大气外太阳辐射近红外区能谱分布的测定

本文叙述1968年春季在珠穆朗玛峰地区5000米测点用单色仪进行长达一个多月的太阳辐射分光测量概况,对其中4天最佳观测条件下取得的28组相应于不同大气质量的大气内太阳分光辐照(0.6—2.5μ)资料进行了处理,用外推法求得了珠峰地区上空的平均大气透明度(表3)及大气外太阳辐射近红外区能谱分布数据(表5),并对这些结果作了简要讨论。     

实测大气折射值的新方法

简单评述了现有各种版本的大气折射表所依据的理论基础和编制方法，指出了实测大气折射值、建立随地形而异的实测大气折射模型的必要性和应具备的基本条件；在分析了长期以来不能直接测定大气折射值的原因后，介绍了一种在不同方向精确测定大气折射值和建立观测点大气折射模型的新方法，以及所依赖的观测仪器具备的特性，最后给出了用实测数据建立的本地大气折射模型。     

测定瞬时天文大气折射值和建立本地实测模型

利用天文大气折射在空间大地测量中的新用途,并指出,为了满足这一新用途的高要求,必须有一种有效的方法,能直接测定瞬时大气折射值,建立与观测站周围地理环境相适应的大气折射模型,再转换成中性大气折射延迟改正模型.文章简述了测定大气折射值必须满足的条件.阐述了云南天文台探讨出的利用低纬子午环的观测原理,在不同方向和不同天顶距直接测定瞬时大气折射值的一套方法,并给出了用实测数据在东,南、西,北4个方向建立的按恒星光谱型分类的大气折射实测模型.     

差分像运动视宁度测量实验

本文首先阐明了Fried参数(大气相干长度)r_0的物理含义及为什么选取r_0作为表征大气视宁度的参数;然后介绍了一种优良的测量r_0的方法—差分像运动(differential image motion)法,总结了该方法的六个特点,最后给出了在云南天文台用该方法两次实测大气视宁度的实验结果及实验参数,并对结果进行了分析。     

滇西宾川选址总结报告(Ⅱ)——大气宁静度、大气透明度及天空背景亮度

本文给出了3002米山峰(79.4—80.3),小尖山(9.3—7)、2645米山峰(79.9-80.3)照像拖影所得到的大气宁静度观测结果以及3002米山峰(80.3.8—23)大气透明度及天空背景亮度的观测结果。     

一九八○年云南日食地区瑞丽芒市二地大气条件的初步调查

一九八○年二月十六日将在我国云南地区发生一次日全食,它为我们观测和研究太阳大气提供了特殊的条件。为了充分作好对这次月全食的观测准备工作,我们携带望远镜和照像机到见食条件较好的瑞丽、芒市一带进行大气条件和其他有关情况的调查和考察,在从二月十二日到三月二日的十九天中共获得太阳黑子照片372张,太阳阶梯照片87张,取得了瑞丽营盘山和芒市两地的大气宁静度和大气消光的有关资料。本文介绍了调查情况和某些结果并作了简略分析,为观测项目的布局提出了初步的看法。     

多层湍流大气相位屏的数值模拟

高分辨图像重建技术可以有效消除湍流大气的影响,重建目标的接近望远镜衍射极限的图像。但是当目标的视场角比较大时,大气—望远镜综合系统不再是线性空不变的,给图像重建带来新的困难,它是大气性质中的一个重要特性,对大气相位屏的模拟应该满足这一特性。提出了一种可以模拟等晕区效应的多层大气相位屏的数值模拟方法,这种方法可以应用于等晕区对高分辨统计重建方法的影响的研究中。利用该数值模拟方法模拟了5″和8″的双星的斑点图,用斑点干涉术对模拟的双星进行了重建,并与实测的双星的斑点干涉术重建结果进行了比较。比较结果表明该数值模拟方法所产生的等晕区效应与实际的等晕区效应相似。     

