STUDY ON SST IN THE NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN WITH SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS*

On the basis of extracting the clear brightness temperature in GMS-4 infrared data,the tests have been carried out by using three methods for SST retrieval in the northwestern Pacific Ocean in August 1993.Considering error amplification is the inherent feature in the single channel physical method,two statistical methods are developed.One is a single channel method.Its precision is 1.186℃,which is superior to that of other similar methods.The other is a multi-channel method using both TOVS and GMS-4 data.Its precision is 1.061℃,which is matched with that of other current multi-channel statistical methods(0.5-1.36℃).The retrieval SST distributions obtained by the two methods are in good agreement with conventional observations.     

气象卫星遥感西北太平洋海温的研究

在提取ＧＭＳ－４红外通道晴空亮温的基础上，用３种方法对１９９３年８月西北太平洋海温进行了反演试验。误差放大的内在特性使得单通道物理法误差显著，所以，建立了一个单通道统计方法，精度（１．１８℃）上优于同类方法；还将ＴＯＶＳ资料与ＧＭＳ资料结合起来，建立海温多通道统计反演方法，精度（１．０６℃）达到了当代同类方法的精度（０．５—１．３６℃）。两种统计方法得到了与实况相近的海温反演分布     

静止气象卫星反演海温及其分析技术方法的研究

用GMS5分裂窗通道和水汽通道的资料，以及船舶浮标站实测的海温资料进行反演海温和格点分析的试验研究。比较了三种不同的海温反演方法，其中用分裂窗通道资料并考虑削弱路径的方法，与用分裂窗通道资料并考虑水汽亮温的方法精度较好（平均约绝对误差分别为0．93℃和0．95℃）。文中还用递归滤波分析方法较好地解决了质量控制和客观分析的问题，分析出的格点场与实测海温分布基本一致。     

热带太平洋和印度洋海温年际变化的均方差分析

运用1951～1997年热带（20°N～20°S,50°E～80°W）海温（SST）资料求出其各月的均方差,结果表明:太平洋海温变化相对印度洋海温变化要明显,特别是赤道中东太平洋附近 （165～90°W,6°N～6°S）的海温变化比较显著,其海温的变化范围在2～4°C左右,3～4月份海温年际变化小,11～12月海温年际变化大;“暖池”附近洋面海温年际变化也小。而印度洋海域的海温变化范围在1～2°C左右,在印度洋南半球洋面海温变化比北半球洋面海温变化相对较大。同时,根据上述海温变化特征确定了几个海温年际变化最大的关键区。     

热带西太平洋海温变化及其与赤道东太平洋海温变化的关系

利用１９５１－１９８８年１０°Ｓ－５０°Ｎ太平洋的ＳＳＴ资料对热带西太平洋海表温度的变化及其与赤道东太平洋海表温度变化的关系进行了分析，发现热带西太平洋ＳＳＴ存在准两年周期的变化。这种变化与ＥＮＳＯ活动相联系：Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ年的ＳＳＴ距平值位于谷值；反Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ年的ＳＳＴ距平值位于峰值。热带西太平洋与赤道东太平洋的ＳＳＴ变化存在弱的反相关关系。两者间存在位相差，前者的变化比后者超前几个月甚至１     

热带海温变化对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量的影响

通过相关分析、诊断分析以及数值模拟试验来研究热带海温异常对云南初夏干温转换季节雨量变化的影响，研究表明前期热带海温异常对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量有明显的影响，海温与雨量的显著关相关区与Walker环流的上升下沉支相对应。提前的时间尺度越长，海温所提供的可预报信息越少；时间尺度越短，提供的可预报信息越大。诊断分析及 数值模拟研究还表明在赤道中东太平洋的暖位相期，孟加拉湾地区的季风低压和初夏索马里附近的越赤道气流及印度洋西南季风减弱，反之则加强。海温变化通过海气相互作用影响到季风活动，从而对云南初夏干湿转换季节雨量产生影响。     

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE PACIFIC SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (SST) and PRECIPITATION OVER NW CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONFormorethanadecade,theair-seainteractionshavebecomeawell-knowncoresubjectofclimateresearch.Largeamountoffactsandtheoreticresearchhaveshownthattheoceanisplayinganessentialroleinclimatechangesonvirtuallyalltimescales[1,2].Tropicaloceansaremajorsuppliersofenergyforglobalatmosphericmotion.Theareaofoceantakesupmorethan70%oftheEarth抯surfaceandvariationsofthetropicaloceancontributemuchtotheinterannualvariationofthegeneralcirculationandclimate[3].Ithasbeenacknowledgedthattheanomaly…     

