RECENT RESEARCH IN JAPANESE GEOMORPHOLOGY

This is the second in a series of reports on Japanese geographic research prepared in cooperation with the Association of Japanese Geographers (AJG). Like the report on historical geography, which appeared in the August issue, this report on geomorphology has been modified for the English-speaking readership of THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER. As an indication of the relative importance of geomorphology in Japanese geography, at the April 1979 annual meeting of the AJG in Tokyo 30 percent of the 138 papers presented were devoted to geomorphology.—H. Jesse Walker, Member, U.S. National Committee, IGU     

中国季风气候地貌研究--以中国东部湿热季风区为例

通过分析气候地貌学的国际国内现状,给出了气候地貌学的定义,并主伙中国特色的气候地貌学是季风气候地貌学,最后从六个方面探讨了中国的湿热季风地貌。     

中国南极陨石研究新进展

本文对我国南极陨石的收集、分类和研究工作进行了回顾和阶段性的总结。4次格罗夫山考察共发现陨石样品9834块,其中已完成和计划2008年完成分类的陨石共2431块。在正式公布的684块已分类陨石中,鉴定出2块火星陨石、2块灶神星陨石、6块橄辉无球粒陨石、5块中铁陨石、1块橄榄陨铁、1块铁陨石以及10块碳质球粒陨石等特殊样品,并对其中的部分样品开展了深入的研究。建议拓展南极陨石的收集,持续开展陨石的分类工作,并提出我国南极陨石研究的重点方向。     

中国南极陨石研究新进展

本文对我国南极陨石的收集、分类和研究工作进行了回顾和阶段性的总结。4次格罗夫山考察共发现陨石样品9834块,其中已完成和计划2008年完成分类的陨石共2431块。在正式公布的684块已分类陨石中,鉴定出2块火星陨石、2块灶神星陨石、6块橄辉无球粒陨石、5块中铁陨石、1块橄榄陨铁、1块铁陨石以及10块碳质球粒陨石等特殊样品,并对其中的部分样品开展了深入的研究。建议拓展南极陨石的收集,持续开展陨石的分类工作,并提出我国南极陨石研究的重点方向。     

SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGY AS AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY: A REVIEW OF FOUR RECENT BOOKS

Relict barrier beaches occur around the margins of many former pluvial lakes in the California desert. In common with modern barrier beaches along ocean coasts, these relict barriers possess geometric and compositional properties indicative of beach-forming processes, notably waves and currents. Because lake waves are a direct response to wind action, past wave climates may in turn be used to infer paleowind regimes. Where beaches of known age occur, wave climates and wind regimes may be invoked for specific time intervals. Using barrier beaches from former Lake Mojave and Lake Manly, this paper explores the extent to which the above theory may be applied to invoke past processes and wind regimes. The data indicate beach emplacement mainly by wave-related accretion and overwash generated by winds similar in direction to those of today, doubtless influenced then as now by topographic corridors. However, textural properties, predicted wave heights and entrainment velocities indicate that sustained southerly winds were probably twice as strong (by a factor ranging from 1.2 to 2.2 or more) and probably more persistent than today, at least towards the close of pluvial conditions. [Key words: barrier beaches, wave climate, paleoclimate, paleowinds, pluvial lakes, Quaternary, California desert.]     

我国区域地貌学研究进展及问题初探

本文分5个阶段阐述建国以来我国区域地貌学的研究进展,并就区域地貌学的研究对象、研究内容、区域地貌学在学科体系中的地位等问题提出了讨论。     

新疆第四纪环境演变研究近期的几点重要进展

本文评述了近年来新疆地区第四纪环境演变研究在晚更新世晚期以来内陆西风型环境演变主末次冰盛期以来地冰川进退序列的建立，晚冰期气候突变事件及小冰期环境特征和西域砾岩下限磁性地层学年代的获得及第四纪沉积年代学进展等方面的进展，同时还指出了目前仍存在的一些问题和不足，并对此地区第四纪研究的未来进行了展望。     

ANTHROPOGENIC GEOMORPHOLOGY IN NORTHERN ALASKA

Two classes of anthropogenic landforms can be recognized in the permafrost environment of northern Alaska. Primary anthropogenic landforms result from the operation of natural geomorphic processes on man-made features such as roads or gravel berms. Secondary anthropogenic forms are identical to natural geomorphic features, but evolve as indirect consequences of human actions. The first group is illustrated by a badly thermokarsted road, which has caused serious drainage disruptions likely to persist over a long time period. Secondary forms are exemplified by fields of palsa-like features, which are common where pipeline-related construction activities or structures cause shallow ponding. Because they evolve rapidly, anthropogenic permafrost landforms can provide great insight into the development of natural periglacial features.     