天文大气折射的较差测量方法及试观测结果

受到大气折射的影响,天文观测上通常回避仰角15°以下的目标的观测,但作为大气折射的完整理论研究,低仰角下的大气折射仍然是值得分析探究的.特别是对某些工程应用方面,低仰角的目标有时必须要观测.提出了一套新的利用较差方法测定大气折射的思路.利用一台较大视场的望远镜从天顶开始,在不同高度上对星空作一系列观测,计算不同天顶距处大气折射函数的各阶导数,最后经数值积分可给出大气折射实测值.该方法不依赖于严格的地方参数和复杂精密的观测仪器,并且观测原理相对简单. 2007年底,利用一台简易的大视场望远镜在兴隆观测站进行了试验观测,根据较差方法实测得到真天顶距44.8°至87.5°的大气折射值,初步证明了大气折射较差测量方法的可行性.受到观测条件的限制,本次实测结果精度有限,偶然误差最大约为6",并且存在一定的系统差.在天顶距84°时,与普尔科沃大气折射表的差值约为15".如何消除因积分模型误差引入的累积误差是今后需要解决的关键问题.     

非圆轨道GPS/LEO掩星反演地球大气参数的算法及讨论

在非圆轨道GPS和LEO卫星条件下，给出一种较为直接的GPS／LEO掩星反演地球大气参数技术中弯曲角序列的迭代算法，并在理论上对该迭代法的收敛性进行了严格的数学证明．利用GPS掩星反演模拟程序，定量估算了卫星圆轨道假设对GPS／LEO掩星反演地球大气参数的影响，并验证了在非圆轨道条件下各种迭代法的一致性．指出了文献中给出的级数展开迭代算法的不足之处．     

在97.8GHz处测量地球大气的不透明度

用研制的全自动辐射计在97．8GHz上测量南京市内大气的不透明度以及这种不透明度随时间的变化．辐射计记录大气在不同天顶高度的辐射温度,由此测出天顶方向的大气不透明度。在56小时的测量时间内,取得了1400多组数据,拟合得到了在观测时段内天顶方向的大气不透明度在0．2至0．7之间,典型值为0．4,表明测试地点的大气条件允许进行3mm波段的射电天文观测．由于在工作频段内大气不透明度的主要来源是对流层水汽的吸收,测量的不透明度可用来直接反映大气内水汽的含量,并实时校准大气吸收．     

The role of seasonal reservoirs in the Mars water cycle: II. Coupled models of the regolith,the polar caps,and atmospheric transport

The behavior of water vapor in the Mars atmosphere requires that there be a seasonally accessible nonatmospheric reservoir of water. Coupled models have been constructed which include exchange of water with the regolith and with the polar caps, and transport through the atmosphere due to its circulation. Comparison of the model results with the vapor observations and with other data regarding the physical nature of the surface allows constraints to be placed on the relative importance of each process. The models are capable of satisfactorily explaining the gross features of the observed behavior using plausible values for the regolith and atmosphere mixing terms. In the region between the polar caps, the regolith contributes as much water to the seasonal cycle of vapor as does transport in from the more-poleward regions, to within a factor of 2. Globally, 10–40% of the seasonal cycle of vapor results from exchange of water with the regolith, about 40% results from the behavior of the residual caps, and the remainder is due to exchange of water with the seasonal caps. It is difficult to determine the relative importance of the processes more precisely than this because both regolith and polar cap exchange of water act to first order in the same direction, producing the largest vapor abundance during the local summer. The system is ultimately regulated on the seasonal time scale by the polar caps, as the time to reach equilibrium between the atmosphere and regolith or between the polar atmosphere and the global atmosphere is much longer than the time for the polar caps to equilibrate with the local atmosphere. This same behavior will hold for longer time scales, with the polar caps being in equilibrium with the insolation as it changes on the obliquity time scale, and the atmosphere and regolith following along.     

Emergent radiation from the atmosphere bounded by the two halves of the Lambert surface with different albedos