中国西北春季降水与太平洋海温相关特征的研究

应用奇异值分解对中国西北3-5月的降水资料与太平洋海温进行了相关分析。结果表明：北太平洋与中国西北春季降水有较好的相关,在太平洋海温3-5月呈El Nino峰值位相时,除青海高原外,中国西北地区降水偏水;而当12-2月的海温呈El Nino成熟位相型时,次年西北地区3-5月的降水偏多;而当北太平洋海温12-2月呈La Nina型时,次年青海高原区3-5月的降水偏少。太平洋海温的西风漂流区、黑潮区、加利福尼亚海流区和北赤道海流区的海温的变化与中国西北地区3-5月的降水之间有明显的相关关系。其中黑潮区12-2月的海温与新疆北部的降水呈反相变化,即当黑潮区的海温低时,西北地区的新疆北部降水偏多。中国西北地区3-5月的降水对太平洋温变化的响应区主要的新疆北部、青海高原及其东北侧、沙漠盆地、河西西部等地。     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY-PART I:NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY RELATED TO SST *

In the context of a model of tropical cyclone intensity based on an improved meso-scale atmospheric model, numerical simulation is performed of the track and intensity variation of tropical cyclones(TC) arising from sea surface temperature(SST) variation over a specified sea region. Evidence suggests that the model is capable of modeling quite welt the track and intensity of TC:SST variation leads to an abrupt change in the cyclone intensity:the response of the cyclone to the abrupt SST change lasts 8-12 h.     

VARIABILITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEA TEMPERATURE VARIATION CONSIDERING THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS

By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature (SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages, correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early 1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space. In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods, which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas, and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer.     

影响我国热带气旋活动的气候特征及其与太平洋海温的关系

利用1956~2000年的热带气旋(简称TC,下同)资料对影响我国TC活动的气候特征进行了初步的统计分析,结果发现影响我国的TC活动具有明显的阶段性特征,1960年代影响我国的TC数明显偏少,而后进入偏多期,1990年代又相对偏少。影响我国的TC强度多集中于980~999 hPa,华东的闽、浙一带TC登陆比华南晚,但强度较大。在此基础上通过对影响我国的TC年个数与太平洋海温场进行相关分析,发现两个相关较密切的区域: 西太平洋暖池(120~150 E, 10~20 N)正相关区、赤道中东太平洋(180 ~90 W, 10 S~5 N)负相关区,这两个相关区具有较好的持续性。进一步分析影响我国的TC在El Ni駉年与La Ni馻年的气候特征发现,El Ni駉年影响我国的TC数较少,但强度较大,La Ni馻年则相反,影响我国TC多年和少年对应的太平洋海温距平分布形势分别与La Nia年和El Nio年的海温距平分布形势类似。     

赤道中东太平洋海温相似预报研究

通过寻找过程相似的有效指标 ,建立了一个适合于时间序列分析的相似预报模式。将该模式应用于 ENSO的重要指标—— NINO3区海温指数预报 ,结果表明 :海温相似预报较持续性预报在预报效果 (如误差和相关系数 )上有明显的提高 ,特别是在 6～ 8个月时效上更为突出 ;模式的有效预报时效为 8个月 ,基本上达到国际上同期的模式水平。在有效预报时效 8个月内 ,冬半年的预报相关性普遍高于夏半年 ,其中 ,1 2月份的预报相关性最高 ,而 6,7月份的预报相关性最低。对于所有时效 ,2～ 4月份的预报误差最小 ,而 1 2月份的预报误差最大。相似预报对于转折事件具有较好的预报能力 ,尤其是对于 El Nino结束和强 El Nino开始     

VARIATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SEA LEVEL PRESSURE OVER PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON COLD SUMMER IN EAST ASIA

An EOF analysis was performed to investigate the variations of sea surface temperature (SST) of Pacific and Indian Oceans.Result shows that the distribution of SST anomaly exhibits a distinct anticorrelation pattern between Northwest and Southeast Pacific,as well as between Northwest Pacific and the Arabian Sea.It also shows that the sea level pressure (SLP) anomaly between North Pacific and North Indian Oceans is of a seesaw pattern,which we named the North Paci-fic and North Indian Ocean Oscillation (PIO).Such a phenomenon is closely correlated with the cold summer in East Asia.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY-PART I:NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY RELATED TO SST Duan Yihong;Qin Zenghao;Gu dianfeng;Li Yongping, Shanghai Typhoon Institute.Shangh

In the context of a model of tropical cyclone intensity based on an improved meso-scaleatmospheric model, numerical simulation is performed of the track and intensity variation oftropical cyclones (TC) arising from sea surface temperature (SST) variation over a specified searegion. Evidence suggests that the model is capable of modeling quite welt the track and intensityof TC: SST variation leads to an abrupt change in the cyclone intensity: the response of thecyclone to the abrupt SST change lasts 8—12 h.     

