2000—2020年祁连山生态系统服务时空分异研究北大核心CSCD

祁连山是我国西北重要的生态屏障,明确其生态系统服务时空分异及演变机制对区域生态保护修复和可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs)与CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型对2000—2020年间祁连山地区产水量、碳储存、土壤保持、水质净化、碳固定和生境质量六项生态系统服务进行计算,分析其在不同尺度上的时空变化及分布特征,识别其生态系统服务热点区域。研究发现:2000年以来,祁连山地区六项生态系统服务在区域整体以及不同土地覆盖类型供给量均呈增加趋势,山区是增量的高值区,热点分析中的Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类热点区面积呈增加趋势;在空间上,祁连山地区六项生态系统服务表现为“东高西低”的分异特征,林地与草地单位面积供给量值较高,不同地形梯度生态系统服务供给能力差异较大,多在海拔3100 m以上达到峰值,热点分析中的Ⅴ类热点区主要分布在东部山区。研究成果识别了祁连山地区六项生态系统服务时空分异特征以及探讨了影响其时空变化的自然和人类活动因素,可为祁连山地区制订针对性的生态保护战略以及高质量可持续发展的政策提供依据和建议。     

祁连山地区生态系统服务间权衡的社会-生态环境响应机制研究

生态系统服务间权衡和协同关系存在显著的空间异质性,现有研究较少从社会-生态环境的角度进行分析,难以对将生态系统服务纳入实际政策制定过程中.以祁连山地区为研究区,利用InVEST模型和CASA模型对2019年五项调节服务(碳固定、碳储存、产水量、土壤保持和水质净化)和一项支持服务(生境质量)进行计算,结合多元回归树分析法...     

兰州—白银地区1987年与2014年表层土壤有机碳储量和碳密度变化趋势及影响因素探讨

土壤碳库研究及碳汇问题是近年来土壤碳循环与全球变化研究的热点领域,土壤是陆地生态系统的核心,研究土壤有机碳储量和碳密度的影响因素对正确评价本区碳循环有重要意义,本文利用土壤类型、土地利用类型、地貌类型、生态系统等影响因素对研究区表层土壤有机碳密度和碳储量进行了评价,分析了兰州—白银地区1987年和2014年土壤有机碳储量、碳密度的变化,其中2014年土壤有机碳储量增加了3.58×106 t,说明这些年土壤固碳效果明显,土地利用方式更合理。认为研究区有机碳碳密度、碳储量在空间上的分布极不均匀,与成土母质、土壤自身理化特性、土地利用方式及自然景观条件、人类活动等因素密切相关,是多因素综合影响的结果。     

积雪变化对地下生态系统影响的研究进展

在气候变化背景下,全球积雪厚度、积雪密度和雪水当量发生着一系列变化,并进一步影响陆地生态系统的水热状况、生物地球化学循环过程以及生态系统的结构与功能。本文综述了北半球积雪变化（雪深、积雪覆盖日数）的现状,积雪生态研究方法及其优缺点,积雪与生态系统相互作用,以及积雪变化对主要陆地生态系统类型（草地、灌丛和森林）地下过程（养分周转、土壤动物和微生物、根系生长）的影响及其机制。研究发现：（1）雪深在40～70 cm时对土壤的保温作用最显著;（2）积雪增加通过加速土壤碳氮循环过程引起碳氮损失,尤其显著发生在相对湿润的生境中,相对干旱的生境中变化不显著;（3）在草地生态系统中,土壤有效磷含量对积雪增加的响应程度受生态系统自身干湿条件调控,即湿润的生境有效磷增加,干旱的生境有效磷降低;（4）积雪增加促进了草地生态系统植物表层根系的生长,积雪减少对植物根系生长的影响程度取决于消极影响（根系损伤和死亡）和积极影响（土壤养分有效性增加）之间的动态平衡;（5）相对于草地生态系统和森林生态系统植物根系生长而言,灌丛生态系统植物根系生长对积雪变化的响应更稳定。本文还提出了现有研究中存在的不足和未来发展趋势。     

