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1.
An example of identifying karst groundwater flow 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Hydrogeological investigations for the purpose of regulating the karst aquifer were carried out in the mountain massif of
Kucaj in the Carpatho-Balkan range of eastern Serbia. Different geophysical methods were applied in order to identify the
position of karstified zones with active circulation of karst underground streams. Especially good results were obtained by
using the spontaneous potential method for the exploration and construction of boreholes and wells. In the valleys of Crni
Timok and Radovanska reka the measurements have been carried out upstream along the whole width of the alluvium to the limestone
periphery. A number of positive and negative anomalies have been recorded. In the centres of positive anomalies several boreholes
were located: HG-19 (centre of anomaly +30 mV, total length of the biggest cavern is 9 m); HG-1 (+20 mV, cavern of 2 m); HG-15
(max. +114 mV, effective cavernousness is 17%).
Received: 20 February 1995 · Accepted: 12 September 1997 相似文献
2.
Hydrogeology and geochemistry in the Curuksu (Denizli) hydrothermal field, western Turkey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
H. Murat Özler 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(10):1169-1180
Curuksu is a low temperature hydrothermal system located within the upper sector of the B. Menderes Graben. The hydrologic
structure of the Curuksu hydrothermal system is largely controlled by major graben faults where it is characterized by the
presence of two thermal reservoirs. One is formed by Paleozoic quartzite, schist and marble units, and the second consists
of Pliocene limestone-travertine units. The thermal conditions in the Curuksu region indicate that the regional tectonics
and resulting local stress field control low temperatures activity. Temperatures of 30 springs emerging in the study area
range between 15 and 55 °C. These springs are classified as cold fresh, warm mineral and thermal waters. Pamukkale, Karahayıt
and Honaz springs are steam condensate waters, whereas Curuksu springs are commonly steam-heated waters with respect to the
major anion concentrations. The reservoir temperatures have been estimated from chemical compositions by utilizing simultaneously,
geothermometers and mixing models. According to these thermometric methods, the most probable subsurface temperature is in
the range of 62–90 °C. However, the mixing models suggest a temperature level of 80 °C for the parent water. The system
has low total dissolved solid (TDS) of ∼1000–1500 mg/l, which indicate that these waters undergo conductive cooling within
the reservoir.
Received: 9 September 1999 · Accepted: 14 February 2000 相似文献
3.
Dolostones of the ∼1200 Ma Society Cliffs Formation within the hydrothermal zone surrounding the Nanisivik zinc deposits
retain a stable characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) on alternating field and thermal step demagnetization. Based
on the thermal data and saturation isothermal remanence analyses, the ChRM resides in pseudosingle domain magnetite and hematite.
A paleomagnetic fold test favours a post-folding ChRM, and a paleomagnetic contact test, using a Franklin gabbro dike, indicates
that the ChRM predates ∼720 Ma. The pole position calculated from the ChRM direction is at 168.2°E, 42.8°N (δp=4.9°, δm=6.8°), giving an age of 1095 ± 10 Ma on the well-defined “Logan Loop” portion of the North American apparent polar wander
path. This age is considered to date recrystallization of the dolostone host rocks in the halo around the hydrothermal sulfide
deposits. No evidence is found for a postulated Cretaceous remagnetization event in the region.
Received: 9 January 1999 / Accepted: 3 March 2000 相似文献
4.
The CO2-rich thermal groundwater in the Betic Cordilleras in Spain has been studied with regard to the geological and hydrogeological
setting, physical and chemical characteristics, and 13C-isotope content. The study area is about 60 km northeast of Almería city, in southeastern Spain. The thermomineral waters
are plentiful and are related to regional geothermal anomalies. Temperatures of 20 −41°C, high bicarbonate concentrations
(183–1824 mg/L), and high amounts of PCO2 (<1.1 bar) characterize the groundwater. CO2 spatial variations are related to proximity to the Carboneras, Palomares, and Guadalentín fault systems, which may be the
surface representation of the zone of crustal thinning and magmatism. δ
13C values probably indicate a deep source for the CO2, either the mantle or perhaps carbonate rocks in the metamorphic substratum. The high amount of CO2 in the groundwater causes problems in wells and severely restricts water usage. The hydrothermal features of this area are
probably related to neotectonic activity.