中国汛期降水的印度洋SSTA信号特征分析

用ＥＯＦ和ＣＣＡ方法研究了印度洋洋海表温度距平场与中国汛期降水场的遥相关分布特征，结果表明，印度洋ＳＳＴＡ场与中国汛期降水相关明显，海温场异常分布对中国汛期南北经向雨带的变化及中国西北，西南和长江黄河下游地区汛期旱涝的影响明显，揭示了中国汛期旱涝异常分布的印度洋海温变化的强信号现象，说明特定的印度洋海温分布可以作为中国汛期旱涝预报的强信号因子。     

A MODELING STUDY OF NORTHWEST PACIFIC SSTA EFFECT ON PACIFIC STORM TRACK DURING WINTER

A T_(42)L_9 GCM integration is adopted to investigate in detail the effect of Northwest Pacific seasurface temperature anomaly(SSTA)on the Pacific storm track(PST)during winter.Resultsshow that warm(cold)Northwest Pacific SSTA can give rise to significantly increased(decreased)baroelinicity on the north side of the anomaly area and its downstream in such a way asto make the Pacific storm track strengthen(weaken)in its entrance where the 500 hPa synopticperturbation height variance,kinetic energy,and low-level upward and poteward transient eddytemperature fluxes who exhibit similar features to those of mid-latitude barolinic waves in theirdeveloping phases,show great enhancement for the warm case,suggesting that the Pacific trackcan be reconstructed in its west side only as a result of an external forcing,viz.,warm NorthwestPacific SSTA during winter.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER THE PACIFIC ON PRECIPITATION IN 1991

A zonal domain,primitive equation model is used in this paper to study the influences of the main sea surface tem-perature anomaly(SSTA)areas over the Pacific on precipitation in 1991.Some numerical experiments are made and themechanisms of the influences are discussed.The results show that the influences of the SSTA are mainly confined withinthe tropical and the subtropical regions.The direct effect of the SSTA is to change the exchanges of the sensible heat andthe water vapour between the air and the sea,through the consequent changes of temperature and the flow fields and thefeedback process of condensation,the SSTA finally affects precipitation.     

热带西太平洋海表温度长期变化的特殊性

揭示了５０年代以来热带三大洋海表温度（ＳＳＴ）长期变化的两个基本构成（线性增温及Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ－Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ振荡）,并比较了它们在三大洋中的典型程度。在此基础上重点分析了热带太平洋西、中、东部ＳＳＴ长期变化的差异,指出热带西太平洋ＳＳＴ长期变化中Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ－Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ振荡相对较弱,线性增温趋势被年代际强弱振荡代替。     

A MODELING STUDY OF NORTHWEST PACIFIC SSTA EFFECT ON PACIFIC STORM TRACK DURING WINTER*

A T₄₂L₉ GCM integration is adopted to investigate in detail the effect of Northwest Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)on the Pacific storm track(PST)during winter.Results show that warm(cold)Northwest Pacific SSTA can give rise to significantly increased(decreased)baroelinicity on the north side of the anomaly area and its downstream in such a way as to make the Pacific storm track strengthen(weaken)in its entrance where the 500 hPa synoptic perturbation height variance,kinetic energy,and low-level upward and poteward transient eddy temperature fluxes who exhibit similar features to those of mid-latitude barolinic waves in their developing phases,show great enhancement for the warm case,suggesting that the Pacific track can be reconstructed in its west side only as a result of an external forcing,viz.,warm Northwest Pacific SSTA during winter.     

近70 a北太平洋夏季SST及其与西太副高变化特征的相关

基于1948—2018年美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)重建海面温度(ERSSTv5)资料集,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分解和交叉小波分析等统计学方法,对北太平洋地区近70 a海表温度(SST)、西太平洋副热带高压(WPSH)的变化特征及其相关性进行分析。第一模态体现了SST显著的年际变化厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)现象和显著的年代际变化北太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)现象。将WPSH强度距平指数和面积距平指数的均值定义为WPSH综合指数。WPSH综合指数总体呈上升趋势;1977年之前,WPSH强度逐渐减小且振幅较小;1977年之后,WPSH强度逐渐增大且振幅强度较大。通过合成分析发现,WPSH异常偏强年份对应西北太平洋大部分地区的SST显著偏暖,WPSH异常偏弱年份对应西北太平洋大部分地区的SST显著偏冷。将其与NOAA的月气候指标的Ni?o3.4和PDO指数分别进行交叉小波谱分析,得出:北太平洋SST的年际信号、年代际信号均与WPSH的变化有很明显的相关,WPSH强度和太平洋中部SST存在显著的4～5 a的年际正相关,且随着时间的后移,SST的变化超前于WPSH的变化。