河南省层状云降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用2015-2017年河南省层状云降水过程的Parsivel(Partical Size and Velocity)激光雨滴谱观测资料,对层状云降水的雨滴数浓度、含水量、雨滴直径等微物理参量特征及不同尺度的降水粒子对雨强的贡献进行了统计分析,并采用2种拟合方法对层状云降水雨滴谱进行了拟合。结果表明:河南省层状云降水的空间结构不均匀,各微物理参量的变化存在着起伏,雨滴数浓度为10²个/m³量级,个别达到10³个/m³,含水量在10^-2~10^-1 g/m³,粒子平均直径<0.5 mm左右,统计的不同台站平均最大粒子直径为1~2 mm,雨强平均值不超过1 mm/h。直径为<2 mm的雨滴对雨强的贡献占96.23%,直径小于1 mm的雨滴对数浓度的贡献最大。雨强是由雨滴最大直径、平均直径和数浓度3者共同决定。层状云降水雨滴的谱分布较窄,滴谱曲线比较平滑。降水开始时,谱型为单峰结构;降水处于稳定阶段时,谱型为双峰和单峰相结合的结构。层状云拟合M-P分布和Г分布偏差均出现在直径<1 mm的小雨滴端,对于微小粒子随直径增大而增多导致的曲线弯曲没能表现出来,相对而言Г分布拟合效果明显略优于M-P分布的拟合效果。河南省层状云降水的2种分布形式分别为N(D)=7373.9exp(-3.67D)和N(D)=10492.05D1.62exp(-5.11D)。     

一次河南省春季层状云降水的地面雨滴谱特征

2002年4月4-5日河南省出现了层状云降水天气，临颖、孟津两站进行了地面雨滴谱观测。通过对降水过程中两站的雨滴微物理参量和雨滴谱的对比分析，指出河南层状云降水的雨滴平均直径为10～mm，雨滴数密度为10^2个／m ^3，占雨滴总数较小的大雨滴对雨强的贡献较大。锋前暖区雨滴的平均直径比锋后冷区雨滴平均直径小，雨滴数密度比锋后冷区大，但冷区降水强度大于暖区。在层状云降水过程中，暖区雨滴谱型由宽谱双峰型演变为窄谱单峰型，冷区雨滴谱型由宽谱单峰型演变为窄谱单峰型。雨滴平均直径的起伏暖区要大于冷区，这与暖区中云系结构不均匀及云中对流有关。     

对积雨云、层状云降水雨滴谱个例对比分析

利用北京市人工影响天气办公室2008年获取的典型积雨云、层状云降水过程雨滴谱资料,通过雨强、雨滴空间浓度、最大雨滴等特征值对比分析了两类降水过程的微物理特征。,个例中积雨云和层状云的谱宽分别是6mm和4mm,但雨滴算数平均直径都是0．96mm,在过程平均空间浓度上积雨云高了近一倍,达到318m^-3而两个例中直径超过1mm的雨滴所占总空间浓度的比例均接近1／4、积雨云强中心和边缘的降水雨滴谱、雨强的差别很大,强中心直径大于4mm的大滴占总雨强的比例达到55％,谱宽达到6mm,而强中心过后的降雨边缘谱宽则小于4mm。稳定的层状云降水的雨滴谱、雨强在时空上存在分布不均匀和大、小滴空间浓度反向变动的特征。     

黄河上游地区降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用黄河上游地区不同降水云系31次降水的激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,对不同云系降水雨滴物理参量特征及滴谱的演变特征进行统计分析。结果表明:在黄河上游地区,层状云系降水和混合云系降水雨滴粒子呈单峰型分布,对流云系降水雨滴粒子呈双峰型分布。层状云系降水雨滴粒径峰值出现在0.4 mm,粒径范围较窄,雨滴数密度最大;对流云系降水雨滴粒径峰值出现在0.8 mm,粒径分布范围较宽,雨滴数密度最小;混合云系降水雨滴粒径峰值和粒径分布范围介于两者之间。雨滴各微物理参量(平均直径、均方根直径、平均体积直径、中值直径和体积中值直径)由大到小排序依次为对流云降水、混合云降水和层状云降水。降雨强度和雨滴数密度变化趋势一致,对流云和混合云降水强度和雨滴粒子数浓度有较好的相关性。通过雨滴谱特征的研究,有利于认识该地区降水微物理特性及成雨机制,为实施科学人工增雨提供一定的科学依据。     

两次强降水过程雨滴谱特征及差异

利用寿县观测站内的Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪结合观测站雨量数据及雷达基数据,分析了发生在2015年6月26—30日梅雨期间和2015年8月7—10日超强台风"苏迪罗"影响期间2次强降水过程的雨滴谱结构特征及其差异,拟合了雨强与雷达反射率因子之间的关系。结果表明:雨强的大小直接影响雨滴谱的特征参量,且随着雨强增大而增大;梅雨锋暴雨中1.0mm直径≤1.5mm的粒子所占比例最多,雨强贡献率最大;台风雨中0.75mm直径≤1.0mm的粒子所占比例最多,但1.0mm直径≤1.25mm的粒子对雨强的贡献最大,说明较大粒子对强降水的贡献较大。     

