Seismic performance of two-story subway station structures with different isolating systems

When the sliding bearing is fixed only at the top of the middle column of the underground structure, the cracks at the side end of the middle plate should be aggravated while the seismic damage of the mid-column should be alleviated. To enhance the seismic performance of the mid-plate, a new isolation design method has been mentioned while the elastic sliding bearings are set at the top of the mid-columns and between the side end of the mid-plate and the side wall at the same time. By establishing a nonlinear finite element analysis model for the static-dynamic coupling interaction system, the seismic response characteristics of the cast-in-place station structure without a sliding bearing have been analyzed and compared with those of the station structure with the sliding bearing fixed only at the top of the middle columns, and those of the station structure with sliding bearing be fixed between the mid-plate and the sidewall at the same time. The results show that the new isolation station structures suffer fewer earthquake damages at the mid-plate and mid-columns at the same time, which can improve the overall seismic performance of the subway station structure.     

Seismic earth pressures on rigid and flexible retaining walls

While limiting-equilibrium Mononobe–Okabe type solutions are still widely used in designing rigid gravity and flexible cantilever retaining walls against earthquakes, elasticity-based solutions have been given a new impetus following the analytical work of Veletsos and Younan [23]. The present paper develops a more general finite-element method of solution, the results of which are shown to be in agreement with the available analytical results for the distribution of dynamic earth pressures on rigid and flexible walls. The method is then employed to further investigate parametrically the effects of flexural wall rigidity and the rocking base compliance. Both homogeneous and inhomogeneous retained soil is considered, while a second soil layer is introduced as the foundation of the retaining system. The results confirm the approximate convergence between Mononobe–Okabe and elasticity-based solutions for structurally or rotationally flexible walls. At the same time they show the beneficial effect of soil inhomogeneity and that wave propagation in the underlying foundation layer may have an effect that cannot be simply accounted for with an appropriate rocking spring at the base.     

神户大开地铁车站的地震反应分析

本文对阪神地震中大开地铁车站的地震破坏机理进行了分析，复反应分析方法的计算结果表明大开车站的中柱在水平和竖向地震动作用下产生的较大内力，导致了整个地下结构的破坏；计算结果还表明在阪神地震中，竖向地震动作用下地下结构所产生的内力比水平地震动作用下产生的内力要大。     

基于土-结构相互作用的地铁车站抗震研究

以土—结构动力相互作用理论为基础,对于不考虑核爆炸荷载作用下地铁车站的抗震问题进行了探讨,提出了抗震设计建议。     

不同场地条件下非规则截面地铁地下车站结构地震反应特性研究

我国大型城市轨道交通地下结构建设处于蓬勃发展时期,建设场地条件日趋复杂,车站结构形式也复杂多样,呈现不规则特征。近年的地震灾害现象表明,地下结构在强地震作用下可能会出现严重的震害及次生灾害,城市大型地下结构工程的抗震安全性已成为倍受关注的社会问题之一。因此,研究不良地质条件下不规则地下结构的地震安全性具有重要的学术意义与工程应用价值。本文以苏州星海站的不规则(上层五跨下层三跨)地铁地下车站结构和场地条件为原型,分别采用模拟地震振动台试验和数值模拟方法开展研究,探讨饱和砂土地基和软弱粘土地基中非规则截面地铁地下车站结构的地震反应特性及损伤机理。为满足振动台试验中多种类型物理量的有效测试,采用了分布式柔性孔压传感链测试技术,阵列式位移计(SAA)测试技术,并基于机器视觉研发的非接触性动态位移测试技术实现地下结构灾变过程的可视化及数据化。论文的主要工作和成果如下:(1)将阵列式位移计(SAA)首次应用于地基土-地铁车站结构大型振动台系列模型试验中,实现土体变形的测量,并与基于机器视觉研发的非接触性动态位移测试结果相比较,表明采用SAA可较好地测试地震荷载作用下土体的位移响应;研发了分布式柔性孔压传感链测试技术,可以有效解决振动过程中传感器与土体惯性力不同而产生的自身摇摆、移位等问题。形成了地基土-地铁地下结构体系地震损伤与破坏时空演化过程的大型振动台试验可视化及数据化试验技术,可展现非规则截面地下结构的变形模式。(2)将研发的测试技术应用于大型振动台模型试验,开展了可液化地基和软弱粘土地基中非规则截面(上层五跨下层三跨)地铁地下车站结构的地震反应特性研究,给出了模型地基-结构体系加速度、变形、震陷特性,模型地基土与结构接触动土压力反应,模型结构动应变特性以及可液化地基土孔压反应及空间效应等,揭示了不良工程地质条件下地铁车站结构地震灾变特性和破坏机理。(3)对完成的不同场地条件下地铁地下车站结构的振动台系列试验结果进行对比分析,包括地铁车站模型结构周围地基土的加速度反应规律、地表震陷特征,模型地基土与结构接触动土压力反应特性,非规则截面地铁车站模型结构的加速度、侧向位移和动应变的反应规律等,得出了不同场地中非规则截面地铁地下结构地震反应特性的差异性。(4)基于有限元软件ABAQUS计算平台,形成了地基土-地下结构体系成套数值分析流程,开展了软弱场地中非规则截面地铁地下车站结构振动台试验的数值模拟,并与振动台模型试验结果进行了比较,验证了该数值分析方法的可行性和有效性。在此基础上,对复杂环境下足尺非规则截面地铁地下车站结构进行了数值模拟计算,给出了其地震反应特性。     

