城市地理信息系统的功能和内容

本文论述了城市地理信息系统的主要功能，进而分析了城市地理信息系统的主要内容、模型和界面。     

城市环境地理信息系统(UEGIS)集成的探索

城市环境地理信息系统是地理信息系统的一个分支，是将计算机硬件、网络产品、应用开发和用户需求结合起来，形成完善的应用工程，它既是经验技术的结合，同时也代表着一种系统、现实、面向应用的思想。本文利用地理信息系统的理论方法，实践和探索城市环境地理信息系统的集成，并从实用的角度探讨了系统集成中系统设计、网络设计、应用系统、硬件配置、软件配置和系统集成过程中应注意的若干技术问题，以使地理信息系统更好地为环境保护服务。     

地理信息系统与遥感在城市和农业土地利用规划中的应用综述

本文在参考大量自８０年代以来国内外地理信息系统与遥感研究和应用文献的基础上，回顾了地理信息系统与遥感在城市和农业土地利用规划中的广泛应用。旨在使更多的人们关注地理信息系统与遥感的研究成果，以使地理信息系统与遥感为规划机构和决策者们提供更为广泛和实用的地理信息。     

分布式城市地理信息系统运行模式初探

介绍了城市地理信息系统的特点及分布式信息系统的运行模式,重点分析了各种分布式计算的优缺点,指出以分布式对象结构为基础的全分布式运行模式及城市地理信息系统的主流。     

地理信息系统及其应用

介绍地理信息学的发展与地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的构成和功能，以北京大学遥感与ＧＩＳ研究所开发的“城市之星”为支撑软件，建立沧州市综合市情管理系统，探索地理信息系统在决策管理中的应用。     

地理信息系统及其应用

介绍地理信息学的发展与地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的构成和功能，以北京大学遥感与ＧＩＳ研究所开发的“城市之星（Ｃｉｔｙｓｔａｒ）”为支撑软件，建立沧州市综合市情管理系统，探索地理信息系统在决策管理中的应用。     

城市虚拟现实研究初探

虚拟城市是3维城市地理信息系统的前沿领域。该文对在微机上如何建立虚拟城市作了初步探讨，把建立虚拟城市的方法分为3维真实场景建模，海量数据环境下的场景漫游以及确定任意时刻声音文件的调入时机三个部分，重点介绍了控制三维场景漫游，自适应层次细节模型，简单碰撞检测的实现方法，并提出了采用泰森模型调用声音文件的新思路，最后给出在VC 开发环境下用OpenGL建立虚拟城市的应用实例。     

城市商业土地级差地租的GIS评价方法研究

本文尝试在地理信息系统的支持下，以商业土地级差地租为研究对象，通过建立土地、效能和人口等空间数据库，分别对商业区位，交通和人口三个评价因子定量化，并采用地理环境２辨识模型建立了综合评价指标来进行城市商业地租的等级划分。本文同时还以上海市普陀区为例，讨论了运用地理信息系统软件ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ进行数据提取的一系列方法，最后，建立了该区土地等级空间数据库，并根据输出的土地等级分布图初步分析了土地规划方向     

基于GIS的工业布局调整信息系统的设计与开发——以上海市为例

随着城市经济和城市建设的发展，城市工业企业布局面临着巨大的调整，因而建立一个高效，规范，现时，实用的工业布局调整信息系统，实现对工业布局调整的电脑化，规范化，标准化的管理，提高管理效率，为管理者提供决策支持，具有重要的经济效益和社会价值，文章以上海市工业企业布局调整地理信息系统为例，阐述了基于GIS的工业企业布局中信息系统的建立与开发。     

地理信息系统在中学地理教学中的应用

本文简要地介绍了地理信息系统，并对地理信息系统运用于中学地理教学的必要性作了分析。最后列举了地理信息系统在中学地理教学的应用案例，在数字化时代，地理信息系统能将其强大功能，尽快地应用于中学地理的教与学当中。     

上海市基础地理要素编码标准编制研究

对以城市道路和街坊为核心的基础地理要素编码方法进行研究,克服了传统的城市基础地理要素编码方法中因人为因素造成编码在唯一性、扩展性和稳定性方面的缺陷,提出将编码内容与地理要素的地理位置相关联,且充分体现唯一性、扩展性和稳定性的网格化城市基础地理要素编码方法。由该方法编制的覆盖上海全市的基础地理要素编码可供上海城市规划、建设与管理使用。同时为促进上海空间基础地理信息的共享和交换,推动城市GIS的开发利用创造条件。     

Spatial and Temporal Patterns Associated with Permitted Tree Removal in Austin,Texas, 2002–2011

