铼矿分布特点、主要类型与勘查开发现状

【研究目的】全球铼资源分布不均衡,智利占全球铼资源总量的半数以上,其中主要来自于斑岩铜矿床。铼的矿床类型与其赋存状态密切相关,由于铼矿多数与其他矿种伴生,导致铼的矿床类型划分尚未形成统一标准,无法为找矿勘查提供依据,因此急需开展相关研究。【研究方法】本文从全球铼矿赋存状态、矿床成因、矿石类型等方面入手,系统梳理和总结已有典型铼矿的富集成矿规律及矿床类型,以期为该类型矿床的勘探开发提供思路。【研究结果】本文将铼矿床划分为4种类型,即斑岩型铜矿中的铼、沉积层控型铜矿中的铼、砂岩型铀矿中的铼以及矽卡岩型矿床中的铼,其中,以斑岩矿床的铼品位最高、储量最大。铼成矿作用以燕山期最为发育,次为喜马拉雅期、印支期、加里东期,其中,大型伴生铼矿主要发育在加里东期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期。铼矿勘探方面,已探明铼矿储量的半数以上来自智利,其余主要国家依次为美国、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦和亚美尼亚。铼矿开发方面,铼矿很可能存在于大陆弧环境下形成的斑岩型铜矿床,各国开始从斑岩铜矿床中回收铼。【结论】铼矿作为新兴资源,在未来节能减排、碳中和实施方面发挥积极作用,应加强独立铼矿床的勘查以及铜钼铼伴生矿床的成因机制研究...     

东北非VMS矿床地质特征与研究进展

东北非地区主要包括埃及、苏丹、厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚.该地区金、银、铜、锌等矿产资源丰富,主要矿床类型为VMS(火山成因块状硫化物)矿床.自发现Ariab、Bisha等大型VMS矿床以来,各国矿业公司在东北非地区开展勘探和开发,并新发现大量矿床,铜、金等矿产资源量不断增加.通过对区域内各国VMS矿床的勘查、研究进展进行...     

湖南省成矿地质事件纲要

[研究目的]湖南省矿产资源丰富,矿种及成因类型繁多,但对各类矿产形成的时代和构造背景尚缺乏系统归纳和总结.[研究方法]本文在既有区域矿产资料基础上,结合近些年区域构造演化、成岩成矿年龄、矿床成因机制等研究成果,对湖南省成矿地质事件及各期成矿事件的构造背景、矿床成因、矿产发育和分布特征等进行了系统探讨和总结.[研究结果]...     

铍矿分布特点、主要类型与勘查开发现状

【研究目的】铍作为最轻的碱土金属,由于其特殊的密度、刚度与熔点等物理化学特性,使其成为具有优异功能和结构的材料,对其开展成因机制和勘探开发研究,具有重要的科学价值和经济价值。【研究方法】本文系统梳理和总结国内外典型铍矿床的特征、成因及勘探工艺,采用相似类比等方法,从时间和空间尺度总结成矿规律,提出铍矿的勘查、开发和利用建议。【研究结果】铍矿床可分为内生型和外生型。外生型铍矿床可分为与风化作用或变质作用有关的矿床类型;内生型矿床根据岩浆系统的碱铝属性,可分为过铝性、偏铝性、过碱性成矿系统,根据流体演化阶段,可分为岩浆型、伟晶岩型、岩浆热液型。【结论】从成矿时代来看,无论过铝性、偏铝性还是过碱性系统的铍成矿作用均集中于中生代,燕山期更是铍矿的主要成矿期;从成矿构造背景角度,岩浆型铍矿常产于后碰撞环境,岩浆热液型铍矿则产于大陆边缘,而伟晶岩型铍矿基本产于造山带。铍是新兴材料之一,在未来节能减排、碳中和计划中将发挥重要作用,应加强铍矿综合利用和回收技术的研发。     

成矿模式研究的几个问题

成矿模式是当代矿床学研究的重要内容和发展方向，是矿床地质科学在描述性基础上发展到高度理论性的必然产物。成矿模式是在区域成矿学研究和典型矿床研究的基础上建立的，它不仅有助于人们深化对矿床特征和矿床成因的认识，而且对矿产预测和勘查工作具有日益重要的指导作用。作者根据成矿模式的概念和研究成果，提出了新的矿床分类设想，并就成矿模式与成矿系列的关系等问题进行了有益的探讨。     

人工矿床勘查开发的若干问题及我国的现状

文章对人工矿床及矿山二次资源的概念进行了讨论，初步提出了人工矿床的3种成因类型，即：技术成因型，技术-自然成因型，稀缺成因型（或市场成因型），分析了人工矿床勘查评价的范围、内容和规范要求；对人工矿床勘查开发技术经济评价的特点，评价准则与评价内容要求进行了论述，并对人工矿床的资源现状进行了分析。提出今后需要深入研究的领域及方向，包括人工矿床的成矿机理、成矿规律，人工矿床勘查开发技术，人工矿床的评价规范制定等。     

