共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Based on the simulations with a 3-D large-eddy simulation model of marine cloud-topped boundary layer that includes explicit cloud physics formulation, we have evaluated the effect of spatial inhomogeneities in cloud macro- and microstructure on the performance of parameterizations of optical depth commonly used in large-scale models. We have shown that an accurate parameterization of the grid average optical depth alone is not sufficient for correct determination of cloud transmittance to solar radiation due to the non-linear dependence between these two variables.The problem can be solved by introducing the “equivalent” value of optical depth that differs from the ordinarily defined mean optical depth by a factor αt, that depends on the degree of cloud inhomogeneity and ranges from about 2 in the cumulus case to about 1.3 in the stratiform case.The accuracy of cloud optical depth parameterizations commonly employed in largescale models has been evaluated using the data from the explicit microphysical model as a benchmark for comparison. It has been shown that in the cumulus cloud case the parameterized expressions can err by as much as 100%. The error is smaller for more uniform stratiform clouds, where the error for some parameterizations varied in the 10–40% range. The best results are given by parameterizations that account for vertical stratification of parameters on which they are based. However, the error given by a particular parameterization varies and is different at cloud and surface levels. The results show the limitations of the existing simplified parameterizations and illustrate the scope and complexity of the cloud radiation parameterization problem. 相似文献
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Based on the two-dimensional slab-symmetric model of cumulus clouds established by the authors,thedevelopment of the cumulus cloud and its precipitation in environments with and without the stratiform cloudpresent has been simulated numerically in almost the same atmospheric stratification.Results show that thepresence of the stratiform cloud has a significant effect on the development of the cumulus cloud and theincreae of its precipitation.The rainfall may increase by scveral to tens of times.It is believed that theconvective-stratiform mixed cloud system may be important for producing heavy to torrential rain.This isin good agreement with what has been observed in the Meiyu frontal cloud system in recent investigations 相似文献
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为了能更实际客观地模拟天气的发展变化,在胡志晋教授的一维时变积云数值模式的基础上考虑了环境大气与积云群的发生、发展及降水之间的相互作用,保留了原模式所有的微物理过程,建立了一维积云时变套柱模式。此模式不仅能模拟积云,还可以模拟积云在层状云中发展变化,以及模拟环境大气具有辐合辐散场时积云的发展。 相似文献
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A shower cloud observed in Jiangxi,a hailstorm observed in Hebei and“75.8”torrential rain in Henanare simulated with our microphysical model in a one-dimensional framework.The model,using the radio-sonde data as input,gets its output which shows agreement in many aspects as compared with observationsin each case.The glaciation of small cumulus cloud,low precipitation efficiency of hailstorm and the per-sistence of torrential rain are demonstrated.It is also shown that the Bergeron process has little influence,but the warm-rain process plays an important role in the formation of precipitation in cumulonimbus witha warm cloud base. 相似文献
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台湾锋前暖区一次积云对流过程 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
用TAMEX中尺度试验加密观测资料,研究影响台湾地区的一次梅雨锋前暖区强对流过程,利用积云群整体诊断模式,对积云对流物理过程以及云中参数进行估算,结果给出锋前对流云团与环境场相互作用的物理图像 相似文献
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A. M. Strunin 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2013,38(7):472-479
Analyzed are the earlier obtained data on the dynamic structure of cumulus (convective) clouds in order to estimate cloud water content effects on the air temperature, computed turbulent fluxes, and their spectral characteristics. It is demonstrated that the cloud and precipitation droplets falling to the aircraft temperature sensor provoke an error in temperature measurements. Developed is a method for taking into account these effects and for computing the correct air temperature fluctuations in the cloud, wavelet spectra of the temperature, and wavelet cospectra of heat fluxes. The use of the method enabled to construct a consistent picture of horizontal heat flux distribution in the cumulus zone depending on the wave number and cloud location. It is shown that mesoscale eddies with the scale of more than 500 m are the main factors of heat exchange between clouds and the ambient space, and the role of turbulence consists only in the mixing inside the cloud. The conclusion is made that the temperature adjustment to the water content of the cloud is needed for correct interpretation of the results of aircraft observations of dynamic structure of cumulus clouds. 相似文献
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M. J. Manton 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,22(1):91-107
By assuming that cumulus clouds grow from patches of air that extend from the well-mixed layer bear the surface, a model of fair-weather cumulus convection is developed. The model predicts the structure of the well-mixed layer and the cloud layer; in particular, cloud cover is estimated as a function of time. The model results are compared with laboratory and field observations. 相似文献
