of Disturbance Frequency on Canopy Age Structure and Species Composition in a Managed Midwestern Oak Savanna

In the Midwest, the oak savanna is a unique plant community located between the western prairies and northern forests, but, once the most common plant community in Wisconsin, it is now one of the region's rarest plant communities. To assess the success of varying intensities of management practices, standard dendrochronology and vegetation surveying methods were used to determine the age structure and species composition in oak savanna sites that varied from intensely managed to unmanaged. Size and age distributions revealed that the number of distinct cohorts of oaks increased in less managed sites. Seedlings and saplings were present in high frequencies in all sites; however, management practices such as fire applications that were too frequent apparently decreased oak survivorship, as did the competition in the closed canopies of the unmanaged sites. A fire frequency of 2-3 years eliminates competition, but a frequency of 4-6 years, typical of fire-adapted forest communities, allows for slower-growing species and younger oaks to survive, while still maintaining a low density. In these conditions, where growth rates vary in time, the use of dendrochronology is necessary to obtain an accurate canopy structure for fire-adapted forest communities. Quercus macrocarpa was dominant in the more managed sites, but shade-tolerant species were dominant in the unmanaged site. At present, the canopy composition in the managed sites represented an oak savanna assemblage; however, the unmanaged composition was shifting to a woodland assemblage. Thus, remnant oak savanna can be over- or under-managed, and unmanaged oak savanna can be overlooked as woodlands.     

The cultural context of forest degradation in adjacent Purépechan communities, Michoacán, Mexico

Recent changes in the cultural and forest landscapes of the Meseta Purépecha in Michoacán, Mexico as a result of forest degradation underscore the complexity of forest change processes in the tropical highlands of Latin America. Differences in community perception and forest structure and composition between the furniture-making and lumber-producing towns of Pichátaro and Sevina, Purépechan indigenous communities located amidst pine forests on Michoacán's volcanic plateau illustrate the dynamics of this process. We base our comparisons on interviews and field measures of forest structure. Our results show dramatic changes in the forests and cultural landscapes of both communities during the past decade. Following high regional timber exports during the early 1990s, Sevina shifted from a self-sufficient to a timber importation community. By comparison, communal forests and individual parcels in Pichátaro continue to provide wood for approximately 300 wood shops. Field data and forest stand maps confirm the perception of forest degradation in both communities. While Pichátaro has maintained a larger and more diverse forest base to date, stand structure data indicate selective harvesting has led to a shift in dominance toward the less economically desirable pine species and oak. Deforestation and degradation of Sevina and Pichátaro's community forests are symptomatic of both the Meseta Purépecha and Mexico in general. Current forest conditions in both communities justify local, regional, and national concerns regarding declining biodiversity and sustainable economies.     

白洋淀地区晚冰期以来的气候和环境演变

华北平原晚冰期以来气候环境演变研究对该地区社会发展、灾害风险评估和科学应对未来全球增温背景下极端降水和洪涝事件具有重要意义。本文以华北平原中部白洋淀地区高阳剖面（BG-2019）为研究对象,通过高精度AMS¹⁴C、OSL定年技术和高分辨率孢粉组合、粒度组分分析,恢复和重建了白洋淀地区晚冰期以来（距今13710 a—今）区域植被演替和气候环境变化历史。结果显示：BG-2019剖面在距今10270~13710 a和距今4630~5400 a发育湖相沉积,距今3470~3700 a发育沼泽相沉积;距今7130~8000 a发育河流—入湖三角洲相沉积,距今3700~4630 a和距今3230~3470 a发育河流相沉积;距今8000~10270 a和距今5400~7130 a存在明显的沉积间断/地层缺失;表明采样剖面所在位置缺乏连续的湖相地层。晚冰期白洋淀为局地小湖沼;中全新世湖沼较发育、范围广,但也不是连续广袤的湖相沉积;晚全新世湖泊范围收缩。晚冰期和全新世白洋淀流域植被景观存在显著差异;晚冰期气候寒冷干燥,平原发育以蒿属、藜亚科、禾本科和菊科等为主的草地,周围山地森林覆盖度低;中全新世气候温暖湿润,平原大部仍发育以蒿属、藜亚科和禾本科为主的草地,湖区水蕨和水生植物繁盛,周围山地生长松属、栎属为主的针阔混交林,森林覆盖度增高;晚全新世气候温和偏干,平原仍是以蒿属、藜亚科和禾本科等为主的草地,西部山地生长以松属为主的针阔混交林,森林覆盖度较高。     