A wide-ranging set of physical, urban, demographic, socioeconomic, and policy characteristics determines the spatial distribution of urban forests. Information on the characteristics surrounding tree removals on both public and private properties has received less attention in the literature. The purpose of this research was to analyze the spatiotemporal trends and geographic patterns of tree removals in Austin, Texas, between 2002 and 2011 in an effort to understand how site-specific characteristics influence urban tree removal and affect the overall distribution of Austin's urban forest. We examined permitted tree removals using a geographic information system (GIS) as well as spatial and statistical analyses. Specifically, we evaluated the degree to which variables related to various physical, urban, and socioeconomic conditions predicted tree removals. The results indicate that permitted tree removals and their associated characteristics in Austin have varied over the ten-year study period. Permitted tree removals increased over the study period and took place in the urban core and along the urban periphery. Permitted tree removals were more likely to be undertaken by college graduates and owner-occupants and to occur in more densely populated areas, closer to major streets, and on properties with older structures. The results of this research provide urban forest professionals with information on the location and intensity of permitted tree removals and the significant characteristics driving urban tree loss.     

城镇产业布局基础空间信息数据库系统的设计与实现

建立城镇产业布局基础空间信息数据库的目的是避免城镇基础空间数据集的重复采集,减少浪费,协调空间数据的使用,加强对信息资源有效而经济的管理。针对城镇产业布局分析中对基础数据的实际要求,综合利用地理信息系统技术、数据库技术和空间数据库引擎技术,设计了城镇产业布局基础空间信息数据库的系统框架结构和建库技术路线,并在此基础上建立了一套分布式城镇产业布局数据库原型系统。该系统能够对城镇产业布局分析相关的海量空间数据进行有效的组织、管理和应用,并预留了数据接口,可为相关的城镇产业布局分析软件提供数据支持服务。此外,该系统还可实现不同部门和用户的数据共享,为城镇建设决策提供数据支持。     

城市环境保护信息系统结构框架研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市人口增加,城市环境保护成为城市关注的焦点.充分利用计算机技术、地理信息系统技术有利于提高城市环境保护规划及管理水平.结合城市环境保护局的工作内容及实质,提出了基于办公自动化、管理信息系统、网站发布系统、GIS可视化信息系统的城市环境保护信息系统的结构框架,并对系统框架的构成、信息流程、服务和应用模式进行了论述,探讨了基于WEB GIS的信息系统应用的系统数据体系以及基础地理信息系统、图文一体化、空间分析、决策支持等系统功能.     

Mapping the popularity of urban restaurants using social media data

Nowadays, geographers show growing interest in providing location-based services for urban residents. It is of great practical significance to screen and recommend the most popular restaurants to consumers, as dining is important to every urban dweller. Consumer review website (CRW) has emerged as an active social media platform in catering industry. This paper demonstrated how to quantify the popularity of urban restaurants (PUR) by using CRW, namely, Dianping.com. An applied popularity index (PI) was developed to quantify PUR, based on the consumer review scores (food, service, and decoration) and physical data (evaluation frequency and restaurant grade) for 8259 restaurants within the Hangzhou city, China. All the information, together with the geographic location data, was harvested from the corresponding Application Programming Interface (API) platform. PUR was then mapped by using a geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that restaurants of high popularity were generally concentrated in old urban districts, whereas those in new urban districts presented low popularity. The kernel density distribution of PI also highlighted the geography that the PI values declined from the central city toward the outskirts. Locational associations between PUR and urban functional units (bank, shopping mall, school, cinema, hotel, bar, and scenic spot) generally presented a similar tendency. Restaurants with high PI values were in high proximity to urban functional units, whereas those with low PI values were located far away from other functional units. It implied that restaurants with high popularity tended to be located in high mixture with urban functional units. Although we used Dianping.com to perform the analysis, the presented methodology can be extended to other types of CRWs. Our study is believed to provide new insights into applied geographic sciences.     

A quantitative assessment of the distribution and extent of urban clusters in China

Urban clusters are the expected products of high levels of industry and urbanization in a country, as well as being the basic units of participation in global competition. With respect to China, urban clusters are regarded as the dominant formation for boosting the Chinese urbanization process. However, to date, there is no coincident, efficient, and credible methodological system and set of techniques to identify Chinese urban clusters. This research investigates the potential of a computerized identification method supported by geographic information techniques to provide a better understanding of the distribution of Chinese urban clusters. The identification method is executed based on a geographic information database, a digital elevation model, and socio-economic data with the aid of ArcInfo Macro Language programming. In the method, preliminary boundaries are identified according to transportation accessibility, and final identifications are achieved from limiting city numbers, population, and GDP in a region with the aid of the rasterized socio-economic dataset. The results show that the method identifies nine Chinese urban clusters, i.e., Pearl River Delta, Lower Yangtze River Valley, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, Northeast China Plain, Middle Yangtze River Valley, Central China Plains, Western Taiwan Strait, Guanzhong and Chengdu-Chongqing urban clusters. This research represents the first study involving the computerized identification of Chinese urban clusters. Moreover, compared to other related studies, the study's approach, which combines transportation accessibility and socio-economic characteristics, is shown to be a distinct, effective and reliable way of identifying urban clusters.     

