西非矿产资源的地质背景及重要成矿分区

西西非地区蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源,尤其以产出众多大型超大型的铝土矿、铁矿、金矿、金刚石矿等著称,在全球占有重要地位。矿床集中分布在三个构造域内,形成于不同的成矿期:(1)太古宙马恩(Man)地盾和雷圭巴特(Reguibat)地盾、古元古界莱奥(Leo)地盾及凯涅巴(Kéniéba)和卡伊(Kayes)构造窗,主要成矿事件包括在2.5-2.3Ga形成了多个巨型铁矿床;几乎所有金矿、斑岩型铜矿、铅锌矿和沉积型锰矿都形成于2.2-2.1Ga;原生金刚石矿床形成于两个时间段,分别是2.2-2.0Ga左右和中生代。(2)泛非期和海西期活动带成矿域,主要成矿事件包括前寒武纪2.1Ga左右以及680Ma左右发生的铁氧化物铜金矿床(IOCG)成矿事件,以及新元古代沉积型铁矿和磷矿。(3)克拉通内盆地和海岸盆地带,包括新生代在中生代辉绿岩之上发生的铝土矿化作用,新近纪/第四纪形成的砂矿床、鲕状铁矿床和沉积型磷矿。西非地区的矿产分布规律与成矿时代、赋矿岩石、区域构造密切相关,不同矿种区域集中分布特征明显。根据已发现的铁矿、铝土矿、金矿、金刚石矿等主要经济矿产的分布,结合区域地质背景等因素,在西非克拉通南部划分了3个重要成矿区:(1)马恩太古宙地盾铁、金刚石巨型成矿区;(2)莱奥古中元古界地盾(包括凯涅巴构造窗)金矿等巨型成矿区;(3)博韦(Bove)新元古-古生代盆地铝土矿巨型成矿区。这些巨型成矿区也是西非地区最重要的矿产地和成矿远景区。     

摩洛哥成矿地质背景与主要矿产资源

摩洛哥受西非克拉通、大西洋和阿尔卑斯造山带三大构造域的联合作用,其构造历史久远,太古宙至新元古代早期西非克拉通的构造演化、泛非期构造岩浆活动、早古生代克拉通边缘的裂解与海西造山,以及中新生代构造活动在该区均有反应。受这种构造背景的控制,摩洛哥的矿床分布具有一定的时空规律,太古宙克拉通基底、伊比鲁利亚期岩基及泛非期构造带均有银、铁、铀、钽、铌、金、铜和稀土等矿产出露,加里东期有沉积型铁矿床产出,海西期有重要的VMS型铅-锌-铜矿床和矽卡岩型矿床产出,阿尔卑斯期有磷矿、MVT型铅-锌矿和重晶石矿等产出。沉积成矿作用、岩浆热液成矿作用及构造热液成矿作用在摩洛哥都有显著体现,最主要的矿产类型为磷酸盐矿、银矿、MVT型铅-锌矿及重晶石矿。     

几内亚矿产资源概况及矿业投资环境分析

几内亚位于西非克拉通南部,形成了丰富矿产资源,其中以红土型铝土矿床、BIF型铁矿床、绿岩型金矿和砂矿型金刚石矿床为典型。铝土矿资源量、储量均居世界首位,是世界第一大铝土矿出口国。西芒杜铁矿被誉为世界上尚未开发的资源量最大、品质最好的富铁矿。产在Birimian绿岩带中的Siguiri金矿床资源量大于300 t。矿业是几内亚最重要的产业,近年来矿业开发进度显著加快。铁、铝、金等属于中国战略紧缺金属矿产资源,中几两国关系友好、资源合作互补性强,加上几内亚经济增长强劲、基础设施持续改善,矿业投资前景广阔。文章在系统梳理几内亚地质矿产概况、综合分析矿业开发现状和投资环境的基础上,深入研究了投资机遇和风险,提出了投资建议。     