GEOGRAPHIC GEOMORPHOLOGY IN THE EIGHTIES

The geomorphic sciences will continue to be dynamic in the coming decade. Among other developments, there is a trend toward increased dependence on field reserch, more realistic expectations from reserch tools, a resurgence of interest in man-land relations with a renewed dependence on the historical approach, a reinvestigation of morphogenetic regions, study of planetary surfaces other than earth's, and involvement with applied problems, as well as cooperation and collaboration with scientists in related fields. The greatest need is the development of connections between academic and nonacademic geographers at all levels.     

南极东部拉斯曼丘陵区的地貌

拉斯曼丘陵地处极地永久冻土带，风力作用频繁。各种冰缘过程主宰了现代地貌特征的形成，无冰区历史短暂及南极东部古老结晶地盾的相对稳定性，使风化微弱，并以寒冻风化为主，风力地貌、冰缘地貌、冰川地貌、湖泊地貌、海岸地貌和构造地貌组成本区主要的地貌类型，各种堆积地貌形态均不发育，西部地区地貌形态相对年轻，残存的冰碛物地表分丰特征指标冰盖后退依东北到西南方向进行，海岛、半岛及冰陆过渡带构成该丘陵三个差异明显的     

系统论思想在地貌学中的应用

系统论的思潮及其基本原则迅速地向地貌学领域渗透和扩展,改变着地貌学家的知识结构和思维方式。愈来愈显示出地貌学的一个新的生长点——系统地貌学,将以其强大的生命力萌发出来。它将从系统论与控制论的角度,研究地球表面形态结构及其物质组成与自然环境、社会经济环境之间的相互作用,揭示地貌系统的结构、功能及其演化规律性;对地域分异形成的不同地貌景观,分别建立过程-反应模式。为优化人地系统、合理利用自然资源、建立区域发展最优模式的决策提供科学依据。     

沈玉昌与中国现代地貌学

沈玉昌教授是我国着名的地理学家和杰出的地貌学家。在60年的地理科学工作中,他对我国现代地貌学发展做出了卓越的贡献。从河流地貌、地貌区划与地貌制图、应用地貌等方面进行了综述。     

内蒙古萨拉乌苏河地区第四纪研究的新进展

萨拉乌苏河地区是我国北方晚更新统标准地层的命名点。但长期以来，对这套地层的看法多有分歧，特别是在地层的沉积相划分，地层时代以及该地层反映的古气候等方面存在较大差异。为此，本文从历史回顾、分歧焦点和新的进展三个方面，评述和总结了萨拉乌苏河地区第四纪研究所取得的成绩。     

中国喀斯特地貌研究进展

本文按喀斯特地带性研究。喀斯特地貌分类和制图、喀斯特发育史及演变模式、洞穴学、喀斯特地貌基础理论以及应用研究等六个方面阐述了中国喀斯特地貌研究的进展。     

近20年来昆明市城市化进程对城市热岛效应的影响研究

近年来,城市化对城市气温影响是气候变暖研究中备受关注的问题之一。利用1987~2006年昆明及周围3个站点的气象数据分析城区和周围站点的气温变化差异,给出城市和郊区在不同年份、不同季节城市化影响下的气温变化趋势。研究发现:近20年来,城区年平均温度为15.7℃,郊区为14.9℃,受城市化的影响,昆明市城区热岛效应一直呈现增幅的趋势,其中在冬季热岛强度最大且增幅为0.399℃/10 a,而热岛强度最小的是夏季,UHI最高气温增幅为0.29℃/10 a,UHI最低气温增幅为0.56℃/10 a。在此基础上结合昆明城区的城市发展资料,运用熵值法、主成分分析方法探讨了城市发展对年热岛强度的影响,结果表明在不同时段影响因素不同,1987~1994年主要因素是建成区面积和人均GDP,而1995~2006年则是人均GDP和城镇人口。     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION

With the goal of understanding global chemical processes,environmental chemists have some of the mostcomplex sample analysis problems.Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully inmany situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot.The purpose of this paper is to reviewmultivariate calibration,with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years.The inverseand classical models are discussed briefly,with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods.Principal component regression(PCR)and partial least squares(PLS)are discussed,along with methodsfor quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models.Non-linear PCR,non-linear PLSand locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data.Finally,calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample(second-order calibration)are discussed briefly.     

实验流水地貌学研究的回顾与展望

本文简述了地貌实验研究的概况,罗列了我国主要的地貌实验室、站,叙述了我国30多年来,河型造床试验、边界条件及构造运动对河型发育影响实验,应用河流地貌实验、试验理论和技术方面的进展情况,指出实验研究中存在的问题,在回顾基础上,展望了流水地貌实验研究的未来发展趋势。