Seismic active earth pressure of cohesive-frictional soil on retaining wall based on a slice analysis method

The M–O (Mononobe–Okabe) theory is used as a standard method to determine the seismic earth pressure. However, the M–O theory does not consider the influence of soil cohesion, and it cannot determine the nonlinear distribution of the seismic earth pressure. This paper presents a general solution for the nonlinear distribution of the seismic active earth pressure of cohesive-frictional soil using the slice analysis method. A new method is proposed to determine the critical failure angle of the backfill wedge under complex conditions, and an iterative calculation method is presented to determine the tension crack depth of the seismic active earth pressure. The considered parameters in the proposed method include the horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients, wall inclination angle, backfill inclination angle, soil friction angle, wall friction angle, soil cohesion, wall adhesion and uniform surcharge. The classical methods of the M–O and Rankine theories can be regarded as special cases of the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared with the test results and previously existing solutions to validate the correctness of the results. Additionally, the parameters׳ effect on the critical failure angle, the resultant force, the application-point position, the tension crack depth and the nonlinear distribution of seismic active earth pressure are studied in graphical form.     

Seismic stability of retaining walls with surcharge

The use of pseudo-static methods for the computation of soil thrust acting on retaining walls under seismic condition is well established in the design of such structures. Although different methods, based on the limited displacement concept, have been developed in the last 20 years, the most common design method is still the method derived from the theory developed by Mononobe and Okabe. However, the Mononobe–Okabe method presents a basic shortcoming: the solution is based on the limit equilibrium of the soil wedge without taking into account the presence of the wall. In the paper a new solution based on the pseudo-static equilibrium of the soil–wall system is presented. The developed solution takes into account the effect of the presence of the wall and it is applied to soil–wall systems with surcharged backfills. Formulas are provided to calculate directly the yield acceleration and the inclination of the failure surface. The effect of the intensity of the surcharge and of its distance from the wall is investigated and the results are compared to those obtained in the case of soil–wall systems without surcharge.     

测震台站信息系统的设计与实现

基于台站信息管理的需要,设计了地震测震台站信息系统.使用该系统进行台站信息管理,便于保存、查询、修改,方便对相关信息的报送,并能相应减少工作人员的工作量,增加工作效率,在工作中有一定的使用价值.     