黄河流域生态系统服务价值变化评估及生态地质调查建议

黄河流域是中国重要的生态屏障,生态系统服务功能十分重要。基于ArcGIS、Google Earth Engine等平台,以黄河流经市域生成流域范围,对2000—2015年间黄河流域生态系统服务价值的变化进行评估,揭示生态系统服务功能的强弱及生态系统的稳定性状况,提出生态地质调查工作建议,为黄河流域国土空间优化、生态环境保护和高质量发展提供重要依据。评估结果表明,黄河流域生态系统服务以水文调节、气候调节、土壤保持调节服务为主,空间分布上呈"南高北低、上下游低、中游高"的空间特征。15年间,黄河流域生态系统总服务价值增长了33.4%,呈现"上游玉树-阿坝一带山区明显减少、中游黄土高原区显著增加、下游轻微降低"的空间格局特点,但总体上生态环境与经济发展处于低度协调状态,下游生态系统服务供给与需求之间存在空间不匹配问题。建议动态评估流域生态系统承载能力,聚焦关键过程、关键区域、关键要素,部署生态地质调查工作,提升生态系统服务价值,优化流域国土空间结构。     

断陷盆地生态环境地质分异及石漠化演变机理的研究途径

针对2016年度国家重点研发计划项目"喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化演变及综合治理技术与示范"之课题一"断陷盆地生态环境地质分异及石漠化演变机理",旨在揭示喀斯特断陷盆地碳、氮、钙、水在生态系统中的迁移规律,阐明生态系统演替和石漠化演变过程及驱动机制。为此,选择蒙自盆地南洞地下河流域和泸西小江喀斯特盆地流域石漠化治理示范区,在对岩性、地形、地貌、生态水文、植被、社会经济、气象、土壤等因子分异特征研究的基础上,利用径流小区定位观测、同位素技术、生态化学计量学和模型模拟预测等技术手段,定量刻画典型流域植被与水文过程的交互作用,确立流域生态需水关键期及需水量,明确植被生态水文耦合过程对碳、氮、钙、水等物质传输的影响,评价生态系统碳固持能力,获取影响生态系统演替和石漠化演变过程的关键控制因素,预测生态系统演替和石漠化演变趋势,进而为喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区面向生态的水资源合理配置和生态功能恢复提供理论依据。     

基于土地利用情景模拟的喀斯特关键带生态系统服务权衡与协同分析——以蒙自喀斯特断陷盆地为例

以蒙自喀斯特断陷盆地为例,利用CLUE-S模型设置自然演化、微度、适度、强力生态治理情景并探究2030年不同情景对生态系统服务的影响及权衡与协同特征。结果表明：（1）2018年蒙自喀斯特断陷盆地植被净初级生产力（NPP）、产水量、覆盖型喀斯特区土壤保持量、裸露型喀斯特区土壤保持量、食物供给量分别增加了13.98%、38.97%、23.04%、25%、105.43%,且各种服务变化存在一定的空间差异性;（2）随着生态治理力度加大,2030年NPP和土壤保持量不断增加,产水量不断减少,食物供给量在强力生态治理情景下减少,在其他三种情景下增加;（3）NPP与产水量、食物供给量为权衡关系,与土壤保持量为协同关系;产水量与土壤保持量为权衡关系,与食物供给量为协同关系;土壤保持量与食物供给量为权衡关系;（4）相较于2018年,适度生态治理情景下四种生态系统服务之间的协调性最好,是较为合理的生态治理模式。     

全新世渭河流域植被演替对陆地生态系统碳储量的影响

陆地生态系统古碳储量演化历史既是理解过去区域碳循环过程的基础, 也是预测未来陆地碳库变化趋势的重要参照。以往由于实测记录的缺乏和现代碳循环模型应用的局限, 难于实现过去陆地碳库的准确重建。本研究通过地质时期86个点位的孢粉记录与古碳循环模型模拟的结合, 在定量化重建全新世渭河流域古气候参数空间格局的基础上, 模拟了自然植被时空演化过程及其陆地生态系统碳储量变化。结果表明, 全新世早期到中期, 流域森林面积覆盖度由34%增至63%, 导致陆地生态系统碳储量从2.48PgC增至3.40PgC; 全新世中期到晚期, 流域森林面积覆盖度降至20%, 陆地生态系统碳库储量随之减少了1.03PgC。空间上, 流域碳密度变化主要受控于植被类型的分布, 后者又与地貌条件密切相关。全新世中期全球增温情形下渭河流域森林植被大面积扩张和碳储量显著增加的结果, 预示着未来全球变暖背景下该流域陆地生态系统具有较强的碳汇潜力。

     

