含衰减地层微地震震源机制反演及其反演分辨率

微地震震源机制的反演对于非常规油气开发具有至关重要的作用.微地震信号主频高、能量小,容易受地层吸收衰减作用的影响使其波形发生畸变,本文提出了一种考虑地层吸收衰减作用的微震源机制反演方法,并利用费雷谢偏导矩阵的SVD分解（特征值分解）方法,分析研究了地层的吸收衰减因子的变化对于微地震震源机制反演分辨率的影响,根据理论计算给出了不同地震数据对各种震源机制反演的适用条件.理论计算证明,采用直达P波和S波数据联合反演震源的T值,单独利用直达P波反演震源的k值,可以有效降低地层吸收衰减作用对反演结果的影响.     

基于密度模型稀疏表征的重力反演方法

重力反演是恢复地下密度空间分布的有效工具,而选择合理的密度模型约束方法是提升重力反演分辨率和可靠性的关键.常规约束方法大多是从剖分网格空间中的密度模型出发,通过调整光滑或稀疏约束权重来匹配反演目标,但当地质体类型多样、异常分离不准确及网格剖分方案不合理时,模型约束的合理性与灵活性难以得到有效保证.为此,本文提出了一种基于密度模型稀疏表征的重力反演方法.首先假设待反演的密度模型表征为模型特征矩阵和稀疏分解系数的线性组合,之后重新推导了重力反演目标函数,并给出了分解系数的稀疏求解过程.相比现有重力反演方法,用于构建模型特征矩阵的特征模型可包含不同类型地质体的先验几何信息,分解系数的稀疏性保证了待反演目标来自于最典型的地质模式组合.最后,通过模型试验及实际资料验证了基于密度模型稀疏表征的重力反演方法的有效性.

     

位场数据反演中深度分辨率及改进措施

位场勘探是一种较为成熟的地球物理勘探手段,然而其数据反演中存在的深度分辨率不足问题阻碍了其进一步发展.文章在深入研究位场数据反演理论的基础上,详细分析了位场反演中普遍存在的深度分辨率不足问题,分析了造成这种现象的主要客观原因.研究利用深度分辨率成图技术对给定位场反演问题的深度分辨率进行定量刻画.针对造成分辨率不足的原因提出了几点改进措施:利用离散Picard定理分析问题的适定水平,结合傅立叶系数与奇异值对比图进行合理的噪声剔除;反演计算之前结合DRP技术,给出较为合理的地下剖分方式;合理的数据加权.文章使用理论二维重力模型进行说明,最后将其应用于复杂三维重力模型,试验表明上述措施对于改进位场反演深度分辨率有一定的效果.     

大地测量反演模型优化问题的研究

在大地测量反演中,由于观测数据的不足或由于对模型空间了解的匮乏,总会出现病态问题,因此在进行反演解算之前对反演模型空间进行优化是很有必要的。利用矩阵扰动的理论研究了大地测量反演中的病态问题,并提出了模型优化的两种方法。     

结构刚度矩阵的一种反演方法

本文在总结线弹性结构则度矩阵识别方法的基础上，提出了一种新的反演刚度矩阵的方法，即利用实测的结构各阶固有频率和各阶振型数据，以刚度矩阵中的各元素作为未矩数，代入特征值方程，逐一解出刚度矩阵内各元素。     

光滑模型与尖锐边界结合的MT二维反演方法

如何得到快速稳定的反演结果和更清晰的地质体分界面等问题仍然是当前MT反演研究的一个重点.为了解决反演结果不能得到清晰的电性分界面的问题,本文在前人研究的基础上,基于OCCAM反演以及突出尖锐边界反演的思想,结合最小支撑梯度泛函,构建了新的反演目标函数,并利用共轭梯度法优化目标函数,实现了一种光滑模型与尖锐边界结合的MT二维反演方法.模型实验证明了该方法的准确性,通过与已发表的相关反演方法的结果进行比较,证明了该方法在光滑稳定的基础上可突出对尖锐电性边界的刻画.对广东徐闻地区的实测MT资料进行了处理,表明了该方法的适用性和效果.     