Received, September 1998/Revised, June 1999, September 1999/Accepted, December 1999 相似文献
5.
J. Dowgiałło 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(5):433-436
To provide additional volume of thermal water for balneotherapy and space heating the well Cieplice-1 has been deepened from
661 m to 2002.5 m. A spontaneous outflow of water with temperatures reaching 87.8 °C was obtained. Thermal logging revealed
97.7 °C at 1870 m. These results are consistent with earlier estimates based on various chemical geothermometers that indicated
water temperatures in the lower parts of the geothermal system possibly exceeding 100 °C. This was also confirmed by the
cationic composition geothermometer. The estimates based on the dependence of saturation indices on temperature did not prove
correct, suggesting 65 °C as the most probable maximum temperature of the water.
Received: 11 Sebtember 1998 · Accepted: 7 January 1999 相似文献
6.
Slovakia has many areas rich in thermal waters one of which is the Hornonitrianska kotlina depression. At four localities
three types of waters are found. The first belongs to the Ca–Mg–HCO3 type with T.D.S. 0.7 g/l, the second to the Ca–Mg–SO4 type with T.D.S. 1.37–2.01 g/l and the third to the Ca–Mg–SO4–HCO3 type with T.D.S. 0.97 g/l. Discharge at individual localities varies up to 30 l/s and temperatures of water reach 32.5–66.6 °C.
The waters are predominantly used for healing, rehabilitation purposes, recreation and heating.
Received: 8 March 1999 · Accepted: 7 June 1999 相似文献
7.
The Alto Guadalentín detrital aquifer is both overexploited and polluted. Water conductivity ranges between 1200 and 4900
μS cm–1, HCO3
– between 1000 and 1990 mg l–1, and PCO2 between 0.041 and 1.497 bars. The temperature and chemical composition of the water show a positive thermal anomaly directly
attributable to the neotectonic activity in the area. The high CO2 content has caused the abandonment of numerous wells due to water corrosiveness which attacks pumping equipment.
Received: 10 October 1995 · Accepted: 14 November 1995 相似文献
8.
Mazeno Pass Pluton and Jutial Pluton, Pakistan Himalaya: age and implications for entrapment mechanisms of two granites in the Himalaya 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. A. Schneider M. A. Edwards P. K. Zeitler C. D. Coath 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,136(3):273-284
Zircon and monazite U-(Th)-Pb ion microprobe analysis were performed on the Mazeno Pass pluton and the Jutial pluton, two
leucogranite bodies within the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif (NPHM), Pakistan Himalaya. Zircon rim ages and monazite ages indicate
the Mazeno Pass pluton in southwest NPHM intruded at 1.40 ± 0.05 Ma; the Jutial pluton, to the north, similarly yields concordant
zircon and monazite ages suggesting crystallization at 9.45 ± 0.06 Ma. The Jutial pluton was subsequently intruded by leucogranite
dikes at 5.3 Ma, as revealed by monazite ages. Concordancy of U-Pb and Th-Pb accessory mineral ages demonstrates the robustness
of the technique on young rocks. Both plutons, some of the youngest in the Himalaya, have a general association with nearby
shear zones that we interpret to have played an integral role in granite evolution and emplacement setting (`deformation enhanced
ascent'). Together with new field observations, these results provide an insight on the spatial and temporal relationship
between plutonism and deformation relating to the development of the massif.
Received: 31 August 1998 / Accepted: 10 March 1999 相似文献
9.