大小兴安岭高位泥炭孢粉纪录及泥炭发育和演替过程研究

根据３个高位泥炭剖面孢粉分析和＾１４Ｃ测年数据，以及植物残体、微量元素与营养元素等分析相互印证，揭示大小安岭分别５０００ａ Ｂ．Ｐ．和２７００ａ Ｂ．Ｐ．以来孢粉组合特征和植物群与气候演变过程。分析表明大小兴安岭高位泥炭形成了低、中和高位发育阶段的演变，大兴安岭高位泥形成晚于小兴安岭。１３００ａ Ｂ．Ｐ．大小兴安岭普遍发育高位泥炭。该区图强和汤北（９４－Ａ）高位泥炭剖面分别是大小兴安岭高位泥炭标准     

Recognition and significance of streamflow-dominated piedmont facies in extensional basins

Alluvial slopes are piedmonts characterized by parallel steam channels rather than alluvial fans. They are common landforms in extensional basins of the south-western United States but have received little attention from geomorphologists or sedimentologists. Persistence of channellized flow across piedmonts, as opposed to sheetflooding due to loss of flow confinement on alluvial-fan surfaces, distinguishes alluvial-slope and alluvial-fan facies. Miocene strata of the Tesuque Formation (Española basin, New Mexico) and Pliocene strata of the St. David Formation (San Pedro Valley, Arizona) provide examples of extensional basin–piedmont successions constructed by discrete gravel and sand bedload channels and aggrading interfluve floodplains and aeolian sand sheets. Distinction of alluvial-fan and alluvial-slope piedmont deposits has several important implications. The contrasting facies geometries associated with the two landforms produce distinctly different aquifer and reservoir properties. It is hypothesized that alluvial slopes are more likely to form than alluvial fans where mountain fronts lack abrupt structural and topographic definition. This circumstance will most likely be met (a) along tectonically inactive and embayed mountain fronts and (b) on the hangingwall ramp side of half grabens.     

Multi-proxy evidence of postglacial climate and environmental change at Two Frog Lake,central mainland coast of British Columbia,Canada

Pollen and diatoms preserved in the radiocarbon dated sediments of Two Frog Lake in the Seymour-Belize Inlet Complex of the central mainland coast of British Columbia document postglacial climate change. Two Frog Lake was isolated from the sea prior to 11,040 ± 50 yr BP (13,030 cal. yr BP) when the climate was cool and dry, and open Pinus contorta woodlands covered the landscape. These woodlands were replaced by a mixed conifer forest ca. 10,200 yr BP (ca. 12,300 cal. yr BP) when the climate became moister. A relatively dry and warm early Holocene climate allowed Pseudotsuga menziesii to migrate northward to this site where it grew with Picea, Tsuga heterophylla and Alnus. The climate became cooler and moister at ca. 8,000 yr BP (ca. 9,200 cal. yr BP), approximately 500–1,000 years prior to sites located south of Two Frog Lake and on the Queen Charlotte Islands, but contemporary with sites on the northern mainland coast of British Columbia and south coastal Alaska. Climate heterogeneity in central coastal British Columbia appears to have occurred on a synoptic scale, suggesting that atmospheric dynamics linked to a variable Aleutian Low pressure system may have had an important influence on early Holocene climate change in the Seymour-Belize Inlet Complex. The transition to cooler and moister conditions facilitated the expansion of Cupressaceae and the establishment of a modern-type coastal temperate rainforest dominated by Cupressaceae and T. heterophylla. This was associated with progressive lake acidification. Diatom changes independent of vegetation change during the late Holocene are correlative with the mid-Neoglacial period, when cooler temperatures altered diatom communities.     

科尔沁沙地南缘虻石沟黄土地层孢粉分析与古环境的探讨

本文通过对科尔沁沙地南缘虻石沟黄土地层孢粉分析, 划出四个花粉带。Ⅰ带是榆, 榛, 蒿; Ⅱ和Ⅳ带是蒿、藜; Ⅲ带是蒿、菊科、禾本科。从中更新世至晚更新世期间植被与气候变化, 经历了榆树疏林草原(温和偏湿)→半荒漠草原(干冷)→干草原(温凉稍湿)→半荒漠草原(干冷)多次变化过程。孢粉分析表明, 我国北方黄土地层孢粉沮合特点, 由种类贫乏喜干旱的草本花粉组成, 木本花粉数量很少, 反映黄土堆积的干燥气候占主导。植被景观多半是森林草原, 疏林草原, 干草原, 榆树疏林草原, 半荒漠草原或荒漠草原型植被。     

