热液成矿分带的溶解－沉淀波结构

热液成矿分带是一种输运－反应问题。热液成矿分带基本属于渗滤交代分带性质，它是溶解－沉淀波在可渗透介质中形成和传播的结果。本文应用物理化学流体动力学中的渗滤与溶解－沉淀反应耦合过程理论研究溶解－沉淀波的结构特征，并进一步应用多组分耦合系统动力学中的用于原理揭示其形成的动力学机制，最后提出了一种热流成矿分带理论，对热液成矿分带问题的性质、热液成矿分带的本质和热液成矿分带的结构特征与形成机制提出了新认识。     

热液成矿分带的径向对称性

热液成矿分带是普遍存在的规律。在研究银山和铜厂等具体矿床分带规律的基础上,总结出热液成矿分带具有径向对称性,并且用自孤子理论研究了其内在机制,指出热液矿床是活性扩散系统中的自孤子,给出了热液成矿自孤子的定义。用静态径向对称自孤子模型对热液成矿分带的径向对称性进行了描述和分析,得出了一些定性的认识,它们对更深入地研究热液成矿分带的动力学机制和成矿地球化学过程具有一定的意义。     

流体的沸腾和混合在热液成矿中的意义

讨论了流体沸腾和混合在热液成矿中的重要作用及研究进展。成矿汉体的降温可能不是许多金属矿物沉淀的最有效机制；流体的沸腾作用对浅成热液帮床，斑岩铜钼等矿床中矿物的沉淀作用很大，造成的矿化具有强度大，品位富及垂向分带较发育的特征，同时因其影响范围小，作用时间短，限制了它的作用的发挥。     

含矿流体混合反应与成矿作用的动力平衡模拟研究

本文在约定热液体系中成矿元素成矿速率(成矿过程中单位时间内单位体积所合成矿元素重量的变化)的基础上。借助于物质-热-化学-成矿四重全耦合的研究思路，构建了均匀热液体系、层状热液体系、岩浆侵入热液体系下成矿元素的迁移、富集、溶解与沉淀作用数值模型。模拟结果表明；(1)硫化物(H2S)和硫酸盐(SO42-)流体的混合反应是成矿热液体系中铅、锌、铁成矿元素成矿的重要控制因素；(2)均匀介质、岩浆侵入或地质构造的存在，对成矿元素在成矿流体运移的速度、流线、温度分布和成矿元素的溶解与沉淀分布都有着各自的特征．不同的成矿环境或成矿背景制约了成矿元素的迁移与富集以及矿体的产出定位。暗示成矿环境及成矿速率对热液体系中成矿元素的沉淀与溶解具重要作用；成矿流体的混合反应是成矿作用发生的重要机制之一。在成矿理论研究中必须充分考虑不同地质构造因素的约束。     

Incipient Stage of Ore Formation Process of the Kamioka Zn-Pb Ore Deposit in the Hida Metamorphic Belt, Central Japan: Leaching and Precipitation of Clinopyroxene

Abstract: Boundaries between the cpx Zn-Pb ores of the Kamioka ore deposit and host clinopyroxene granitoid in the Hida metamorphic belt were examined to decipher the incipient stage of ore formation process. The boundaries are characterized by the compositional zoning of relic clinopyroxene with outward increase of XMg from 0. 5 to 0. 75 in the host rocks, and by the incline of XMg towards the ores, passing through the boundaries, reaching up to 0. 95. In the ores, relic clinopyroxene is rimmed by hedenbergite. Both clinopyroxenes show compositional zoning with outward decrease and increase of XMg and MnO, down to 0. 02 and to 3. 2 wt%, respectively. The presence of high magnesian clinopyroxene can be explained if hydrothermal fluid flow had leached hedenbergite component of relic clinopyroxene. The incline of XMg of clinopyroxene toward the ores was attributed to the degree of dissolution of clinopyroxene, and thus the total amounts of fluid to have passed. The outward decrease of XMg of clinopyroxenes in the ores was due to crystal-fluid fractionation during precipitation. These mineralogical changes at the boundaries indicate the time-integrated phenomena of hydrothermal ore forming process. Firstly, leaching of ore components by infiltrating fluid proceeded in host rocks, and enhanced the formation of a fluid channel. The condition of fluid changes through the fluid channel in P-T space, and hence ore forming minerals precipitate at a remote place from the leaching one. This in turn caused the physicochemical change of fluid condition anyhow, and accelerated the precipitation of the minerals. This leaching-precipitation sequence appears a basic process of hydrothermal ore-forming system, and characterizes the incipient stage of ore formation process of the Kamioka Zn-Pb ore deposit. Compositional zoning of clinopyroxenes defines Z-shaped compositional trend in the Di–Hd–Jo diagram, each arm of which corresponds to the leaching and the precipitation stages, and the secondary dissolution of precipitated clinopyroxene.     