Water from the Kombat mine was delivered to the Omatako dam via the 263-km-long Grootfontein-Omatako canal during test runs
in 1997. It is intended to supply water from Kombat and other underground mines in the Otavi Mountain Land to the capital
Windhoek. The Cu-Pb-Zn orebodies are hosted by carbonate rocks and the mine waters are supersaturated with respect to calcite
and CO2. Along the length of the canal, the CO2 partial pressure drops from 10−2.1 atm at the inlet of the Kombat mine to 10−3.5 atm at the end of the canal. This is accompanied by a drop in Ca concentration from about 60 to about 20 mg/l. The heavy
metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) drop along the course of the canal to values far below the national drinking-water
standard. Scavenging by calcium carbonate precipitation is the major depletion mechanism.
Received: 21 June 1999 · Accepted: 29 August 1999 相似文献
10.
A. Herch 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(5):437-447
The Aachen hot springs flow out from Upper Devonian limestones at the Variscan thrust front of the Rhenish Massif. Hydrogeochemical
analyses were used to determine the origin of the water and show that sodium, chloride, and sulfate originate from dissolving
evaporites that are influenced by meteoric groundwater. The circulation depths of the Aachen thermal water is estimated to
be >3500 m using SiO2–geothermometry and the regional geothermal gradient of about 30 °C/km. The deep circulation in Paleozoic sandstones, siltstones
and shales and a considerable residence time allow rock water reactions which explain the concentrations of Ba, Sr, F and
Si. While the thermal water rises into Upper Devonian limestones carbonates are dissolved. Cooler fresh water from the vicinity
contributes to the thermal aquifer depending on the pressure head of the springs. Sulfate reduction coupled with methane oxidation
can be observed as soon as the water temperature is below 65 °C.
Received: 21 September 1998 · Accepted: 19 May 1999 相似文献
11.
Influence of contaminated Vistula River water on the groundwater entering the Zakrzówek limestone quarry, Cracow region, Poland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chemical composition of water inflows in the Zakrzówek quarry, developed in fractured and karstified Upper Jurassic limestones,
is controlled by infiltration of polluted water from the Vistula River and by infiltrating meteoric water. The river water
TDS value is 2.5 g/dm3. The quarry waters have 0.6–2.0 g/dm3 TDS. Highly mineralised waters belong to Cl-Na type. With decreasing TDS the percentage of sulphates, calcium, magnesium
and hydrocarbonates increases. This seems to result from various processes including dilution of polluted river water, leaching
of aquifer rocks, and ion exchange. The transfer time of river water to the quarry is about 100–120 days. Concentration of
contaminants contained in the river water declines during the migration through limestones to the quarry.
Received: 7 March 1997 · Accepted: 7 December 1998 相似文献
12.
EL H. Talbi J. Honnorez N. Clauer F. Gauthier-Lafaye P. Stille 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,137(3):246-266
Petrological and chemical variations, as well as oxygen and strontium isotopic data are presented for metagabbros from the
Romanche and Vema fracture zones. These rocks were affected by several types and degrees of alterations ranging from slight
hydrothermal alteration to complete amphibolitization. Five major kinds of alteration processes ranging from late-magmatic
deuteric alteration (stage I) to low temperature (<150 °C) alteration (stage V) were identified. Water-rock interactions between
300 and 650 °C are the most dominant interactions resulting in the most prevailing secondary mineralogical assemblages which
characterize the amphibolite and/or greenschist facies (amphibole ± plagioclase ± epidote ± titanite ± chlorite ± prehnite).
Hydrothermal alteration of these gabbroic rocks results in isotopic exchanges between rocks and seawater-derived fluids. These
exchanges lead to decrease of gabbroic δ18O toward values as low as +3.9‰, and larger Sr isotopic variations than other oceanic gabbroic rocks (87Sr/86Sr ratios shift to 0.7029–0.7051). Calculation of a chemical budget indicates that metagabbros are hydrated and enriched in
Fe and probably in Mg and Cl, while Si, Ca and Ti are released to the hydrothermal fluids. In addition to metamorphic recrystallization
and geochemical transformation, hydrothermal alteration of oceanic gabbros contributes to the control of the global ocean
geochemistry.
Received: 8 March 1999 / Accepted: 12 July 1999 相似文献
13.