Peat record of climate change for the last 3000 years in Yangmu, Mishan region of Sanjiang Plain

Five pollen zones are identified in Yangmu peatland of Mishan region located at 45o34’N, 132o23’E through sporo-pollen analysis. The changing process of paleovegetation and paleoclimate was obtained. Warm-inclined broad-leaved forest predominated in the environment of warm climate with a little dry 3400 yr BP. Deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forests predominated, in which Pinus, Picea and Abies were main species, together with wet meadow in the environment of cool and humid climate during 3400-1940 yr BP. Deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forests predominated in the dry and warm climate environment 1940-1090 yr BP. Broad-leaved forest was predominant, and the climate was warm and humid 1090-545 yr BP. Marsh meadow predominated when the climate changed to cool and dry 545 yr BP. The composition of the upper part of the 143-125 cm of the peat profile presented the cold period in the early Christian era through mutual identification between the records of historical material such as spores and pollens, susceptibility, organic matter and archaeological studies. The composition of the parts of 125-85 cm and 85-38 cm presented the warm climate in the Northern and Southern Dynasty and Sui and Tang dynasties. Since 3400 yr BP because of the frequent human activities in Mishan region, the amount of cultural relics in the Sui and Tang dynasties increased, which indicated that the ancients took much more woods from the forests in the warm climate environment.     

Gathering in Thoreau's backyard: nontimber forest product harvesting as practice

Understanding of the gathering of nontimber forest products (NTFPs) in woodlands has focused heavily on politics surrounding public lands and harvester communities. Yet forest gathering may be far more universal. This paper reports the results of a survey of residents in New England, querying whether people gather wild things and for what purposes. The results suggest that gathering in New England, and elsewhere in the developed world, is not restricted to a unique type of community or economy, but instead is a form of practice. Those analytical approaches to NTFPs that seek to produce 'alternatives' to the dominant economy may therefore ironically work to reinforce a capitalocentric view of daily life.     

中国福建省亚热带山地4 000年来植被变化的孢粉记录

根据采自福建省中部戴云山脉亚高山水系源头地带(大致25°40'N,118°11'E)泥炭沉积洼地的孢粉纪录,对该地区亚热带山地植被近4 000年来的变化进行了研究.孢粉记录和其他沉积资料显示,3个取样点的泥炭沉积开始于4 000年前,很可能是全新世后期气候转冷的结果.在距今4 000～1 200年前期间,戴云山脉上部(海拔1 300～1 600 m)的植被为亚热带针阔叶混交类型,优势种属包括Cryptomeria(柳杉)、Castanopsis(栲)、Quercus(栎)和Tsuga(铁杉)等.距今1 200年前左右,该区域的植被发生了一次大的变化,表现在上述优势属种的孢粉在样品总孢粉数的比例突然下降,而Pinus(松),Gramineae(禾本科)以及Dicranopteris(芒萁)等属种的比例则提高了.这次剧烈的植被变化在其中的一个泥炭钻孔中留下了一层粘土记录,它代表了当时流域内植被受破坏后出现的严重土壤侵蚀.从泥炭沉积提取的孢粉记录还可以看出,研究区内广泛分布的松林是一种次生植被,它是人类不断干扰的结果.     

青藏高原东北部共和盆地末次冰消期以来古植被和环境演变(英文)