Seismic response of tied-back retaining walls

Parametric studies based on finite element simulations were conducted to establish the fundamental mechanisms by which tied-back walls respond to travelling displacement pulses. Considering first linear elastic soil behaviour, we observed that the flexural stiffness of the wall hardly affects maximum transient displacements. Rather, the transient response is determined mainly by the ratio of pulse wavelength to wall height. The maximum load carried by the anchor was found to increase with increasing anchor stiffness. For short wavelengths, on the order of less than two times the wall height, the maximum displacements and displaced shapes are affected significantly by the inclination of the anchor. The importance of the anchor stiffness suggested by the linear elastic analysis was confirmed by the non-linear analysis. A stiff anchor suppressed permanent displacements in the vicinity of the anchor, but did not substantially reduce permanent displacements elsewhere. As peak accelerations increased from 0.1 g to 0.4 g, permanent wall displacements increased significantly.     

双层岛式地铁车站结构地震反应分析

以深圳某双层两跨岛式地铁车站为工程背景,考虑水平地震和水平、竖向地震耦合2种工况,采用ANSYS分析软件,研究SSI(土与结构相互作用)效应下结构的水平位移特征和内力响应规律.结果表明:与水平地震工况相比,耦合地震作用下结构最大内力增幅较大,由于竖向惯性荷载作用,产生最大内力位置不同;周围土体介质的变形与结构在震动中的变形关系密切;沿车站侧墙高度的相对水平位移在2种地震工况作用下的变化不容忽视,不可忽略竖向地震的影响,耦合地震作用下的相对水平位移可用线性曲线拟合.研究成果可为地铁车站的抗震设计提供参考.     

三层地铁车站振动台试验分析

为了探究多层地下结构地震破坏机理,进行了三层地铁车站振动台试验.试验采用微粒混凝土模型,严格按照相似比和配筋率对模型进行加筋配置.填土采用哈尔滨地铁施工挖掘出的扰动土.装土箱采用自主研制的层叠剪切箱以减小边界效应.通过对试验加速度和应变的分析可得到以下主要结论:(1)地下结构在地震中的破坏,主要是由位移控制的;(2)多...     

Seismic stability analysis of gravity retaining walls

A new approach based on the category of upper bound theorem of limit analysis is presented in this study to consider the seismic stability of gravity retaining walls. The retaining wall and the backfill soil were taken as a whole system. For a translational failure mechanism assumed, formulas are provided to calculate directly the yield acceleration and the inclination of the failure surface. An example is shown to illustrate the method. Comparisons are made with limit equilibrium method, and the results are found consistent. Based on a limited parametric study, it is shown that the wall roughness has remarkable influence on the yield acceleration.     

Seismic response of multi-tiered reinforced soil retaining walls

In this study, a validated Finite Element procedure was used to investigate the similarities and differences of seismic performances between single- and multi-tiered reinforced soil walls. Three-tiered walls at a total height of 9 m were analyzed together with vertical walls at the same height. It was found from the Finite Element analyses that the resonant frequency of reinforced soil walls might increase with an increase in the tier-offset. The multi-tiered configuration could considerably reduce the residual lateral facing displacement and the average reinforcement load, and the reinforcement load distribution with height was different from that in vertical walls. With the same reinforcement length and spacing, the multi-tiered walls resulted in smaller reinforcement connection loads with the facing blocks. The study filled the gap of seismic behavior of multi-tiered reinforced soil retaining walls and revealed a few unique dynamic properties of this type of earth structures.     

三层地铁车站振动台试验的数值模拟

进行了三层地铁车站大型振动台试验,获得了可靠的试验数据。通过室内实验获取了模型材料和土体材料的力学参数。基于ABAQUS有限元计算平台,建立了振动台试验的二维有限元模型,处理了混凝土本构模型及其参数的选取、土体本构模型及其参数的选取、阻尼设置、边界条件设置等问题。对多种工况下的试验结果和模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,按照本文建议的建模方法,可以很好地重现振动台试验,数值模拟结果无论在趋势上还是数值上都和试验结果符合得很好。     