Third dimension of a presently forming VMS deposit: TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26°N
ODP drilling of the active TAG hydrothermal mound at 26°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge provided the first insights into the
third dimension of a volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) deposit on a sediment-free mid-ocean ridge. Sulfide precipitation
at this site started at least 20,000 years ago and resulted in the formation of a distinctly circular, 200-m diameter, 50-m-high
pyritic mound and a silicified stockwork complex containing approximately 3.9 million tonnes of sulfide-bearing material with
an average of 2.1 wt% Cu and 0.6 wt% Zn in 95 samples collected from 1–125 m below the seafloor. The periodic release of high-temperature
hydrothermal fluids at the same location for several thousand years with intermittent periods of hydrothermal quiesence is
the dominating process in the formation of the TAG hydrothermal mound. Distinct geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic zonation
as well as a complex assemblage of sulfide-anhydrite-quartz bearing breccias can be related to this process. Geochemical depth
profiles indicate extremely low base and trace element concentrations for the interior of the mound, which clearly contrasts
with published analyses of samples collected from the surface of the TAG mound. This is explained by continued zone refining
during which metals were mobilized from the interior of the mound by upwelling, hot (>350 °C) hydrothermal fluids. Mixing
of these fluids with infiltrating ambient seawater subsequently caused redeposition of metals close to the mound-seawater
interface. The sulfur isotopic composition of bulk sulfides (+4.4 to +8.2‰δ34S; average +6.5‰) is unusually heavy when compared to other sediment-free mid-ocean ridge deposits and implies the introduction
of heavy seawater sulfur to the hydrothermal fluid. The slight increase in sulfur isotope ratios with depth and distinct variations
between early, disseminated sulfides related to wallrock alteration, and massive as well as late vein sulfides indicates widespread
entrainment of seawater deep into the system. Fluid inclusion measurements in quartz and anhydrite reveal high formation temperatures
throughout the TAG mound (up to 390 °C) at one time with an overall increase in trapping temperatures with depth. Lower formation
temperatures close to the paleo-seafloor indicate local entrainment of seawater into the mound. Formation temperatures for
a central anhydrite-bearing zone range from 340–360 °C and are slightly lower than the exit temperature of hydrothermal fluids
presently venting at the Black Smoker Complex (360–369 °C). Fluid inclusions in quartz and anhydrite from the stockwork zone
are characterized by formation temperatures higher than 375 °C, indicating conductive cooling of the hydrothermal fluids or
mixing with ambient seawater prior to venting. Formation temperatures for quartz from an area of extremely low heat flow at
the western side of the mound reach up to 390 °C, implying that this area was once part of a high-temperature hydrothermal
upflow zone. The low heat flow and the absence of anhydrite within this part of the mound are strong indications that the
recent pulse of high-temperature hydrothermal activity is not affecting this area and provides evidence for significant changes
in the fluid flow regime underneath the deposit between hydrothermal cycles.
Received: 16 November 1998 / Accepted: 19 August 1999 相似文献
14.
The recently discovered Hanshan gold deposit in northern Gansu Province, northwestern China, is hosted by a WNW-striking
shear zone in Ordovician andesite and basalt. Mineralization consists of surface to near-surface oxidized ore (the yellow
sandy gossan type) and three types of primary ore, i.e. early-stage quartz-sericite-pyrite ores in stockworks, early-stage
disseminated ore, and the most important late-stage quartz ± calcite-sulfide veins. The ore system is characterized by variable
degrees of potassic and silicic alteration. Late-stage gold-related fluid inclusions have homogenization temperatures between
170 to 310 °C, with a peak around 260 °C and low salinities. The ore fluids had high contents of CO2, CH4, and N2. Sulfur isotope measurements of −1.9 to +1.7 per mil for hydrothermal pyrites could be consistent with a hydrothermal fluid
source from the mantle, but the oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite and quartz suggest mixing between mantle and crustal
fluid sources. K-Ar ages for hydrothermal sericite from ore zones are 213.9 ± 3.1 and 224.4 ± 3.2 Ma. Due to the arid Cenozoic
climate, a yellow gold-bearing gossan developed, which consists of jarosite, gypsum, and relict quartz. It could be a widespread
and useful prospecting guide for gold in northwestern China.