相山李家岭铀矿床热液蚀变作用地球化学特征

李家岭铀矿床是最近几年在相山西部发现的一个铀矿床。矿床热液蚀变特别发育并存在明显的蚀变分带现象,在对钻孔岩心样详细的野外和室内岩相学观测基础上,将李家岭铀矿床铀矿化段分为矿化中心带、矿旁蚀变带、近矿蚀变带和远矿蚀变带,其热液蚀变强度依次减弱。运用标准化Isocon图解法表明,热液蚀变带中,CaO、FeO、Fe₂O₃、Na₂O明显增加,这与发育赤铁矿化、钠长石化、碳酸盐化相一致;K₂O明显降低,这是由于钠长石交代钾长石造成K的大量迁出;而MnO、MgO在各蚀变带中呈现“此消彼长”的特征,显示出热液蚀变交代过程中并不是简单地扩散渗滤交代,可能存在对流平衡的元素迁移方式。Th、Y、Zr、Hf等微量元素变化与铀含量一致,对铀矿化具有很好地指示作用。HREE与铀矿化关系密切,随着蚀变程度增强,HREE明显增加,显示成矿流体富含HREE,并具有深源性。     

地球化学作用下饱和-非饱和介质水力-传质-传热耦合模型

地球化学作用是影响岩土类多孔介质中流体流动、传质、传热的重要因素之一。基于Fredlund所提出的非饱和土四相理论,将地球化学作用所产生的溶解/沉淀视为一个独立相,在一定的假设基础上,利用溶质浓度对介质孔隙度、含水率进行修正,从而建立起传质过程与介质水力性质之间的关系,改进了传统模型中传质过程与流体密度、黏度之间单一的耦合关系;并以此为基础建立了考虑地球化学作用下饱和-非饱和介质中多组分、多相流体渗流场-浓度场-温度场耦合的数学模型。通过在实验室内对反应性煤矸石进行渗透实验的结果对笔者所建模型进行了验证,结果表明：综合考虑溶解作用时所测点处渗流速度与未考虑耦合作用的结果相比增大0.58倍;单独考虑溶解/沉淀相时,所测点处渗流速度与未考虑密度耦合作用时的结果相比增大0.44倍。水流的实际渗透速度与在使用考虑溶解/沉淀相计算模型时的结果吻合较好。     