随机不动点地震反演方法

地震反演可以通过地表观测数据来推测地下介质模型参数,因此地震反演技术自提出至今都是储层预测最常用的手段之一.不动点地震反演方法（FPSI）通过将求解目标泛函转换为寻找目标泛函不动点来获得准确与高分辨率的反演结果.由于FPSI对地震信号的振幅变化具有较高的敏感性,因此即使地震剖面存在部分弱反射区域,利用FPSI仍然可以获得较为准确的反演结果.然而FPSI存在抗噪能力不足以及多解性强等问题.为提高FPSI的抗噪能力及实用性,本研究将随机反演框架引入至不动点反演理论,提出随机不动点地震反演方法（SFPSI）.此外,利用纵波阻抗的初始模型计算得到初始反射系数,并将初始反射系数与初始模型约束引入反演框架及目标泛函,有效提高了反演方法的鲁棒性及计算效率.具体地,首先对以待反演参数初始模型为均值的高斯分布进行随机抽样并利用不动点理论判定抽样结果是否被接受.在此基础上对反演参数初始模型进行更新,并利用更新后的反演结果进行下一轮抽样与判定,直至残差小于阈值或迭代次数大于设定值.因此,SFPSI通过反复执行随机过程与不动点修正来使得初始模型逐渐逼近真实解,并最终收敛于目标泛函的不动点.由于本方法具有一定的随机性,因此需要进行多次反演并以多次反演结果的均值作为最终反演结果.最后,模型以及实际资料测试结果表明本方法有效的提高了FPSI抗噪能力,且本方法的反演结果较FPSI的反演结果具有更高的地层分辨率,并保持了良好的横向连续性.     

不同地质条件下反演低频模型构建方法分析

地震波阻抗反演是油气勘探开发过程中基于地震数据刻画地下储层特征及分布范围的重要工具,但受地震采集条件限制,地震数据往往是带限的,缺乏低频成分.低频成分蕴含地质构造的基本信息,缺失低频成分在一定程度上会降低基于反演数据开展储层预测的精度.因此,如何构建低频模型补偿地震低频成分就成为地震波阻抗反演的关键.首先,以均匀介质背...     

X-ray医疗设备的空间分辨率及其傅立叶分析

本文归类分析了影响X-ray 医疗设备空间分辨率的若干因素。从原理层面,基于对不同X-ray医疗设备(传统X-ray,计算机断层扫描CT,运动成像Tomosynthesis)采集信息完备程度的分析,分别从空间域和频率域的角度论证了信息完备性程度的一致性。从而有助于医疗科研工作者加深对空间分辨率及其和信息采集完备性关系的认识。     

一维连续导电剖面的反演问题

基于Schlumberger装置测得的视电阻率,在Coen理论的基础上对一维连续直流导电剖面的反演问题进行研究。分别给出了导电剖面是常函数、线性函数、幂函数、指数函数、分段函数情况下的精确数据和噪音数据反演结果。利用一个野外场地反演的例子,把利用该方法进行反演得到的连续模型和Inman得到的层状模型进行了相应的比较,发现该方法在处理实际场地数据也是有效的。     

工业CT系统空间分辨率两种测试方法分析与评价

空间分辨率是CT图像质量的两项重要性能指标,其测试工作也是CT设备性能测试的重要内容。本文提出工业CT系统空间分辨率常用的两种测试方法,编写基于圆盘法的空间分辨率测试软件,并结合测试软件进行空间分辨率的测试。两种测试方法的对比实验在三套工业CT系统中开展,并在相同试验条件下实施、数据采集、计算和分析。结果发现,在三套工业CT设备测试结果中,基于圆盘法的测试结果要明显低于基于标准中规定的线对卡测试方法测试结果,本文根据傅立叶变换讨论两种测试方法测试结果产生差异的原因。     

论如何审核确定抗震设防要求

为使县级以上地震部门做好审核建设工程抗震设防要求工作，介绍了确定抗震设防要求的4个依据、程序、重大重要建设工程的划分依据、活动断裂分类与分级规定等。指出，确定抗震设防要求既是一项法定的行政审批工作，又是一项严谨的科学技术工作。     

How to construct recursive digital filters for baseflow separation

Recursive digital filtering of hydrographs is a baseflow separation method that can easily be automated and has been recommended for providing reproducible results. In the past, different formulations of the most simple filter type, the so‐called one‐parameter filter, have been proposed. In this paper, a theoretical framework is developed for filter algorithms that were constructed under the assumption that the outflow from an aquifer is linearly proportional to its storage. It is shown that these one‐parameter filters describing an exponential baseflow recession are all special cases of a two‐parameter filter whose equation is specified. Its parameters are the recession constant—which can be objectively determined by a recession analysis—and BFI_max, the maximum value of the baseflow index that can be modelled by the algorithm. This introduces a subjective element into the baseflow calculation, since BFI_max is not measurable. A preliminary analysis based on the results of conventional separation techniques shows that it might be possible to find typical BFI_max values for classes of catchments that can be unequivocally distinguished by their hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

直管损伤识别的一种简化方法

本文首先讨论了将直管中三维频散波问题简化为一维定型波问题的条件。在此条件下讨论了将管中全波场分离为单向波场的方法。由此提出了使用敲击方法检测直管损伤是否存在和判断损伤程度的两个简化模型：连续损伤模型,用于描述直管在有限长度上刚度的改变;简化裂缝模型,用于近似描述裂缝自由面效应。基于这两个模型提出了直管损伤的简化反演方法,并通过数值算例详细讨论了此法的可行性和灵敏度。在结语中简要讨论了进一步研究工作。     

One-Dimensional qP-Wave Velocity Model of the Upper Crust for the West Bohemia/Vogtland Earthquake Swarm Region