Paleoenvironmental history in the monsoonal margin in the northeast Tibetan Pla-teau provides important clue to the regional climate. Previous researches have been limited by either poor chronology or low resolution. Here we present a high-resolution pollen record from a 40.92-m-long sediment core (DLH) taken from Dalianhai, a terminal lake situated in the Gonghe Basin, the northeast Tibetan Plateau for reconstructing the vegetation and climate history since the last deglacial on the basis of a chronology controlled by 10 AMS 14C dates on plant remains preserved in the core sediments. The pollen assemblages in DLH core can be partitioned into 6 pollen zones and each zone is mainly characterized by the growth and decline of tree or herb pollen percentage. During the periods of 14.8-12.9 ka and 9.4-3.9 ka, the subalpine arboreal and local herbaceous pollen increased, indicating the subalpine forest developed in the surrounding mountains and a desert steppe or typical steppe developed in Gonghe Basin under a relatively moister climate. During the periods of 15.8-14.8 ka, 12.9-9.4 ka and 3.9-1.4 ka, the forest shrank or disappeared according to different degrees of aridity, and the desert steppe degraded to a more arid steppe desert in the basin, indicating a dry climate. After 1.4 ka, vegetation type around Dalianhai was mainly dominated by steppe suggested by increased Artemisia. Our results suggested the climate history in this region was dry from 15.8-14.8 ka, humid from 14.8-12.9 ka and dry from 12.9-9.4 ka, after which the climate was humid during 9.4-3.9 ka, followed by dry conditions during 3.9-1.4 ka and humid conditions in the last 1.4 ka. The change of pollen percentage and the evolution of palaeovegetation in Dalianhai since the last deglacial were similar to those recorded in Qinghai Lake. The forest expanded in the mountains around Dalianhai during the B?l-ling-Aller?d period, shrank during the Younger Dryas and the early Holocene, then it devel-oped and reached its maximum in the mid-Holocene. During the late Holocene, the vegetation began to shrink till disappearance. However, the timing of forest expansion in the Holocene lagged behind that of Qinghai Lake, and this spatial heterogeneity was probably caused by the different forest species between these two places. The maximum of forest development in the mid-Holocene was inconsistent with the period of stronger summer monsoon in the early Holocene indicated by stalagmite records, the reason might be related to the complexity of vegetation response to a large-scale climatic change.     

共和盆地末次冰消期以来的植被和环境演变

在青藏高原共和盆地中的内陆湖泊--达连海获取40.92 m长的湖泊岩芯(DLH钻孔),选用植物残体作为测年材料,利用AMS14C测年技术建立可靠的地层年代序列,对岩芯进行孢粉分析,重建该地末次冰消期以来的古植被和古环境。末次冰消期以来达连海周围山地在14.8～12.9Cal ka BP和9.4～3.9 Cal ka BP时段曾发育森林,气候较湿润,达连海附近盆地发育的荒漠草原盖度增加或演化为草原;在15.8～14.8 Cal ka BP、12.9～9.4 Cal ka BP 和3.9～1.4 Cal ka BP 时段该地气候比较干旱,依据干旱的程度周围山地森林退化或消失,盆地内发育盖度较低的荒漠草原或草原化荒漠。1.4 Cal ka BP以来湿度有所增加,发育草原植被类型。依据植被的演替历史推断该地气候的变化历程是15.8～14.8 Cal ka BP 干旱,14.8～12.9 Cal ka BP 湿润,12.9～9.4 Cal ka BP干旱,9.4～3.9 Cal ka BP湿润,3.9～1.4 Cal ka BP干旱,1.4～0 Cal ka BP湿润。达连海的孢粉记录与附近青海湖的孢粉结果对比,发现两地植被发育基本一致。末次冰消期Bølling-Allerød 时期,山地森林发育;新仙女木事件发生时森林萎缩;全新世中期两地针叶林发育达到鼎盛,之后逐渐减少至消失。早全新世达连海森林扩张的时间滞后于青海湖,主要与两地森林树种的不同和植被演替的时间差异有关。该区森林发育的全盛时期在中全新世,这与石笋记录到的亚洲季风强盛时期在早全新世不相一致,可能与植被复杂的响应机制有关。     

苏北低山丘陵森林植被多样性研究

研究了苏北低山丘陵森林植被的多佯性表明：（丑）杂木林多佯性最高，物种多佯性指数SI）II．39～2． 40，群落均匀度指数 CE 0．56～0．88，生态优势度指数 EDO 15～0．39；侧柏林和刺槐碎多样性最低，——k’7～几m，”—队叮～k‘5，。。k93～几‘8；杆类林和温性松林（赤松林）的多样性分居第二、弟三位．（2）相对而言，苏北东北部低山丘陵生物多样性较西北部低山丘陵高．并对该地区生物多佯性的有效保护提出了建议．     

Peat record of climate change for the last 3000 years in Yangmu, Mishan region of Sanjiang Plain

The study of global climate change for the last 2000 years is very important for predicting climate evolution in the future. In order to explore the evidence of climate change for that period, the Chinese scientists made convincing statements using high-resolution substitution data such as tree-ring, coral and ice core. Continuous accumulated peat sediment is the better substitution data to provide climate information. Selecting the peatlands with a certain area and less human interference, th…     