Received: 1 February 1999 / Accepted: 1 August 1999 相似文献
15.
Isothermal thermogravimetric experiments have been carried out to determine the reaction kinetics of the dehydration processes
in fuller's earth, a natural Ca-montmorillonite. Dehydration in swelling clays is a complex reaction, and analysis of the
thermogravimetric data using empirical rate equations and time-transformation analysis reveals that the nature of the rate
controlling mechanism is dependent upon both the temperature regime of the sample as well as the extent of reaction. For fuller's
earth, we find that the dehydration kinetics are dominated by a nucleation and growth mechanism at low temperatures and fractions
transformed (stage I), but above 90 °C the last stages of the reaction are diffusion controlled (stage II). The activation
energy for dehydration during stage I is around 35 kJ · mol−1, whereas the removal of water during stage II requires an activation energy of around 50 kJ · mol−1. These two stages of dehydration are associated with primary collapse of the interlayer (stage I) and movement of water that
is hydrated to cations within the interlayer (stage II).
Received: 28 August 1998 / Revised, accepted: 27 January 1999 相似文献
16.
Pascal Richet Alan Whittington François Holtz Harald Behrens Susanne Ohlhorst Max Wilke 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2000,138(4):337-347
A review of published and newly measured densities for 40 hydrous silicate glasses indicates that the room-temperature partial
molar volume of water is 12.0 ± 0.5 cm3/mol. This value holds for simple or mineral compositions as well as for complex natural glasses, from rhyolite to tephrite
compositions, prepared up to 10–20 kbar pressures and containing up to 7 wt% H2O. This volume does not vary either with the molar volume of the water-free silicate phase, with its degree of polymerization
or with water speciation. Over a wide range of compositions, this constant value implies that the volume change for the reaction
between hydroxyl ions and molecular water is zero and that, at least in glasses, speciation does not depend on pressure. Consistent
with data from Ochs and Lange (1997, 1999), systematics in volume expansion for SiO2–M2O systems (M=H, Li, Na, K) suggests that the partial molar thermal expansion coefficient of H2O is about 4 × 10−5 K−1 in silicate glasses.
Received: 30 June 1999 / Accepted: 5 November 1999 相似文献
17.
Water contamination and remedial measures at the Troya abandoned Pb-Zn mine (The Basque Country, Northern Spain) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article describes a case of contamination of a karstic aquifer by abandoning an underground mine exploiting sulphide
ore body. To exploit the ore, the aquifer was drained and the water level declined about 230 m, drying up the spring that
had drained the aquifer up to that moment. When the mining activity ceased, the piezometric level recovered and contaminated
water began to flow out from a mine adit. The water is high in sulphates and dissolved Fe, although the pH is neutral. When
this water reached the nearby creek, the fish population was eliminated, principally due to the presence of toxic metals and
the precipitation of Fe hydroxides. The contamination originated in an area of the partially flooded mine rooms where the
ore is in contact with both air and water. The acidity generated by pyrite oxidation is neutralized by calcite dissolution.
Presently, the mine water is diverted to the old tailings pond which functions as an aerobic wetland. This action has allowed
the fish population in the creek to be restored.
Received: 20 January 1999 · Accepted: 15 March 1999 相似文献
18.