基于典范对应分析的会仙岩溶湿地土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性关系研究

为揭示湿地退化过程中土壤理化性质与土壤酶活性关系,文章以广西桂林市会仙岩溶湿地系统中的湿地、稻田和旱地三种土地利用类型的表层土壤为研究对象,运用描述性分析、相关性分析和典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)等方法来探讨它们之间的内在联系。结果表明:土壤理化性质除有效磷、速效钾外,土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、阳离子交换量、交换性钙、交换性镁的质量分数均表现为湿地稻田旱地,说明岩溶湿地在维持土壤碳库以及营养元素方面具有重要的作用。会仙湿地中有效磷、速效钾的质量分数低于稻田和旱地,根本原因在于人类活动以及农业活动的影响。除蛋白酶外,脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和纤维素酶的质量分数均在湿地中最高,与土壤理化性质的质量分数在湿地中较高相吻合,并表现出较强的空间异质性。进一步分析典范对应分析图,可知会仙岩溶湿地受人类活动影响较大,湿地首先被开垦为稻田,随着土壤自然肥力的下降最后被开垦成旱地,因此在生态演替不可逆转的条件下,将稻田作为人工湿地加以保护是维持湿地生态环境最佳的土地利用方式。     

哈尔滨-绥化地区土壤氮储量及其时空变化特征

依据多目标区域地球化学调查成果,按照中国地质调查局下发的《全国土壤碳储量及各类元素（氧化物）储量实测计算暂行要求》,以表层土壤样品分析单元（4 km2）为计算单位,对哈尔滨-绥化地区表层土壤（0~20 cm）氮储量进行计算.研究了不同生态系统和不同土壤类型土壤氮储量、氮密度的差异,研究了20年来土壤氮储量的变化特征及成因.结果表明研究区土壤氮储量略微增加,这主要是由于湿地生态系统和森林生态系统对土壤的固氮效果显著造成的.     

Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun,Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.     

Large-Scale Differences in Community Structure and Ecosystem Services of Eelgrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zostera marina</Emphasis>) Beds Across Three Regions in Eastern Canada

Eelgrass (Zostera marina) forms extensive beds in temperate coastal and estuarine environments worldwide and provides important ecosystem services, including habitat for a wide range of species as well as nutrient cycling and carbon storage. However, little is known about how eelgrass ecosystem structure and services differ naturally among regions. Using large-scale field surveys, we examined differences in eelgrass bed structure, carbon and nitrogen storage, community composition, and habitat services across three distinct regions in Eastern Canada. We focused on eelgrass beds with low anthropogenic impacts to compare natural differences. In addition, we analyzed the relationships of eelgrass bed structure with environmental conditions, and species composition with bed structure and environmental conditions, to elucidate potential drivers of observed differences. Our results indicate that regional differences in eelgrass bed structure were weakly correlated with water column properties, whereas differences in carbon and nitrogen storage were mainly driven by differences in eelgrass biomass. There were distinct regional differences in species composition and diversity, which were particularly linked to temperature, as well as eelgrass bed structure indicating differences in habitat provision. Our results highlight natural regional differences in ecosystem structure and services which could inform spatial management and conservation strategies for eelgrass beds.     

Hyrcanian forests conservation based on ecosystem services approach

Lush Hyrcanian mixed temperate forests are globally important ecosystems with considerable ecological and economic values and high variety of ecosystem services (ES). In this study, an ES-based approach is adopted to develop a spatial conservation framework for Gorganrood Watershed, northeastern Iran. In doing so, the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and trade-offs modeling tool was implemented to spatially quantify a collection of five ES including soil retention, habitat quality (as a proxy for biodiversity), water yield, food supply and carbon storage. These services were integrated into a single layer based on the Total Ecosystem Services (TES) index. By performing correlation analyses, the type and the strength of relationships between ES, TES index values and different land features were analyzed to reveal which land-use categories at what locations are more capable to provide bundles of ES. Accordingly, Hyrcanian mixed temperate forests in the southern sub-watersheds of the area were detected to have higher potential for simultaneous provisioning of multiple ES. In addition, we show that biodiversity hotspots and provision of other ES are highly correlated and thus that conservation of one group can be beneficial for the other. Our findings are particularly applicable in areas where complex network of land-uses and limited resources are major barriers against effective conservation of Hyrcanian mixed temperate forests.     