For the evaluation of the effect of the nonuniform surface albedo to the emergent radiation from the atmosphere, the emergent radiation from the atmosphere bounded by the two-halves of the Lambert surface with different albedos is computed. The principal plane is assumed to be perpendicular to the boundary of surfaces. The atmosphere is assumed to be homogeneous, which is composed of aerosol, molecules, and absorbent gases. Their optical thicknesses are 0.25, 0.23, and 0.02, respectively. The model aerosol is of the oceanic and water soluble types.In the computational procedure, the emergent radiation is approximated by the contributions due to the multiple scattering in the atmosphere, directly attenuated radiation, and radiation due to single scattering in the atmosphere which is reflected by the Lambert surface (up to 4 interactive radiative modes between atmosphere and surface). For quantitative analysis, results are compared with those of the atmosphere-uniform surface model, where the multiple scattering is considered. The numerical simulation exhibits the extraordinary effect near the surface boundary of different albedos. The effect decreases exponentially with the distance from the boundary. It is a function of the observational position, difference of surface albedos, optical thickness and aerosol type.The upward radiance would simply be evaluated using the present scattering approximation method if the atmosphere is in clear condition. Whereas in hazy condition, the effect of multiple scattering in the atmosphere should be considered more precisely, since the upward radiance exhibit a strong dependence on observational nadir angles due to multiple scattering in the atmosphere. Furthermore, it depends on the optical characteristics of aerosols.     

Numerical simulation of the general circulation of the Cytherean lower atmosphere

The principal features which distinguish the atmosphere on Venus from that of the Earth are the slow rotation of the planet, the large mass of the atmosphere, and the opacity of the atmosphere to long-wave radiation. The slow rotation of the planet gives rise, first of all, to nongeostrophuc dynamics (the atmosphere gas has a tendency to move along the pressure gradient), with the result that the region of the main influx of solar energy is located on one side of the planet, and the region of maximum cooling on the other. These considerations lead to a much simpler scheme of circulation than that in the Earth's atmosphere.The large mass of the atmosphere is the cause of a high thermal and mechanical inertia, which explains why the atmospheric circulation is asymmetrical relative to the solar-antisolar axis. The daily center of circulation is displaced to the second half of the Cytherean solar day, i.e., to the line of zero budget of thermal energy corresponding to a height of the Sun abobe the horizon of about 20°. The notions of cold and warm regions are very relative for Venus. While the horizontal temperature differences on the Earth may reach 100°, a mean horizontal temperature drop as small as 3° in the Cytherean atmosphere may be looked upon as an exceptional phenomenon. This high thermal homogeneity is due to a very large thermal inertia, with cooling at the poles never manifesting itself in the temperature fields obtained.The opacity of the Cytherean atmosphere to long-wave radiation results in vertical heat transfer by turbulence, mesoscale convection, and large-scale currents. This produces adiabatic stratification in the troposphere and a high temperature in the lower layers.These phenomena were studied in a general manner using two- and three-level models. Steps have recently been undertaken to investigate in greater detail the vertical structure of the troposphere on Venus using ten-level models. It appeared that the vertical dynamic structure of the troposphere is very much dependent on the distribution in height of the solar energy influx. In the greenhouse model, the entire atmosphere is affected by circulation. Pronounced velocity maxima are observed in the lower and upper layers. In a model with adsorption of solar radiation in the upper layer, the velocity is small in the lower layers, but it rapidly increases and changes its direction several times in the upper layers. The mean kinetic energy of the atmosphere proves to be two to three times smaller than in the greenhouse model.Attempts have been made in the calculations to find the principal modes of the statistical fluctuations. The results obtained show that atmospheric circulation may be represented by a global mean basic state following the rotation of the planet with deviations from that basic state which are indeterminate disturbances. The mean basic state exhibits a high degree of symmetry relative to the equator. On account of nonlinearity, the disturbances were observed in all the models independently of space and time resolution. This phenomenon appears to reflect the actual properties of the Cytherean atmosphere and has no bearing on the details of the numerical scheme.     

Coupling the atmosphere with interior dynamics: Implications for the resurfacing of Venus