The western part of the Bohemian Massif (West Bohemia/Vogtland region) is characteristic in the relatively frequent recurrence of intraplate earthquake swarms and in other manifestations of past-to-recent geodynamic activity. In this study we derived 1D anisotropic qP-wave model of the upper crust in the seismogenic West Bohemia/Vogtland region by means of joint inversion of two independent data sets - travel times from controlled shots and arrival times from local earthquakes extracted from the WEBNET seismograms. We derived also simple 1-D P-wave and S-wave isotropic models. Reasons for deriving these models were: (a) only simplified crustal velocity models, homogeneous half-space or 1D isotropic layered models of this region, have been derived up to now and (b) a significant effective anisotropy of the upper crust in the region which was indicated recently by S-wave splitting. Both our anisotropic qP-wave and isotropic P-and S-wave velocity models are constrained by four layers with the constant velocity gradient. Weak anisotropy for P-waves is assumed. The isotropic model is represented by 9 parameters and the anisotropic one is represented by 24 parameters. A new robust and effective optimization algorithm - isometric algorithm - was used for the joint inversion. A two-step inversion algorithm was used. During the first step the isotropic P- and S-wave velocity model was derived. In the second step, it was used as a background model and the parameters of anisotropy were sought. Our 1D models are adequate for the upper crust in the West Bohemia/Vogtland swarm region up to a depth of 15 km. The qP-wave velocity model shows 5% anisotropy, the minimum velocity in the horizontal direction corresponds to an azimuth of 170°. The isotropic model indicates the V_P/V_S ratio variation with depth. The difference between the hypocentre locations based on the derived isotropic and anisotropic models was found to be several hundreds of meters.     

如何开展老矿山后备资源的寻找与定位预测--工作程序与实例分析

在老矿山的深部与外围寻找新的可用资源,要求勘探者具备新的找矿思路、行之有效的深部探测手段与合理的工作程序、新的找矿思路来自于研究者的相关知识储备和创新能力,使其不墨守成规,用新的视角重新认识矿化规律和控矿要素。进而在老矿区优选出潜在的有利成矿区段．行之有效的深部探测手段以其高分辨的数字图像,不仅可以客观地反映深部地质结构的各种变化及矿化信息,以验证地质推测的可靠性,而且借助属地化的解释模型对矿区深部和外围开展真正意义的矿体定位预测、同时还可以大大降低工程验证的盲目性和巨大浪费．根据我们目前拥有的先进地球物理深部探测手段和大量老矿山找矿的经验与教训,逐渐形成了一套实用的工作程序。     

A recipe for why and how to set up and sustain an experimental catchment

Experimental catchments are fundamental elements in hydrological sciences as they provide key data for putting forward and testing hypotheses, developing theories, constraining models, and making predictions. Significant progress in catchment hydrology stemmed from field measurements but increasing costs and risks associated with field work and the availability of big data based on remote sensing, machine learning, and a plethora of models, as well as observations deriving from previous and current sites, raises questions on whether running an experimental catchment still provides individual and community benefits as in the past. In this commentary, I highlight the advantages of keeping experimental catchments alive and propose a personal 10-step “recipe” to set up a new experimental catchment and manage and sustain it in the long term. These suggestions can be useful both to young and less young researchers who are open to facing the challenge of measuring processes in the field and are willing to offer the scientific community new experimental evidence for advancing our current knowledge in catchment hydrology.     

How to improve the representation of hydrological processes in SWAT for a lowland catchment – temporal analysis of parameter sensitivity and model performance

Model diagnostic analyses help to improve the understanding of hydrological processes and their representation in hydrological models. A detailed temporal analysis detects periods of poor model performance and model components with potential for model improvements, which cannot be found by analysing the whole discharge time series. In this study, we aim to improve the understanding of hydrological processes by investigating the temporal dynamics of parameter sensitivity and of model performance for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model applied to the Treene lowland catchment in Northern Germany. The temporal analysis shows that the parameter sensitivity varies temporally with high sensitivity for three groundwater parameters (groundwater time delay, baseflow recession constant and aquifer fraction coefficient) and one evaporation parameter (soil evaporation compensation factor). Whereas the soil evaporation compensation factor dominates in baseflow and resaturation periods, groundwater time delay, baseflow recession constant and aquifer fraction coefficient are dominant in the peak and recession phases. The temporal analysis of model performance identifies three clusters with different model performances, which can be related to different phases of the hydrograph. The lowest performance, when comparing six performance measures, is detected for the baseflow cluster. A spatially distributed analysis for six hydrological stations within the Treene catchment shows similar results for all stations. The linkage of periods with poor model performance to the dominant model components in these phases and with the related hydrological processes shows that the groundwater module has the highest potential for improvement. This temporal diagnostic analysis enhances the understanding of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model and of the dominant hydrological processes in the lowland catchment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.