鄂西远安白垩纪盆地的宏观构造变形机制

白垩纪远安盆地是江汉盆地西北缘的次一级地堑构造,发育有多种类型的低温宏观构造变形机制,包括变形带、断层、节理、脉体和缝合线。除断层外,其它构造变形机制的分布明显受不同岩性地层或单层厚度的控制。节理主要发育在盆地南、北两边上白垩统跑马岗组中至厚层粉砂岩与泥岩互层里,缝合线和方解石脉只形成在盆地西缘上白垩统罗镜滩组砾岩里,变形带只出现在盆地南部上白垩统红花套组块状砂岩里。主要根据变形构造交切或限制关系,本文将这里的宏观变形构造划分为四期,并恢复出各期的构造应力场。前两期属于拉张成因,出现在晚白垩世裂谷阶段,第一期的拉张方向为近EW向,第二期拉张方向NWW-SEE向;后两期属于挤压成因,出现在晚白垩世以后的后裂谷阶段。相应的水平最大主压应力分别呈NNE-SSW向和NWW-SEE向,具有顺时针旋转的趋势。     

江陵凹陷富钾硼锂卤水砂岩储层特征研究①

江陵凹陷古近系液态型卤水矿床蕴藏着丰富的钾锂硼等资源。砂岩是一种重要的储层岩性,而该盆地上白垩统发育厚层的风成砂岩沉积,是否能作为潜在储层是值得关注的问题。以江汉盆地江陵凹陷西北缘的宜昌红花套镇、猇亭和当阳市远安县等地区的露头为研究对象,结合凹陷内白垩系红花套组钻井岩心分析,并与始新统新沟嘴组下段砂岩岩心物性进行对比,研究发现白垩系红花套组风成砂岩分选好,磨圆度高,属中孔低渗储层,与新沟嘴组下段砂岩物性相似。由此可见,江陵凹陷白垩纪的风成砂岩是江陵地区下一步探索富含钾、锂、硼等元素卤水的重要目地层位。     

大杨树盆地中部甘河地区嫩江组沉积期古环境分析

正大杨树盆地位于内蒙古自治区东部阿荣旗、鄂伦春自治旗及黑龙江省甘南县境内,盆地西接大兴安岭,东依嫩江断裂与松辽盆地西缘紧邻,为在晚侏罗世褶皱基础上发育的一个呈北北东向长条带状展布的中新生代断陷—坳陷型盆地,面积约为15600 km~2,主要由火山岩、火山碎屑岩及正常碎屑岩组成,盆内地层自下而上为下白垩统龙江组、九峰山组、甘河组、上白垩统嫩江组以及新近系中新     

湖南衡阳盆地东缘白垩系风成沉积的发现及其古环境意义

首次报道了湘中南衡阳盆地东缘上白垩统红花套组中的风成沉积,重新认识了该地区晚白垩世时期的古地理环境。研究区红花套组主要出露一套紫红色块状中-细粒长石石英砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩,普遍见指示风成沙漠环境的巨型板状、楔状交错层理、双向交错层理、平行层理以及典型的风棱石;镜下不含泥质、云母等悬移组分,电镜下可见碟形坑、新月形撞击坑、上翻（平坦）节理片等,综合分析后确认该套砂岩为风成沉积。该套风成砂岩具有重要的古环境意义:风成砂岩的发现,指示该时期为干热气候,沙漠化、盐湖化明显,食物的短缺可能导致衡阳盆地一带恐龙的迁徙;依据沙丘前积纹层倾向特征,恢复了湘中南乃至湖南地区的地表风带特征,为佐证衡阳盆地与其周缘红盆相连通提供一种新的依据。该发现为湖南省的风成沉积领域提供了宝贵的研究材料。     

毛塞几比盆地油气成藏条件特征分析

西非毛塞几比盆地（又称塞内加尔盆地）已经成为世界油气勘探的热点区。通过对毛塞几比盆地近5年的油气勘探新发现的综合地质研究,明确了盆地油气成藏条件新特征。认为盆地发育下白垩统阿普特-阿尔布阶和上白垩统赛诺曼-土伦阶2套优质的海相烃源岩;发育下白垩统阿尔布阶陆架边缘三角洲砂岩储层和上白垩统下赛诺曼阶深水浊积砂岩2套有利储层,是盆地两套新目的层系。通过综合地质研究,总结出下白垩统阿尔布阶陆架边缘三角洲砂岩和上白垩统下赛诺曼阶深水浊积砂岩2类有利成藏组合,陆架边缘砂岩储层分布和深水区构造岩性复合圈闭条件分别是2个勘探新层系油气成藏的主控因素。对油气成藏条件特征的研究认识为明确盆地勘探潜力和方向起到了指导作用。     

贵州中坪地区上三叠统二桥组砂岩粒度分析及其沉积环境意义

通过对贵州中坪地区上三叠统二桥组16件砂岩样品进行粒度分析,结合二桥组砂岩地层所在的区域地质背景,研究砂岩形成时的沉积环境及水动力情况.对砂岩的粒度概率累计曲线、C-M图、粒度特征参数、结构参数散点图解等的分析显示,二桥组砂岩粒度概率累积曲线图具有较好的正态分布特征,频率直方图多呈单峰式;正态概率累计曲线主要为多跳一悬式、一跳一悬式、一跳一悬夹过渡式,主要由悬浮组分和跳跃组分组成,缺少滚动组分.中坪地区上三叠统二桥组从下部到上部处于一个由三角洲平原及前缘相向浅湖相过渡的沉积环境.     