MOISTURE TRAJECTORIES ASSOCIATED WITH HEAVY RAINFALL IN THE APPALACHIAN REGION OF THE UNITED STATES

Synoptic data associated with a sample of 554 heavy rainfall events is utilized to carry out a trajectory analysis that identifies the movements of moisture towards regions of heavy rain. Both seasonal and regional variations are found in the moisture trajectories associated with heavy rain events occurring in three regions in the Appalachian study area. Numerous events in the region west of the mountain range are tied to westerly and south-southwesterly circulations that bring moisture from the Mississippi River Valley and the Gulf of Mexico during the warm and cool seasons, respectively. Many events southeast of the mountain range are associated with southerly to southeasterly circulations that advect moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. Because of orographic precipitation enhancement and a good exposure to the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, the southern and southeastern slopes of the Appalachian mountains display high frequencies of heavy rainfall, particularly during the cool season. The interior portions of the mountain range and the adjacent plateau to the northwest, on the other hand, are sheltered from moisture source regions and, therefore, exhibit low heavy rain frequencies. [Key words: precipitation, synoptic climatology, Appalachia.]     

内蒙古高原东南部森林-草原交错带的地形-气候-植被格局和植被恢复对策

探讨内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带地形-气候-植被格局,表明植被分布受气候和地形综合影响,在区域尺度上,随降水量减少阔叶林逐步由桦林向栎林、山杨林转变,针叶林更为接近森林旱极;在局地尺度上,阔叶林多分布在蒸发微弱、土壤容重较小的陡阴坡,草原分布在对应的阳坡上,非地带性榆树疏林分布在毛管作用微弱、蒸发小的沙地上。交错带植被建设应在降水量允许范围内优先考虑针叶树;其次要考虑坡向、坡位对土壤水分条件的影响,森林应尽量栽植在坡度10°~40°的阴坡;在区域和局地尺度上都应注意造林密度以及乔灌草结合,沙地不宜栽植密林。     

Forest cover change and land tenure change in Mexico’s avocado region: Is community forestry related to reduced deforestation for high value crops?

Forest cover change in highland pine-oak forests of Michoacan, Mexico is due to a process of conversion of natural forests to avocado orchards. Privately-owned avocado orchards are found on land that was common forest before the 1992 Reform of the Mexican Constitution. We ask how forest cover change was facilitated by policy changes that affected land tenure rules and existing community forestry programs. We use a comparative case study of four communities, an analysis of forest cover change, and interviews and household surveys. Results show that 33.1% of forest cover was lost over a 16-year-period across the region. However, two forestry case study communities lost 7.2% and 15.1% of forest cover, while two adjacent non-forestry communities lost 86.5% and 92.4%, respectively. Interview data show that the Reform of Article 27 combined with the 1992 Forestry Law led to collapse of local governance, illegal division of common forests, and illegal logging in the two non-forestry communities.     

云南省元谋干热河谷的第四纪植被演化

元谋干热河谷植被呈多顶极分布格局．稀树灌草丛是一具次生性的河谷气候顶极群落，但在发生上也有一定的古老性．扭黄茅＋车桑子群落是在现代自然－人为因素强烈影响下形成的一个亚顶极群落．     

西藏色季拉山水化学研究

色季拉山林区是西藏主要的林区之一，生态环境特殊。采用定位观测和小集水区技术研究分析了西藏色季拉山降雨、穿透水、树杆径流、地表径流、地下径流、山涧溪流与尼洋河流水的各种化学物质及迁移特征。为研究西藏主要的环境变化提供第一手的基础资料。     

东祁连山地次生林演替过程中种群格局动态

在野外实地调查基础上,采用TWINSPAN和DCA对乌鞘岭旱泉沟流域次生植物群落进行了数量分类和排序,从植物群系组成、植物群落与环境的生态关系方面,研究石羊河上游封山禁牧区植被群落的分布格局,用以确定该区植被演替序列,并给予合理的环境解释.研究结果表明:(1)采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法,将植被划分为7个群落类型;(2)对于特定的研究区域茶树沟,制约群落类型、植物种分布格局的主要因素是水分和热量;(3)DCA排序图明显反映出排序轴的生态意义,第一轴基本上突出反映了湿度变化,沿第一轴从左到右,湿度逐渐增大;第二轴主要表现了温度梯度,沿第二轴从下到上,温度逐渐降低.(4)次生林的演替序列为山杨树→桦树→青海云杉,其自然演替顶级为青海云杉.