剪切带构造-流体-成矿系统动力学模拟

剪切带构造成矿系统动力学模拟可以定量,并能展示成矿系统时空结构与发展,从而揭示其本质。可从质量平衡、输运反应耦合、转换界面成矿和动力分形弥散等四个方面对剪切带构造成矿系统动力学进行理论分析与数值模拟。质量平衡分析指出：（１）剪切蚀变作用过程中,各种物质组分发生了不同程度的迁移;（２）体积应变为增加型,金矿床定位于剪切带的扩容带中;（３）存在较大的流体与岩石比值,金矿体定位于流体流量最大部位。耦合成矿动力学模拟表明：（１）金属硫化物成矿作用发生于剪压构造变形岩相向剪张构造变形岩相转换的时空界面;（２）其决定因素是成矿元素的地球化学特性及成矿流体的特征和性状;（３）岩浆侵入后,形成以岩体为中心的温度梯度带,是热液成矿作用的主要动力之一;（４）成矿流体的流速可以促进混合热液的生长,剪切破碎带是强烈输运反应耦合成矿的有利场所。动力弥散作用过程理论分析与计算机模拟指出：（１）点源淀积弥散机制,Ｃ＝Ａρｖ２ｄｘｄｙｄｔｅ－ｋｒ／［２π（ｈ２－ｖ２ｔ）ｄｌ］;（２）分形弥散度,αｍ＝ｘｓ２Ｄ－１σ２（εｃ１－Ｄ）／２;（３）剪切带构造成矿系统是自相似的变形变质系统,在动力系统作用下,矿源系统与输运系统耦合,弥散作用发生;?     

Hydrothermal Alteration Zoning and Kinetic Process of Mineral-Water Interactions

This study reports the kinetic experimental results of albite in water and in KCI solution at 22 MPa in the temperature range of 25 to 400℃. Kinetic experiments have been carried out in an open flow-through reaction system (packed bed reactor). Albite dissolution is always incongruent in water at most temperatures, but becomes congruent at 300℃ (close to the critical point 374℃). At temperatures from 25 to 300℃, the incongruent dissolution of albite is reflected by the fact that sodium and aluminum are easily dissolved into water; from 300 to 400℃ it is reflected by silicon being more easily dissolved in water than Al and Na. Maximum albite dissolution rates in the flow hydrothermal systems have been repeatedly observed at 300℃, independent of flow rates.The kinetic experiments of albite dissolution in a KCl aqueous solution (0.1 mol KCl) indicate that the dissolution rate of albite increases with increasing temperature. Maximum silicon release rates of albite have been observed at 400℃, while ma     

石膏矿床的地质特征及对硫化矿床的指示意义

从研究划分石膏矿化的成因类型入手,进行热液化学成分来源分析和岩石蚀变分带研究,结合典型矿床实例分析,总结出在碳酸盐岩中出现热液交代型石膏矿化体附近,往往伴生有金属硫化矿体或含硫化矿物丰富的岩石,该规律对寻找硫化物型金属自矿体的意义巨大.     

Textural evidence for quartz and feldspar dissolution as a mechanism of formation for Maggs Pipe,Zaaiplaats tin mine,South Africa

Shallowly plunging and branching pipe systems in Lease and Bobbejaankop Granite at the Zaaiplaats mine are host to major tin mineralization. Detailed textural study of Maggs Pipe indicates that dissolution of the granite was a major process in the formation of open space which provided permeability for the passage of hydrothermal fluids, and sites for the precipitation of ore and gangue minerals. The pipe formation process initiates with the dissolution of granite quartz and subsequently extends to feldspar dissolution, particularly in the central portion of Maggs Pipe. Spaces created by mineral dissolution are filled by hydrothermal phases and the relict feldspar matrix becomes progressively more altered toward the centre of the pipe. The distribution of alteration and infill minerals defines a zoning pattern which, from the outer margin to the central core, includes calcite-quartz, chlorite (± cassiterite, albite, fluorite) and synchisite-calcite zones. It is postulated that quartz and feldspar dissolution resulted from interaction between the granite and hydrothermal fluids containing alkali-chloride, -fluoride or -carbonate complexes which had separated from the granite magma during crystallization. Preliminary observations on several other pipes at Zaaiplaats indicate that quartz and feldspar dissolution was a major procress in forming the pipe systems.     