A Research Approach for Ecological,Environmental and Geological Differentiation of Rocky Desertification and Its Driving Mechanism in Karst Graben Basin

According to the national key research and development program of China “Evolution, integrating treatment and technological demonstration of rocky desertification in karst graben basin”, the task of “ecological, environmental and geological differentiation of rocky desertification and its driving mechanism in karst graben basin” was to reveal the migration of carbon, nitrogen, calcium and water, as well as evolution process and driving mechanism of ecosystem succession and rocky desertification. In this respect, the factors of lithology, topography, ecology, hydrology, vegetation, socio-economy, meteorology, soil, etc. were studied in the demonstration areas of Mengzi and Luxi rocky desertification control. Moreover, the interaction between vegetation and hydrological processes in the typical watershed was established, and the critical period and water requirement of the ecological water demand in the watershed were established. The ecological and hydrological process of the vegetation, as well as nitrogen, calcium and water cycling, and the carbon sequestration ability of ecosystems were used to predict the evolution of ecosystem succession and rocky desertification. The results provided the theoretical basis for the rational allocation of ecological water resources and ecological restoration in rocky desertification area.     

三峡库区低等级土质道路侵蚀研究

以三峡库区界垭小流域内不同交通荷载土质道路为研究对象,通过自然降雨观测研究其侵蚀规律和污染物流失特征。研究结果表明,交通荷载大的干道产流率和侵蚀率均高于交通荷载低的支道,对产流率影响显著的因子主要为降雨量,对产沙率影响显著的因子为降雨量、雨强。雨型对污染物的流失特征影响显著,前期集中型降雨下,污染物流失过程线与降雨过程线同步性较好,泥沙、总氮、铵态氮、泥沙结合态磷和溶解态磷均发生了较强的初始冲刷效应;中期集中型降雨下,污染物流失浓度峰值优先于雨强峰值,且氮和磷等初始冲刷强度低于前期集中型降雨,泥沙无初始冲刷效应。     

喀斯特系统生物地球化学循环及对全球变化的响应

生物地球化学循环是地球系统物质循环的核心,是维系地表生态系统稳定和人类社会可持续发展的重要基础。然而,气候变化以及人类的过度干扰可能会显著改变表层地球系统中的生物地球化学循环过程,尤其是脆弱的喀斯特生态系统。特殊的多孔隙关键带结构也加速了喀斯特地区物质循环及其对外界环境变化的响应,影响了不同尺度的物质循环和生物地球化学过程。本研究主要综述了宏观尺度（气候变化）、中尺度（人类活动）和微观尺度（微生物活动）的环境变化对喀斯特地区生物地球化学循环的影响。结果表明多要素变化导致喀斯特地区物质循环受到强烈影响,气候变化、人类活动和微生物活动及其耦合关系对喀斯特地区生物地球化学循环的调控作用具有重要意义。最后,本研究强调了现有研究的局限性并指出未来研究的挑战与方向,即未来应从系统研究（如地球关键带）的视角出发,将多尺度观测－分析与综合模型集成研究并举,从而构建多源多尺度耦合的过程和系统模型,进而为阐明喀斯特系统的演变规律和动力学机制、实现喀斯特地区的生态保护和高质量发展提供理论基础。     

广南县幅岩溶区与非岩溶区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量比空间变异分析

借助1∶25万云南省广南县幅土壤地球化学调查数据,并利用单因素方差分析、多重比较法以及地统计学方法,对岩溶区和非岩溶区土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征及其空间分布进行了对比分析。结果显示:广南县幅岩溶区土壤中有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）含量显著高于非岩溶区,而碳氮比（C∶N）、碳磷比（C∶P）、氮磷比（N∶P）显著低于非岩溶区;无论是岩溶区还是非岩溶区,表层（0～20 cm）SOC、TN、C∶N、C∶P、N∶P均显著高于深层（＞100 cm）。克里格空间插值结果表明,研究区表层土壤中SOC、TN、TP含量具有东高西低的特征,而C∶N、C∶P、N∶P具有低值区集中于东部、高值区散布在西部的空间分布格局。成土母质和土壤类型等自然因素严重制约了研究区土壤碳氮磷的空间变异,同时土地利用变化等人为因素也起到了不可忽视的作用。      

喀斯特生态系统服务研究进展与展望

喀斯特生态系统是全球典型的脆弱生态系统之一,它为人类提供了重要的服务功能和价值。回顾国内外喀斯特生态系统服务研究的文献可发现,当前研究多遵循“土地利用变化—生态系统服务价值响应”的研究范式,仅重视中小尺度喀斯特生态系统服务价值的空间异质性,强调土地利用变化和生态工程对生态系统服务价值的影响。而今后应加强基于“生态系统结构、过程—功能—服务”级联框架的喀斯特生态系统服务研究,构建喀斯特生态系统服务分类体系,突出大尺度喀斯特生态系统服务评估,拓展喀斯特生态系统服务之间权衡与协同及喀斯特生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响,定量分析自然和人为因素对喀斯特生态系统服务的影响。