中国城市群分布及范围的定量评价(英文)

Urban clusters are the expected products of high levels of industry and urbanization in a country, as well as being the basic units of participation in global competition. With respect to China, urban clusters are regarded as the dominant formation for boosting the Chinese urbanization process. However, to date, there is no coincident, efficient, and credible methodological system and set of techniques to identify Chinese urban clusters. This research investigates the potential of a computerized identification method supported by geographic information techniques to provide a better understanding of the distribution of Chinese urban clusters. The identification method is executed based on a geographic information database, a digital elevation model, and socio-economic data with the aid of ArcInfo Macro Language programming. In the method, preliminary boundaries are identified accord-ing to transportation accessibility, and final identifications are achieved from limiting city numbers, population, and GDP in a region with the aid of the rasterized socio-economic dataset. The results show that the method identifies nine Chinese urban clusters, i.e., Pearl River Delta, Lower Yangtze River Valley, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, Northeast China Plain, Middle Yangtze River Valley, Central China Plains, Western Taiwan Strait, Guanzhong and Chengdu-Chongqing urban clusters. This research represents the first study involving the computerized identification of Chinese urban clusters. Moreover, compared to other related studies, the study’s approach, which combines transportation accessibility and socio-economic characteristics, is shown to be a distinct, effective and reliable way of identifying urban clusters.     

多源地理大数据支撑下的地理事件建模与分析

地理事件作为描述地理过程的基本单元,逐渐成为地理信息科学（GIS）核心研究内容。由于受人类活动数据获取限制,GIS对地理事件的建模和分析主要关注事件所引起的地理空间要素变化及要素之间的相互影响与作用机制。然而,近年来随着基于位置服务数据（LBS）爆炸式的增长和人类活动大数据定量刻画手段的快速发展,地理事件对人类活动的影响以及公众对地理事件的网络参与度都引起了多个领域的广泛关注,对地理事件的时空认知、建模方法和分析框架提出了巨大的挑战。对此,本文首先深入分析了大数据时代地理事件的概念与分类体系;其次,基于地理事件的时空语义给出了基于图模型的事件数据建模,建立了事件本体及其次生或级联事件的“节点—边”表达结构,开展了事件自身时空演化及其前“因”后“果”的形式化描述;第三,从时空数据分析与挖掘的角度,给出了大数据时代地理事件建模与分析的整体框架,拟突破传统“地理实体空间”事件探测与分析方法的局限性,融合“虚拟空间”事件发现与传播模拟思路,实现多源地理大数据支撑下的面向地理事件的人类活动多尺度时空响应与区域差异分析;最后,本文以城市暴雨事件为例诠释了本文所提出的地理事件建模与分析方法,从城市和城市内部两个尺度进行了暴雨事件与人类活动的一致性响应及区域差异分析,得到了明确的结论,验证了前文分析框架的可行性与实用性。     

基于细胞自动机与多主体系统理论的城市模拟原型模型

文章从城市地理学模拟模型研究发展相对滞后的现实出发,分析了传统城市模型模拟存在的问题与不足,讨论了计算机科学、复杂性研究、地理信息科学与技术、新发展的地学计算方法等作为计算城市模型发展基础的可行性,提出了一个基于细胞自动机与多主体系统理论与方法、包容了多尺度(宏观、中观、微观)层次的综合可计算城市模拟原型模型框架,对以邻里社区为基础的居住区位微观模拟模型作了概念上的讨论,分析了地学计算方法在城市模拟模型研究中的发展前沿。     

自然地理因素对城镇体系空间结构影响的样式分析

由于微波可以对地表的微起伏、建筑及地表粗糙度等具有敏感的响应,使得雷达遥感在这些方面研究中成为最有用的工具之一。本文利用由加拿大遥感中心 PCI提供的Radarsat Scan SAR数据,对黄、淮、海平原城镇体系空间结构提出自然因素影响下的样式研究。自然条件是城市形成和发展的自然基础。本文通过自然地理因素中水文 (河流、古河道 )、地形这两个重要要素对城镇体系空间结构形成的影响,分析了华北平原区在不同要素影响下的城镇体系空间结构样式 :1在水源充足的准“均质”河北冲积平原上,基本满足六边形形成条件,但由于周边中心地发展竞争力不同,故使得正六边形发生畸变——覆盖面积减小而周长却保持不变 ;2构建了在一条河流影响下的六边形网络结构朝五边形网络演变的模型 ;3构建了在平行状河流作用下六边形网络向四边形网络演替的模式 ;4指出了在水源充足的狭长地理空间,城镇体系空间结构发育成等间距的现象与原因。