Life spans and thermal evolution of hydrothermal systems are of fundamental metallogenic importance. We were able to establish
the chronology and cooling history of the Zaldívar porphyry copper deposit (Northern Chile) by applying a combination of different
isotopic dating methods in minerals with different closure temperatures, including 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and zircon fission track thermochronology, together with fluid inclusion thermometry and previous published
U–Pb zircon geochronology. The hydrothermal mineralization in the Zaldívar deposit is genetically related to the Llamo Porphyry
unit. Samples of igneous biotites from this intrusion yielded 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages between 35.5 ± 0.7 and 37.7 ± 0.4 Ma defining a weighted average of 36.6 ± 0.5 Ma (2σ). In contrast, one sample from the Zaldívar porphyry, one from the andesites, and two from the Llamo porphyry yielded considerably
younger fission track ages of approximately 29 Ma with a weighted mean for all ages of 29.1 ± 1.7 Ma (2σ). Thermal and compositional constraints for the hydrothermal system in the Zaldívar deposit from fluid inclusions thermometry
show that at least three fluid types broadly characterize two main hydrothermal episodes during the evolution of the deposit.
The main mineralization and alteration event is characterized by high temperature (above 320°C) hypersaline fluids (salinity
between 30 and 56 wt.% NaCl equivalents) coexisting with low-density gas-rich inclusions (salinity less than 17 wt.% NaCl
equivalents) that homogenizing into the gas phase at temperatures above 350°C. The second episode corresponds to a low-temperature
event which is characterized by liquid-rich fluid inclusions that homogenize into the liquid phase at temperatures ranging
from 200°C to 300°C with salinities lower than 10 wt.% NaCl equivalents. The 40Ar/39Ar data (36.6 ± 0.5 Ma, weighted average) obtained from igneous biotites represent the minimum age for the last high-temperature
(above 300°C) hydrothermal pulse. When compared with previously published U–Pb ages (38.7 ± 1.3 Ma) in zircons from the Llamo
porphyry, a close temporal relationship between crystallization of the parental intrusion and the thermal collapse of the
last high-temperature hydrothermal event is evident. Cooling took place from approximately 800°C (crystallization of the intrusive
complex defined by zircon U–Pb ages) to below 300 ± 50°C (biotite 40Ar/39Ar closure temperature) within approximately 1.5 m.y. Because the thermal annealing of fission tracks in zircons occurs at
temperatures of 240 ± 30°, the zircon fission track (ZFT) ages of 29.1 ± 1.7 Ma (2σ) mark the end of the thermal activity in the Zaldívar area, specifically the time when the whole area cooled below this temperature,
well after the collapse of the main hydrothermal event in the Zaldívar porphyry copper deposit. This cooling age roughly coincides
with the age defined for the emplacement of dacitic dikes at 31 ± 2.8 Ma (2σ) (published K–Ar whole rock), 5 km south of the Zaldívar deposit, in the Escondida area. This late magmatic pulse probably
is responsible for high heat flow in the Zaldívar deposit as late as 29 Ma. There is no evidence that the low temperature
hydrothermal pulse recognized by fluid inclusion studies is related to this thermal event. The zircon fission track cooling
ages are interpreted to be related to the time lag required for complete relaxation of the perturbation of the isotherms in
the geothermal field imposed by the intrusion of magmatic bodies, with or without any association with low temperature hydrothermal
activity. 相似文献
19.
Several precious metal-bearing, low sulfidation epithermal veins occur in the rolling topography of the Osilo area, northern
Sardinia. The Sa Pala de Sa Fae and the Sa Pedra Bianca veins were subject to intense diamond drilling exploration in the
mid 1990 s. The veins extend for 1–3 km, dip steeply, and range from 1 to 10 m in width. High K-calc-alkaline volcanic deposits
containing plagioclase phenocrysts (along with lesser pyroxene, amphibole, magnetite, olivine and sanidine) form the main
host rocks. Gold grades in drill intersections range from <0.1 to <20 ppm, with silver-gold ratios of around 4 to 7. Mineralogical
studies show a systematic distribution of three hydrothermal mineral assemblages. At distances >50 m from the vein, the assemblage
albite + Fe-chlorite + illite + pyrite (± montmorillonite ± calcite ± K-feldspar) prevails regionally, and its formation is
attributed to minor metasomatism of the country rock involving the addition of water, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
At distances <10 m from the vein, the assemblage quartz + K-feldspar + pyrite ± illite dominates, forming an alteration envelope
that cross cuts regional alteration. Quartz and K-feldspar increase in abundance towards the vein. Quartz is the main vein
mineral, and it displays a range of morphologies and textures including crustiform colloform banding, quartz pseudomorphs
of platy calcite, breccias and coarse euhedral crystals. Electrum and argentite which are the main gold and silver minerals
deposited during the early stages of vein mineralization with rhomb-shaped crystals of K-feldspar (adularia). Pyrite, plus
lesser marcasite, arsenopyrite, stibnite and sphalerite, are the other sulfide phases in veins. Kaolinite ± halloysite ± jarosite
form a late assemblage overprinting earlier hydrothermal alteration. It is mostly restricted to shallow depths of a few meters,
except near veins. Most of this assemblage likely formed from weathering and oxidation of sulfides. Microthermometric measurements
were made on quartz-hosted, two-phase (liquid + vapor) inclusions, containing ∼75% liquid; mean homogenization temperatures
(∼750 measurements) range from 220 to 250 °C, and ice-melting temperatures (∼550 measurements) range from 0.0 to −2.3 °C.