复杂大型地铁地下车站结构非线性地震反应分析

以苏州地铁一号线的星海站为工程背景,对上层为五跨和下层为三跨的地铁车站结构的抗震性能进行数值计算,考虑了土体与混凝土的强非线性特性和土与结构接触非线性特性,分析了结构的层间位移反应特征和结构构件连接部位的应力反应规律,以及结构构件的动态损伤演化规律.研究结果表明:车站结构柱子底端的应力反应大于顶端的应力反应,边柱底端的反应大于中柱底端的反应,下层柱底的应力反应大于上层柱底的应力反应;车站结构的上层侧墙的顶底部结点的应力反应明显比下层侧墙的对应位置结点处的要大;车站结构顶板的中跨端部结点的应力反应明显比侧边跨和侧中跨的要大;车站结构中板的侧中跨端部的应力反应明显比中跨端点处的要大,同时中跨端点处的应力反应又要比侧跨端部的要大;下层右中柱及下层侧墙底部外侧均为破坏最为严重的区域.研究成果对提高该类地铁车站结构抗震性能的认识及其抗震设计水平提供合理的参考与指导.     

Seismic performance of bar-mat reinforced-soil retaining wall: Shaking table testing versus numerical analysis with modified kinematic hardening constitutive model

Reinforced-soil retaining structures possess inherent flexibility, and are believed to be insensitive to earthquake shaking. In fact, several such structures have successfully survived destructive earthquakes (Northridge 1994, Kobe 1995, Kocaeli 1999, and Chi-Chi 1999). This paper investigates experimentally and theoretically the seismic performance of a typical bar-mat retaining wall. First, a series of reduced-scale shaking table tests are conducted, using a variety of seismic excitations (real records and artificial multi-cycle motions). Then, the problem is analyzed numerically employing the finite element method. A modified kinematic hardening constitutive model is developed and encoded in ABAQUS through a user-defined subroutine. After calibrating the model parameters through laboratory element testing, the retaining walls are analyzed at model scale, assuming model parameters appropriate for very small confining pressures. After validating the numerical analysis through comparisons with shaking table test results, the problem is re-analyzed at prototype scale assuming model parameters for standard confining pressures. The results of shaking table testing are thus indirectly “converted” (extrapolated) to real scale. It is shown that: (a) for medium intensity motions (typical of M_s≈6 earthquakes) the response is “quasi-elastic”, and the permanent lateral displacement in reality could not exceed a few centimeters; (b) for larger intensity motions (typical of M_s≈6.5–7 earthquakes) bearing the effects of forward rupture directivity or having a large number of strong motion cycles, plastic deformation accumulates and the permanent displacement is of the order of 10–15 cm (at prototype scale); and (c) a large number of strong motion cycles (N>30) of unrealistically large amplitude (A=1.0 g) is required to activate a failure wedge behind the region of reinforced soil. Overall, the performance of the bar-mat reinforced-soil walls investigated in this paper is totally acceptable for realistic levels of seismic excitation.     

广东台山核电一期1,2号机组空气冷却器的抗震性能计算分析

根据空冷器的特点,利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了空冷器的有限元模型.用MPC184单元实现了力和力矩的加载,得到了空冷器的固有频率和振型.对空冷器在正常运行工况和地震荷载工况下进行了抗震性能计算分析,并根据RCC-M规范对空冷器在地震工况下的结构完整性进行了应力评定.结果表明在上述载荷作用下,空冷器和地脚螺栓的应力状况满足RCC-M规范的要求.     

Seismic response of retaining walls with cohesive backfill: Centrifuge model studies

Observations from recent earthquakes show that retaining structures with non-liquefiable backfills perform extremely well; in fact, damage or failures related to seismic earth pressures are rare. The seismic response of a 6-m-high braced basement and a 6-m free-standing cantilever wall retaining a compacted low plasticity clay was studied in a series of centrifuge tests. The models were built at a 1/36 scale and instrumented with accelerometers, strain gages and pressure sensors to monitor their response. The experimental data show that the seismic earth pressure on walls increases linearly with the free-field PGA and that the earth pressures increase approximately linearly with depth, where the resultant acts near 0.33 H above the footing as opposed to 0.5–0.6 H, which is suggested by most current design methods. The current data suggest that traditional limit equilibrium methods yield overly conservative earth pressures in areas with ground accelerations up to 0.4g.