南美洲大型-超大型金矿地质特征与成矿作用研究

金是南美洲仅次于铜的优势矿种,据美国地质调查局统计,2016年秘鲁金矿储量2800 t,巴西金矿储量2400 t,智利仅公布到2014年金矿储量3900 t。通过对南美安第斯成矿带和南美地台金矿地质背景分析,根据对31个大型-超大型金矿的综合研究,剖析斑岩型、浅成低温热液型、IOCG型、造山型等不同类型金矿床的时空分布、地质特征,梳理重要成矿区特征,摸清区域构造岩浆-成矿作用演化的关系,为以后在南美洲金矿的勘查开发提供科学依据。在安第斯成矿带,金成矿作用与太平洋板块向南美大陆板块的俯冲密切相关,大型-超大型金矿类型主要是以浅成低温热液型,以及与铜共生的斑岩型、IOCG型矿床为主,大规模金成矿作用集中在新生代,形成了众多世界著名的金矿床。南美地台成矿带位于亚马孙陆块边缘,受古元古代(2.5~1.8 Ga)Trans-Amazonian旋回影响,经历了反复俯冲造山运动,大型-超大型金矿以造山带型金矿为主,主要成矿期在太古宙—新元古代。南美的金资源相当丰富,未来具有巨大的勘查开发潜力。     

几内亚共和国Firawaya一带铁矿床地质特征及找矿标志

几内亚拥有丰富的矿产资源,目前宁巴山铁矿和西芒杜铁矿均为世界级铁矿,位于几内亚东南部,品位均达到66%~68%。本文通过对矿区地质特征的研究,确立磁铁矿的找矿标志,对指导本区域BIF型铁矿的地质找矿具有实际意义。     

环渤海地区铁矿资源特征及远景分析

环渤海地区是中国铁矿资源重要产地、铁矿石主要开采区和中国钢铁生产的重要分布区。区内铁矿查明资源储量297.15亿吨,占中国总查明资源储量48.95%。区内各省市的铁矿资源分布极不均匀,以辽宁、河北、山西等省铁矿资源最为集中,查明资源储量达235.25亿吨,占环渤海地区铁矿查明资源储量79.16%。区内矿床类型较为齐全,主要的有条带状铁建造（BIF）型铁矿床、接触交代型铁矿床、岩浆型铁矿床、复合成矿作用型铁矿床、沉积型铁矿床、热液型铁矿床、海相火山岩型铁矿床,其中以BIF型铁矿床最为重要,其资源储量占全区总资源储量84.8%,其次为接触交代型铁矿床,资源储量占全区总资源储量6.02%。本区铁矿床从太古宙到新生代都有产出,但不同地质时期矿床类型和规模不尽相同,并与地壳演化的特征紧密相关。太古宙是区内最重要的地质时期,该时期形成铁矿资源储量占总资源储量78.06%。其次为元古宙和中生代,资源储量分别占总资源储量的14.84%和6.90%。区内铁矿资源寻找的主要类型是BIF型铁矿床,其次是接触交代型铁矿床。除上述两个主要类型外,各省根据本地具体情况,对其它类型,如河北岩浆型大庙式,山东热液型朱崖式铁矿等,进行地质找矿。本区铁矿有较大的远景。     

南部非洲锰矿成矿规律与资源潜力

锰作为一种重要的金属矿产,广泛应用于各种工业领域。世界锰矿资源总量丰富,但分布极不均衡,主要分布在南非、乌克兰、巴西、澳大利亚等国。中国锰矿资源具有总量大、平均品位低、开采难度大等特点,为满足国内需求,中国每年需从海外进口大量锰矿。南部非洲地区锰矿资源丰富,主要有海相沉积受变质型、海相沉积型、热液型及表生型锰矿4种成矿类型。其中,海相沉积受变质型和海相沉积型最重要,依据含矿岩系特征又进一步将其划分为BIF岩系型锰矿、黑色页岩系型锰矿及硅-泥-灰岩系型锰矿。南部非洲原生锰矿成矿时代主要集中在2.2～2.0 Ga,与Eburnean造山运动时代耦合;空间上主要分布在古陆块边缘,成矿背景以弧后盆地及边缘盆地为主。南部非洲地区锰矿成矿地质条件优越,且总体找矿勘查程度较低,资源潜力巨大。     