“七五”期间秦岭以铅锌为主的金属矿产研究进展

根据地矿部秦巴协调领导小组的安排,“七五”期间我们承担的研究专题是《秦岭泥盆系中以铅锌为主的典型矿床控矿因素、成矿规律及成矿预测》。工作重点是泥盆系铅锌矿带的4个成矿(亚)区的5个典型矿床,即西成成矿(亚)区的邓家山矿床和洛坝矿床,山柞成矿区的银硐子矿床和桐木沟矿床,凤太成矿(亚)区的铅硐山矿床,同时还对有重要意义的一些矿床进行了补充研究,如厂坝—李家沟矿床、八方山矿床、锡铜沟矿床等,并对区内其他大、中型矿床及有意义的小型矿床进行了普遍的调研和考察,还了解了泥盆系及相邻区的一些铜、金、汞锑矿化。它们基本上代表了秦岭地区铅锌、汞锑及多金属矿化的主要类型。研究重点是全面了解各矿床的地质地球化学特征、成因类型及时空分布,探索各种可能的成     

科学找矿工作的探索——兼述战略性矿产找矿工程

科学找矿是发现矿床和矿产勘查过程的总称, 在我国已探索了四十余年。它是应用当代有效的成矿学理论, 从各类资料和数据(地、物、化、遥)中提取信息, 研究区域成矿规律, 圈定不同级别的成矿区带(I—V级), 在成矿信息浓集区带或地段, 述明潜在矿床的地质条件, 判定矿床类型, 指明寻找未发现矿床的标志, 部署矿产勘查后进而发现了矿床, 公认它是矿产勘查学科各环节有机联系的系统流程。科学找矿引领地质找矿的重大突破, 促进矿产勘查工作的现代化。我国已通过矿产区划构建了科学找矿内容的基本格架, 在“新一轮固体矿产普查”、“矿产勘查跨世纪工程”、“矿产资源调查评价”和“找矿突破战略行动纲要”(又称“三五八”行动纲要)的实践中进行探索。获取的找矿成果证明, 科学找矿要以矿床成矿系列、矿产预测理论和成矿信息为指导; 矿产远景区划、地质资料的数据处理和提取成矿信息、编制矿产预测和矿床勘探系列图件是手段; 研究典型矿床, 建立区域的和矿床的成矿模式、总结区域成矿规律、圈定矿产预测远景区和找矿靶区、部署矿产勘查工作是发现矿床的科学支撑; 矿产勘查有效机制将科学找矿各个环节的内容实现有机联接, 组成获取找矿和矿床勘探成果的基本段, 概括为“三项理论”、“二个系统”、“二项技术”, 直至今日, 探索工作已获得很好的找矿效果。在未来的“战略性矿产找矿行动(2021—2035年)”实施过程中, 用科学找矿的思路构建矿产勘查新格局。     

著名矿床地质学家裴荣富院士荣获国际矿床成因协会终身荣誉奖

中国著名矿床地质学家、矿产勘查地质学家、中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所研究员、中国工程院院士和《矿床地质》顾问裴荣富先生 ,因其在担任“国际矿床成因协会 (IAGOD)”主席和该协会的“矿床大构造(CTOD)”、“矿物共生 (PAC)”2个专业委员会副主席 ,以及“国际矿床成因协会中国国家委员会”主任期间 ,在成矿学的国际学术交流方面有突出贡献 ,在第 32届国际地质大会 (IGC)于意大利召开期间 ,经该协会全体理事选举通过 ,特授予裴荣富先生国际矿床成因协会终身荣誉奖。国际矿床成因协会 (IAGOD)是与美洲“经济地质学家学会 (SEG)…     

世界天然碱矿床资源分布、成矿因素及找矿远景

【研究目的】天然碱矿主要用于制纯碱,和合成碱相比,具有绿色环保、成本低的优势。其下游产业遍布各个领域,如玻璃、医药等。光伏等新能源产业的蓬勃发展给纯碱带来了新需求。中国是纯碱消费大国,天然碱或成为稀缺资源。天然碱矿是一种蒸发岩矿床,成矿过程具有重要的研究意义,国内蒸发岩矿床研究领域对天然碱矿的关注较少。理清世界天然碱矿产资源类型、分布特征,总结碱矿成因对深化中国天然碱矿成矿规律研究、预测找矿远景、寻找天然碱矿床具有积极意义。【研究方法】搜集已公开发表或出版的天然碱矿床资料,对世界典型矿床区域概况、物源、成因等内容进行系统总结。【研究结果】绝大部分天然碱矿床分布于北美洲、亚洲和非洲,主要形成于新生代。类型以现代天然碱矿床居多,古代天然碱矿床较少,但资源规模大。古代天然碱矿以美国绿河组、河南泌阳凹陷安棚天然碱矿最为典型,现代天然碱矿以肯尼亚马加迪湖和内蒙古查干诺尔泡碱矿床为典型。【结论】天然碱矿需要在封闭的构造环境、干旱的气候条件、充足的碳酸钠型卤水补给等成矿因素耦合条件成矿。与其他蒸发岩不同的是,维持碳酸钠型卤水所需的CO₂来源具有复杂性。中国天然碱矿找矿远景应聚焦...     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.