Numerical Modelling of Geochemical Behaviour of Fluoride in the Shallow Groundwater Systems

The Xingtai piedmont plain in Hebei Province is a representative area in northern China where endemic fluorosis is serious and shallow high-F ground water is distributed. In this paper, the area is selected as a typical study area, and on the basis of large amounts of field work and the experiments, through groundwater geochemical modelling and by applying the theory and method of the coupled model of hydrodynamic transport and chemical reactions in a multicomponent system, the author performed numerical modelling of the geochemical behaviour of fluoride in a shallow groundwater system, quantitatively studied the hydrodynamic transport and chemical reaction of fluorine migration, transformation and concentration in a water-heterogeneous unsaturated soil system under the conditions of meteoric water infiltration and quantitatively determined the speciation of fluorine and the saturation state and dissolution/precipitation trend of various solid precipitates in shallow high-F groundwater, thus deepening t     

DISCOVERY AND THE IMPLICATION OF A HYDROTHERMAL-METASOMATIC SKARN DEPOSIT IN GANGDISE TECTONIC ZONE,TIBET

DISCOVERY AND THE IMPLICATION OF A HYDROTHERMAL-METASOMATIC SKARN DEPOSIT IN GANGDISE TECTONIC ZONE,TIBET     

山东莱芜盆地碳酸盐岩热液溶蚀特征及水文地质意义

鲁中山区莱芜盆地在燕山期发生大规模岩浆侵入活动,岩浆岩体外围碳酸盐岩区分布有水源地、富水块段等岩溶发育富水区,且靠近岩体含水层多发生大理岩化。富含CO₂、H₂S等酸性成分的岩浆热液流体,能对碳酸盐岩产生明显的溶蚀作用。基于岩石样品化学组分分析、水文地质调查及数据统计分析、热液溶蚀地质点详细观测,构建热液溶蚀模式,对莱芜盆地及外围热液溶蚀特征及机理进行研究。结果表明:高温高压岩浆侵入使得接触带碳酸盐岩发生热液变质大理岩化;沿渗透性断裂、裂缝以及不整合面等运移的热液流体,对碳酸盐岩地层产生酸性热液溶蚀和混合溶蚀作用,形成不同规模溶蚀孔洞,构成地下水富集空间,为寻找城镇地下水后备水源地提供新方向。     

A semianalytical approach for solving first-order perturbation equations of dissolution-timescale reactive infiltration instability problems in fluid-saturated rocks

This paper presents a semianalytical approach for solving first-order perturbation (FOP) equations, which are used to describe dissolution-timescale reactive infiltration instability (RII) problems in fluid-saturated rocks. The proposed approach contains two parts because the chemical dissolution reaction divides the whole problem domain into two subdomains. In the first part, the interface-condition substitution strategy is used to derive the analytical expressions of purely mathematical solutions for the FOP equations in the upstream subdomain, where the dissolution chemical reaction is ceased and the FOP equations are weakly coupled. In the second part, the finite element method (FEM) is used to derive the analytical expressions of numerical solutions for the FOP equations in the downstream subdomain, where the dissolution chemical reaction needs to be considered and the FOP equations are strongly coupled so that it is impossible to derive purely mathematical solutions for them. Particular attention is paid to the development of the element-by-element forward marching strategy, which is associated with the use of the FEM for solving this new kind of scientific problem. The related analytical results demonstrated that (1) both the dynamic characteristic of a reactive infiltration system and the dimensionless wavenumber can have pronounced influences on the distribution of the FOP dimensionless acid concentration within the entire domain of the dissolution-timescale RII problems in fluid-saturated rocks and (2) the FOP dimensionless acid concentration distribution exhibits two significantly different patterns in the upstream and downstream subdomains of the dissolution-timescale RII system.     

造岩矿物性质对岩体可破坏性的影响

工程地基的选址依据,本世纪中叶以前是地基范围内没有断裂,即避免断裂原则。６０年代以后,工程选址的条件由避免断裂转变为考察断裂是否活动。美国率先制定了工程地基范围内活动断裂指标规范,认为具有非活动性断裂的岩体上可以构筑大型工程。花岗岩体规模大,整体性好...     