西藏羌塘盆地半岛湖地区索瓦组锶同位素组成与演化

西藏羌塘盆地中生代发育广泛的海相碳酸盐地层,前人对该区地层的对比研究多局限于古生物地层学,本文尝试通过锶同位素地层学方法对上侏罗-下白垩统索瓦组地层进行全球对比。根据锶同位素地层学的基本原理,本文在对样品进行显微组构分析、阴极发光分析、Ca、Si、Sr和Mn等元素含量分析及评估其对同期海水代表性和样品溶解过程合理性的基础上,测试了羌塘盆地半岛湖地区上侏罗-下白垩统锶同位素组成,并建立了相应的演化曲线,进行了全球对比研究。结果表明,样品的锶同位素组成与前人已公布的同期海水锶同位素组成数据较为接近,其演化曲线与国际上已公布的锶同位素演化曲线有着较好的可对比性,晚侏罗-早白垩世时期全球海平面的变化和侵蚀作用的强弱是控制锶同位素演化曲线的主要因素。此外,通过对索瓦组海相碳酸盐锶同位素的研究,我们认为索瓦组的顶部可能延伸到早白垩世欧特里夫期,近而说明了羌塘盆地在早白垩世欧特里夫期还存在大规模的海相地层。     

巴西桑托斯盆地含油气系统划分与评价

巴西桑托斯盆地深水区白垩系—新生界的油气绝大部分分布于圣保罗高地,其次分布于盆地陆坡坳陷区。盆地的下白垩统区域性蒸发岩盖层为盐下油气藏的形成提供了保证。根据盆地的构造格局以及烃源岩、储集层和油气分布的特征,划分出两个含油气系统:下白垩统含油气系统和上白垩统含油气系统,下白垩统含油气系统还可划分为盐下和盐上两个成藏组合。划定了含油气系统在盆地中的分布范围。认为圣保罗高地下白垩统盐下Guaratiba群湖相碳酸盐岩层系最有勘探潜力,盆地北部和中部的上白垩统土伦阶Ilhabela段浊积岩和新生界Marambaia组内浊积岩储层具有较大的勘探潜力,西南部下白垩统盐上Guaruja组海相碳酸盐岩储层亦有一定的勘探潜力。     

西非中南段盐盆成藏组合及油气勘探方向

以板块构造理论和石油地质学理论为基础,分析西非中南段盐盆形成演化、成藏组合特征,提出中南段盐盆油气勘探方向。西非中南段盐盆的形成演化可以分为前裂谷、同裂谷、过渡和后裂谷4个阶段。受盆地形成演化的控制,中南段盐盆总体发育盐下下白垩统、盐上下白垩统、上白垩统和第三系共4套储盖组合。以储盖组合为核心,根据成藏组合划分原则,在中南段盐盆5个盆地共划分出16套成藏组合。综合分析各盆地勘探现状、油气地质条件和勘探潜力后,提出中南段盐盆未来勘探以深水区勘探为主,其中下刚果盆地和杜阿拉盆地应重点关注第三系成藏组合,加蓬盆地应重点关注盐上上白垩统成藏组合和盐下下白垩统成藏组合,宽扎盆地应重点关注盐下下白垩统成藏组合,里奥穆尼盆地应重点关注上白垩统成藏组合。     

北黄海盆地中生界沉积充填及有利生储盖组合

沉积充填生储盖组合中生界北黄海盆地北黄海盆地是我国海域油气勘探的新区,成藏条件及其时空匹配研究薄弱,是制约该区油气勘探取得突破的重要基础地质问题之一。通过岩心、钻井、测井及地震资料等的综合分析,对中生界构造格架下的沉积充填及有利生储盖组合特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,北黄海盆地中生界为断陷湖盆,中侏罗统以湖泊沉积为主,上侏罗统主要发育三角洲-湖泊沉积体系,下白垩统发育扇三角洲-湖泊沉积体系。北黄海盆地中生界发育2套有利的生储盖组合,上侏罗统上部的半深湖相暗色泥岩有机质丰富,构成研究区主力烃源岩,与下白垩统扇三角洲储集砂体及其上部滨浅湖泥岩组成的复合型组合,为空间匹配最好的生储盖组合;上侏罗统烃源岩与其中下部三角洲河道砂体组成的倒灌式间断型组合,为另一套较有潜力的组合,储层物性及断裂-不整合面输导是决定生储盖组合优劣的关键。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.