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本文利用拉萨地区1981 ~2010年汛期5~9月4个台站的地面观测资料,统计分析了汛期5~9月各类积云的发生频率及其降水过程,分析了各类积云的降水能力;从卫星云图、天气雷达图识别及目测三个方面对拉萨地区汛期适宜高炮(火箭)人工增雨作业云系做了初步探讨.结果表明:拉萨地区平均每年有40d以上的积云降水;其中伴随碎雨云的积雨云(Cb+Fn)降水概率最大.各县区平均积云降水过程占总降水过程的52.6%,平均积云降水量占总降水量的54.8%;汛期降水过程中由积云带来的降水占一半以上,一般产生小雨及小到中雨的雨量,产生大雨及暴雨的概率极小.降水性积云不仅人工增雨潜力很大,实施人工增雨催化作业的机会也较多.适合人工增雨作业影响的积云降水云系按其对降水量的贡献大小依次为伴随碎雨云出现的积雨云(Cb+ Fn)、伴随碎积云出现的混合层积云(Sc+Fc)、积雨云(Cb)、层积云(Sc). 相似文献
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In this paper, a 1-D time dependent cold cumulus chemistry model is presented. In the coldcumulus model, 4 categories of hydrometeors: cloud drops, raindrops, cloud ice crystals, graupelparticles, and 18 microphysical interactions are considered, In the chemical model, the source andsink terms for pollutants include: the complicated interactions between pollutants (gases andaerosol particles) and the hydrometeors (especially ice crystals and graupel particles), the ex-changes of chemical compounds between two hydrometeors accompanying microphysical processesand the aqueous oxidations of S (IV) to S (VI). The two models are combined to study the acidifi-cation processes in cold cumulus clouds. 相似文献
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修正的质量通量积云对流方案及其模拟试验研究 Ⅱ:三种积云方案的积云对流活动及MFS方案相关参数的敏感性试验 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
作者在“修正的质量通量积云对流方案及其模拟试验研究I方案介绍及对1991年洪涝过程的模拟”论文中提出的质量通量方案成功地植入区域气候模式RegCM2的基础上,对比分析质量通量方案MFS,Kuo方案和Grell方案对积云对流活动的模拟,结果表明质量通量方案较好地模拟了积云对流活动过程。针对质量通量方案中的一些参数,如云水向雨水的转换率、混合卷入率、混合卷出率和下沉气流的强度等进行了一系列的敏感性试验,试验结果表明积云对流活动对这些参数比较敏感,因此提高这些参数的准确性是改进积云对流参数化方案的重要内容之一。 相似文献
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大涡模式分辨率对海洋信风区大气边界层结构和演变模拟的影响 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
利用BOMEX(巴巴多斯海洋与气象学试验)的探空资料和LEM(大涡模式),通过改变LEM水平分辨率的敏感性数值试验,对比分析不同尺度的湍涡对信风积云边界层中混合层和云层的结构、演变以及对流形式和强度的影响。结果表明,水平分辨率较高时模拟的湍涡尺度较小、混合层顶的夹卷作用较强,模拟的混合层较暖、较干,而且模拟的对流泡尺度较小、强度较大,能够模拟出较精细的边界层结构;而水平分辨率较低时则相反。模拟的湍涡尺度对海洋信风区边界层积云中液态水混合比的模拟结果影响较大:LEM模拟的湍涡尺度较小时模拟的信风积云形成的时间较早、云顶高度较高,单个云块的体积较小但数目较多,液态水含量较高;而模拟的湍涡尺度较大时则相反。虽然水平分辨率为50 m和125 m的试验都能模拟出较精细的信风边界层中混合层、云层的结构和演变特征,但是,考虑到提高分辨率在模拟过程中产生的噪音信号对结果的影响以及计算时间等问题,LEM采用125 m的水平网格距是对海洋信风边界层积云对流模拟较为理想的选择。 相似文献
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A one-dimensional cumulus cloud chemistry model(ICCCM) is developed to simulate cloud physical processes and chemical processes during the evolution of a convective cloud.The cloud physical submodel includes a detailed microphysical parameterized scheme of 20 processes.The chemistry submodel is composed of three parts:gas phase chemistry,aqueous phase chemistry and scavenging of soluble gases.The gas phase reaction mechanism contains 85 reactions among 45 species including 13 organics.The aqueous phase reaction mechanism contains 54 reactions among 40 species and 12 ion equilibria.Mass of 19 gases is transported between the gas phase and the aqueous phase.With this model,studies may be made to analyze the interactions among processes during lifetime of a cumulus cloud. 相似文献
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A one-dimensional cumulus cloud chemistry model(1CCCM)is developed to simulate cloudphysical processes and chemical processes during the evolution of a convective cloud.The cloudphysical submodel includes a detailed microphysical parameterized scheme of 20 processes.Thechemistry submodel is composed of three parts:gas phase chemistry,aqueous phase chemistry andscavenging of soluble gases.The gas phase reaction mechanism contains 85 reactions among 45species including 13 organics.The aqueous phase reaction mechanism contains 54 reactions among40 species and 12 ion equilibria.Mass of 19 gases is transported between the gas phase and theaqueous phase.With this model,studies may be made to analyze the interactions among processesduring lifetime of a cumulus cloud. 相似文献
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Cloud distribution characteristics over the Tibetan Plateau in the summer monsoon period simulated by the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator(ACCESS) model are evaluated using COSP [the CFMIP(Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project) Observation Simulator Package]. The results show that the ACCESS model simulates less cumulus cloud at atmospheric middle levels when compared with observations from CALIPSO and CloudSat, but more ice cloud at high levels and drizzle drops at low levels. The model also has seasonal biases after the onset of the summer monsoon in May. While observations show that the prevalent high cloud at 9–10 km in spring shifts downward to 7–9 km,the modeled maximum cloud fractions move upward to 12–15 km. The reason for this model deficiency is investigated by comparing model dynamical and thermodynamical fields with those of ERA-Interim. It is found that the lifting effect of the Tibetan Plateau in the ACCESS model is stronger than in ERA-Interim, which means that the vertical velocity in the ACCESS model is stronger and more water vapor is transported to the upper levels of the atmosphere, resulting in more high-level ice clouds and less middle-level cumulus cloud over the Tibetan Plateau. The modeled radiation fields and precipitation are also evaluated against the relevant satellite observations. 相似文献