铜陵地区硫化物矿床成矿过程的热传导和物质输运动力学

根据热传导和热致流体流动以及化学物质输运动力学原理，模拟和分析了铜陵地区铜金硫化物矿床成矿过程的温度场和流体动场。根据矿区温度空间分布模式和流体流线的展布模式，可以预测矿床的溶解地段和成矿物质的堆积场所。研究表明：（1）能量流和物质流是热液成矿的关键因素，而岩浆侵位带进的热是驱动流体流动的原动力；（2）侵入体的产状、不同化学性质围岩的空间分布的组合方式、围岩的孔隙度和渗透率差异等因素共同限定了成矿物质的沉淀堆积场所；（3）矿区中铁和硫主要来自五通组高孔隙度的含黄铁矿砂岩。在砂岩和灰岩之间的白云岩层强烈碎裂形成有利的成矿空间，白云岩与砂岩之间的化学位差是构成成矿化学反应发生的动力。     

The influence of coupled physical swelling and chemical reactions on deformable geomaterials

Coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical‐chemical modelling has attracted attention in past decades due to many contemporary geotechnical engineering applications (e.g., waste disposal, carbon capture and storage). However, molecular‐scale interactions within geomaterials (e.g., swelling and dissolution/precipitation) have a significant influence on the mechanical behaviour, yet are rarely incorporated into existing Thermal‐Hydro‐Mechanical‐Chemical (THMC) frameworks. This paper presents a new coupled hydro‐mechanical‐chemical constitutive model to bridge molecular‐scale interactions with macro‐physical deformation by combining the swelling and dissolution/precipitation through an extension of the new mixture‐coupling theory. Entropy analysis of the geomaterial system provides dissipation energy, and Helmholtz free energy gives the relationship between solids and fluids. Numerical simulation is used to compare with the selected recognized models, which demonstrates that the swelling and dissolution/precipitation processes may have a significant influence on the mechanical deformation of the geomaterials.     

东天山红云滩铁矿床矿物学、矿物化学特征及矿床成因探讨

东天山红云滩铁矿赋存于下石炭统雅满苏组火山碎屑岩地层中.矿体主要呈层状、似层状、透镜状.矿石矿物以大量磁铁矿为主,含少量的磁赤铁矿、镜铁矿、黄铁矿和极少量的黄铜矿等.脉石矿物主要有石榴石、透辉石、阳起石、绿帘石、绿泥石、黑云母、钠长石、石英等.矿石构造以块状构造和浸染状构造为主,局部为条带状构造、脉状构造;矿石结构包括半自形-他形粒状结构、交代结构.围岩蚀变对称分带明显,从矿(化)体到两侧围岩,蚀变呈现从深色到浅色的变化现象.根据矿物共生组合、矿石组构的观察,本次工作识别出矽卡岩期和热液期两个成矿期,进一步细分为4个成矿阶段:矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段(主成矿期)、热液早期阶段及石英-硫化物阶段.电子探针分析表明石榴石端员组分以钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列为主,辉石端员组分以透辉石-钙铁辉石为主,角闪石端员组分主要为阳起石和透闪石,这些特点表明矿区矽卡岩为热液交代钙矽卡岩.磁铁矿的主、微量元素特征表明其形成与矽卡岩密切相关.结合成矿地质特征,认为矽卡岩是由富铁岩浆热液流体沿断裂构造运移、交代下石炭统雅满苏组富钙火山碎屑岩地层而形成的,磁铁矿的形成与矽卡岩的退化变质作用有关.     

浅析莱芜接触交代-热液铁矿的双交代渗滤作用

莱芜接触交代-热液铁矿赋存于奥陶系马家沟组碳酸盐岩与燕山晚期闪长岩的接触带及其附近.通过对各矿床有益有害组分分析,以及对成矿母岩、围岩岩石化学特征、双交代渗滤作用和围岩蚀变类型等研究,总结出"三位一体"成矿模式,进而探讨了矿体的空间分布规律及其找矿意义.