几内亚矿产开发现状及矿业投资展望

几内亚矿产资源丰富,铝土矿储量居世界首位,拥有宁巴山和西芒杜两座世界级铁矿床,石墨、金、金刚石等矿产资源也较丰富。矿业在其国民经济中占有十分重要的地位,丰富的资源吸引了力拓、俄罗斯铝业等国际大型矿业公司和赢联盟、中国铝业集团、中国河南国际等中资矿企在几内亚从事矿业开发。中几两国友好交往源远流长,经济互利合作不断发展。中国是几内亚第一大铝土矿出口国,同时也是几内亚第二大进口来源国,据商务部统计,2019年我与几内亚双边贸易额同比增长17.6%。本文系统梳理了几内亚的地质概况、主要矿产资源、勘查开发现状,认为几内亚丰富的矿产资源与我国具有良好的资源互补性。双方矿业合作互利共赢,随着政府及企业在基础设施建设的投资不断增加,几内亚矿业投资前景良好,有望成为中国海外矿业新基地。     

西澳大利亚州铁矿分布规律及矿床成因分析

西澳大利亚州铁矿资源主要分布在北部皮尔巴拉和南部的伊尔岗两个太古宙克拉通。皮尔巴拉克拉通BIF型铁矿在汤姆普赖斯山、恰那和布鲁克曼的矿石矿物组合为假象赤铁矿一微板状赤铁矿,马拉曼巴的为赤铁矿一针铁矿,CID型铁矿在罗布河和杨迪矿石类型主要为褐铁矿;伊尔岗克拉通BIF型铁矿在库里阿诺的矿石矿物组合为针铁矿一假象赤铁,比温和曼迪尕的为磁铁矿±假象赤铁矿和针铁矿±赤铁矿。BIF型铁矿为浅生一变质成矿,而CID型铁矿则是先前形成的BIF经侵蚀、搬运、沉积和埋藏作用形成。     

古元古代-中国重要的成矿期

古元古代是中国十分重要的成矿期,矿种多、成矿规模大、矿床类型复杂。与太古宙相比,古元古代构造体制发生了本质的变化,由太古宙全活动体制转换为活动带和稳定地块并存的构造格局,因而其成矿特征与太古宙有明显差别。太古宙成矿主要与绿岩带有关,相应形成铁、金、铜锌等矿床。在古元古代,与成矿有关的构造环境主要是与拉伸、裂陷和伸展活动有关的裂谷环境,其次为活动大陆边缘裂谷及弧后盆地和被动大陆边缘盆地,有少部分与伸展构造有关,产在深大断裂带中的矿床。因而古元古代成矿是以裂谷、裂陷为主的成矿体系。在古元古代形成华北陆块北缘东段辽吉与古元古代裂谷作用有关的硼、铁、菱镁矿、滑石、铅锌、铜镍、岫玉等矿床成矿系列、华北陆块南缘中条山-王屋山与古元古代裂谷作用有关的铜矿床成矿系列、佳木斯微陆块与古元古代沉积变质作用有关的石墨、金矿床成矿系列等11个主要矿床成矿系列。相应大规模成矿的有铁、铜、金、铅锌、金红石、钛铁矿等金属矿床及石墨、菱镁矿、硼、滑石等非金属矿床。就是同一种矿产,与太古宙相比,矿床类型也有明显差别,如条带状铁建造(BIF)型铁矿,在太古宙为阿尔戈马型,而古元古代则以苏必利尔湖型为主。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861