We calculated 2D and 3D mantle convection models for Venus using digitized atmosphere temperatures from the model of Bullock and Grinspoon (Bullock, M.A., Grinspoon, D.H. [2001]. Icarus 150, 19–37) to study the interaction between interior dynamics and atmosphere thermal evolution. The coupling between atmosphere and interior occurs through mantle degassing and the effect of varying concentrations of the greenhouse gas H₂O on the surface temperature. Exospheric loss of hydrogen to space is accounted for as a H₂O sink. The surface temperature enters the mantle convection model as a boundary condition.Our results suggest a self-consistent feedback mechanism between the interior and the atmosphere resulting in spatial–temporal surface renewal. Greenhouse warming of the atmosphere results in an increase in the surface temperature. Whenever the surface temperature reaches a critical value, the viscosity difference across the lithosphere becomes smaller than about 10⁵ and the surface becomes locally mobile. The critical surface temperature depends on the activation energy for mantle creep, the stress exponent in the non-Newtonian mantle rheology law, and the mantle temperature. Surface renewal together with surface lava flow may explain why the surface of Venus is young on average, i.e. not older than a few hundred million years.The mobilization of the near-surface lithosphere increases the rate of heat removal from the mantle and thereby the interior cooling rate. The enhanced cooling results in a reduction of the water outgassing rates. As a consequence of decreasing water concentrations in the atmosphere, the surface temperature decreases. Our model calculations suggest that Venus should have been geologically active until recently. This is in agreement with several lines of observational evidence from thermal emissivity measurements and crater distribution analyses.     

The formation of the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets by impact

It is generally supposed that the atmospheres of the terrestrial planets were formed by secondary degassing processes. We propose, instead, that they are of primary origin, forming as an immediate and necessary consequence of the final stages of planetary accretion. Once the planetary embryo reached a critical size, the impacting material began to vaporize. The atmosphere, so created, then decelerated other impacting material, thus limiting the rate of atmospheric growth. We show that, given reasonable assumptions concerning the chemical composition of the impacting material, an acceptable model for the early atmosphere of the Earth, and the present atmospheres of Venus and Mars results.A discussion of the noble gas data for the terrestrial atmosphere indicates that these can be readily reconciled with an impact origin.     

On the absence of critical levels in the solar atmosphere

We consider the propagation of linear oscillations in a stratified atmosphere permeated by an oblique but nearly horizontal uniform magnetic field. Our results do not show any of the strong characteristics associated with critical level singularities in the exactly horizontal field case. This suggests that critical levels may be of more mathematical interest than physical relevance in the solar atmosphere where the planar horizontal field approximation is seldom adequate.Currently a Nuffield Foundation Science Research Fellow.     

On penetration depth of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragments into the Jovian atmosphere

The actual penetration depth of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragments into the Jovian atmosphere is still an open question. From fundamental equations of meteoric physics with variable cross-section, a new analytic model of energy release of the fragments is presented. In use of reasonable parameters, a series of results are calculated for different initial mass of the fragments. The results show that the largest fragment explodes above pressure levels of 3 bars and does not penetrate into the H₂O cloud layer of the Jovian atmosphere, and that airburst of smaller fragments occur even above the upper cloud layer.     

Velocity effects on the profiles of Hα and two FeI lines

Profiles are computed for Ha and two Fei lines for a differentially moving atmosphere. The results show that the profiles are asymmetric and that velocity measurements made in the Doppler cores will often lead to erroneous results when the velocity gradient is significant in the regions of the atmosphere where the core forms.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.     

A model for the temperature inversion within the atmosphere of Saturn

A model for the temperature inversion within the atmosphere of Saturn is proposed and is shown to be consistent with photometric data in the 17- to 25-μm region. The proposed model incorporates solar heating by some “aerosol,” with the aerosol heating per unit mass of the atmosphere being uniformly distributed throughout that portion of the atmosphere overlying the upper cloud deck. For a methane-to-hydrogen mixing ratio of 7 × 10^?4, the model results suggest that 20% of the incident solar radiation is absorbed by the aerosol, while this is reduced to 16% for an enhanced methane mixing ratio of 2.1 × 10^?3.     

On the loss of gases from a planetary atmosphere

An analysis of the collisional transition between the lower atmosphere and the collisionless exosphere is carried out based upon an integral formulation of the Boltzmann equation. This investigation utilizes a collision model which is a combination of Lorentz-gas and relaxation collision models. The results of this analysis indicate that intermolecular collisions act in two ways to affect the atmosphere. First, there is a critical layer, similar to the apparent photospheric surface of the Sun, from which the material escaping from the planet originates. This layer is determined by collision suffered by particles moving on orbits which skim tangentially by the planet. Secondly, collisions reduce the vertical flux of material in a manner analogous to the diffusion processes which occur in the lower atmosphere.