The presence of co-existing vapor-rich and liquid rich inclusions, with quartz pseudomorphs of platy calcite, indicate that
boiling conditions existed. Slight vapor-bubble expansion of a few fluid inclusions subjected to crushing experiments indicates
inclusion fluids contained variable but low concentrations of dissolved gas. This study shows that gold-silver mineralization
formed in subvertical channels from ascending solutions at 250 °C at around 300 to 450 m below the paleo-water table in a
typical low-sulfidation epithermal environment. Hydrothermal solutions that produced vein mineralization and related alteration
were dilute (<4.1 equivalent wt.% NaCl and <4 wt.% CO2), near neutral pH, reduced and, at times, boiling.
Received: 19 May 1998 / Accepted: 8 March 1999 相似文献
20.
This paper presents a site-specific conceptual model of groundwater flow in fractured damage zones associated with faulting
in a package of sedimentary rocks. The model is based on the results of field and laboratory investigations. Groundwater and
methane gas inflows from fault-fracture systems in the West Elk coal mine, Colorado, USA, have occurred with increasing severity.
Inflows of 6, 160 and 500 L s−1 discharged almost instantaneously from three separate faults encountered in mine workings about 460 m below ground level.
The faults are about 600 m apart. The δ
2H and δ
18O compositions of the fault-related inflow waters and the hydrodynamic responses of each fault inflow indicate that the groundwaters
discharge from hydraulically isolated systems. 14C data indicate that the groundwaters are as much as 10,500 years old. Discharge temperatures are geothermal (≈30°C), which
could indicate upwelling from depth. However, calculations of geothermal gradients, analysis of solute compositions of groundwater
in potential host reservoirs, geothermometer calculations, and results of packer testing indicate that the fractured groundwater
reservoir is the Rollins Sandstone (120 m thick) directly beneath the coal seams. The packer test also demonstrates that the
methane gas is contained in the coal seams. A geothermal gradient of 70–80°C km−1, related to an underlying intrusion, is probably responsible for the slightly elevated discharge temperatures. Large discharge
volumes, as great as 8.2×105 m3 from the 14 South East Headgate fault (14 SEHG), rapid declines in discharge rates, and vertical and horizontal permeability
(matrix permeability generally <0.006 Darcy) indicate fracture flow. An in-mine pumping test demonstrates that the 14 SEHG
fault has excellent hydraulic communication with fractures 50 m from the fault. Aeromagnetic data indicate that the faults
are tectonically related to an igneous body that is several thousand meters below the coal seams. Exploratory drilling has
confirmed a fourth fault, and two additional faults are projected, based on the aeromagnetic data. The conceptual model describes
a series of parallel, hydraulically separate groundwater systems associated with fault-specific damage zones. The faults are
about 600 m apart. Groundwater stored in fractured sandstone is confined above and below by clayey layers.
Received March 1999 / Revised, November 1999 / Accepted, December 1999 相似文献