关中地区对流性降水雨滴谱特征分析

为了研究关中地区对流性降水微物理特征的差异,对Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪2012年夏季的观测结果进行统计分析。选取2012年7月13日和30日两个天气过程,分析了对流性降水雨滴谱时间演变特征、雨滴谱分布、平均直径、众数直径、优势直径、中数直径等参数特征,对对流性降水雨滴速度和直径的关系进行了讨论。结果表明:关中地区对流性降水雨滴谱分布符合伽玛分布;雨滴在0.5~2.0 mm之间的粒子约占总降水的80%;平均直径均大于1.15mm,优势直径均大于1.5 mm,平均体积直径均大于1.2 mm,中数体积直径均大于1.5mm;雨滴末速度同直径具有指数关系。     

南京青奥会开幕式期间人工减雨作业对雨滴谱的影响分析

本文利用南京青奥会开幕式期间的OTT雨滴谱仪观测资料、探空数据和地面降雨及雷达等资料,结合火箭减雨作业的时间和地点,通过人工减雨作业对雨滴谱的影响分析来评估开幕式期间人工减雨作业的效果。首先以奥体中心为目标区域,利用探空数据分析火箭减雨作业的最佳高度和作业点与奥体中心的最佳距离,所得结果与实际作业情况一致。然后,利用实测雨滴谱拟合滴谱廓线,计算雨滴粒子平均直径、中数直径等特征直径,对比南京站点人工减雨作业前后时刻的雨滴谱变化;再拟合各时刻的雨滴粒子总数浓度、雨滴谱谱型参数γ(反映雨滴粒子尺度分布),将人工减雨作业后同时段内的南京站点与芜湖站点的雨滴谱作比较分析。结果发现人工减雨作业后,南京站点的雨滴谱较作业前谱宽变窄,直径小于1 mm的小滴粒子占比增加,大于1 mm的大滴粒子减少,雨滴粒子各特征直径均小于作业前;同时段内南京站点雨滴粒子总数浓度、质量加权平均直径在减雨作业影响时段内均小于芜湖站点,而谱型参数γ总体大于芜湖,且随时间变化趋势与芜湖站点相反。这些特征表明人工减雨作业明显改变了雨滴谱分布,有效减小了雨滴群中的大粒子,从而抑制了降雨的发展,起到减雨效果。     

山西汾阳地区层状云和对流云降水雨滴谱特征

基于多普勒天气雷达和OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪资料对山西汾阳地区2次降水进行分析,对比对流云和层状云降水的雨滴谱特征。结果表明:层状云降水雨滴平均数浓度和雨强分别为286.20个·m~(-3)和1.33 mm·h~(-1),对流云降水雨滴平均数浓度和雨强分别为516.13个·m~(-3)和10.17 mm·h~(-1);对流云降水雨强主要由降水粒子数浓度决定,直径为1—2 mm的粒子对2种云系雨强贡献最大;2种云系不同雨强下雨滴谱分布和雨滴平均谱分布均呈单峰型,对流云降水雨滴平均谱宽大于层状云降水雨滴平均谱宽,Gamma分布对2种云系降水平均谱拟合均存在一定偏差;通过雨滴谱计算的雷达反射率因子估算降水会造成对降水的低估。     

台风贝碧嘉(1816)外围云系结构与降水特征

选取海南省海口站和屯昌站对比分析台风贝碧嘉(1816)外围云系结构和降水特征。结果表明:台风贝碧嘉(1816)影响海南岛期间,随着降水云系的发展,海口地区对流性云系发展加强,屯昌地区表现为层状云降水,两个站点雨滴谱特征存在一定的差异,海口站和屯昌站的降水均以直径小于1 mm的雨滴为主,其中屯昌站直径1～3 mm的雨滴对雨强的贡献最大;海口站雨滴数浓度随雨滴直径增大而减小,但对雨强的贡献随之增大,直径大于3 mm的雨滴对总雨强的贡献达到56.61%;海口站的特征参量曲线在时间上分布不均,表现为阵性强降水,而屯昌站的特征参量曲线起伏不大,降水比海口站小且均匀、连续;在雨滴谱演变上,海口站始终保持单峰型,屯昌站以单峰为主伴随多峰出现,当雨强增大时,两站直径1 mm范围内的雨滴数浓度随之增加,谱型迅速拓宽,大粒径雨滴出现且增多,其中海口站直径3 mm以上的雨滴端增幅更明显;两个站点雨滴谱符合Gamma分布,形状参数和斜率参数满足二项式关系。     

暴雨微物理结构特征

本文根据长春一次大暴雨雨滴谱资料的统计分析,给出了大暴雨雨滴谱分布、过程降水量的演变、微物理特征量、雨滴最大直径、优势直径、雨强、浓度、雨水含水量、雷达反射因子、雨滴吸收系数、衰减系数、雨滴动能等,以及这些特征量与雨强之间的关系式。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.