安哥拉Bonga碳酸岩型铌矿床地质地球化学特征及成因

安哥拉Bonga岩体是位于Paran-Angola-Etendeka火成岩省的一个碳酸岩杂岩体,呈孤立的岩塞状产于前寒武纪结晶基底的断裂交汇部位,环状和岩筒构造发育。在岩石组成上,发育一套正长岩+碳酸岩+霓长岩±碱玄质-响岩质喷发角砾岩组合;在矿物组合上,以方解石为主,伴生烧绿石、磷灰石、磁铁矿、萤石和稀土矿物。烧绿石作为岩体中主要的含铌矿物,富集形成了超大型岩浆成因碳酸岩型铌矿床。在化学组成上,主要为钙铁质碳酸岩,富集Sr、Ba、Mn、Nb、Th和LREE,亏损K、Ti和U;稀土元素呈轻稀土富集的右倾分布型式,无Ce、Eu异常。这些特征与世界上典型钙铁质火成碳酸岩一致。Zr/Hf、Y/Ho比值和Y含量反映岩体形成过程中有热液参与,属于一种熔体-流体过渡的高度演化的岩浆体系。Bonga铌矿床形成于岩浆期和热液期,早期形成的为红褐色自形氟钙和羟钙烧绿石,晚期为黄绿色半自形-它形空钙烧绿石。     

安哥拉Huila省Bonga碳酸岩型铌矿床烧绿石地球化学组成、演化及其与岩浆热液作用过程的关系

安哥拉Bonga碳酸岩型烧绿石矿床是一个重要的铌矿床,烧绿石是碳酸岩中主要的含Nb矿物。Bonga碳酸岩中发育了5种类型(阶段)的烧绿石(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ)。其中烧绿石Ⅰ为岩浆(原生)烧绿石,其余为热液交代形成的烧绿石。烧绿石Ⅰ与氟磷灰石共生,以富Nb贫Ta、Ca、Na占A位和F占满Y位为特征,烧绿石的结晶和Nb、Ta等高场强元素的含量受碳酸岩浆中挥发分F和H2O的控制。Bonga环带烧绿石发育,多为原生的岩浆震荡环带烧绿石遭受了后期低温热液作用改造而成,具有岩浆振荡环带结构和热液烧绿石的化学特征。高温的热液过程中岩浆烧绿石被烧绿石Ⅱ交代,以F和Na含量的降低,Ca含量基本不变,A空位急剧增多为特征。而在稍低的温度下,经热液作用交代形成了烧绿石Ⅳ(A空位高,其他占位元素少)。最晚阶段富Sr的烧绿石Ⅲ(Sr含量较高)和烧绿石Ⅴ形成于相对低温的热液作用过程中,与石英、菱锶矿等热液矿物共生,Sr可能来源于对岩浆碳酸盐矿物的热液交代作用。在整个热液作用过程中,Bonga的烧绿石可能存在以下元素替换机制：3Nb5++2Ca2+→2Si4++Fe3++2(U,Th)4+;2Nb5++Na++2Ca2+→Si4++Fe3++2(U,Th)4++A□。在更低温、氧化的条件下,烧绿石蚀变形成大量的含铌金红石和少量的易解石,此过程中释放出Ce和Th等,形成独居石、氟碳钙铈矿、氟碳铈矿、Sr REE磷酸盐矿物和方钍石等。此外,还发现了含铌针铁矿,显示Bonga烧绿石中的Nb在表生条件下发生了迁移。     

鲁中碳酸岩中碳灰石同位素地球化学研究所

鲁中地区分布着１００多个碳酸岩体，微量元素含量及稀土配分等均与世界典型碳酸岩相近。而碳酸岩的碳氧及斑晶磷灰石的锶、钕同位素组成与典型地幔物质有差异，与富集地幔颇为近似，从而证实在山东地区陆壳下存在富集地幔源区。     

碳氧同位素水文地球化学方法在找钾中的应用

在系统测定和分析了云南兰坪-思茅盆地调查区盐系地层，钾矿层中碳酸盐以及盐系HCO3^-的碳（^13C)，氧（^18O)同位素组成的基础上，发现了含钾盐泉的同位素组成特征和影响盐泉HCO3^-同位素组成的一些因素，结果确定了对找钾有利的盐泉，经与其他找钾方法确定含钾异常有较好的吻合性，表明用碳酸盐同位素方法找钾有良好的前景。     

崂山花岗岩岩石地球化学与成因

崂山花岗岩是中国东部晚中生代较典型的由钙碱性岩碱和碱性岩套构成的复合花岗岩体，可划分石英二长岩、黑云二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩和碱性花岗同夺四个单元，结晶年龄分别为１４６．８、１２６．２、１１３．０和１１０．８Ｍａ。岩石地球化学研究表明：钙碱性岩套自石英二长岩→黑云二长花岗岩→正长花岗岩 呈现向富硅、富碱、低铝、低钙、低镁方向的演化特征；碱性花岗岩总体呈现出高硅、高碱、低铝、低钙、低镁的特征，其大离子亲石元素和高场强元素Ga、Nb、Hf、Zr、Y及Ga／Al、F／Cl比值等明显偏高，与国内外典型的A型花岗岩成分相当。同位泰示踪及成岩机理研究揭示出崂山花岗岩起源于下地壳基底变质岩的部分熔融。两套岩石分别与两次熔融事件有关，钙碱性岩套各单元是岩浆不同分离结晶程度的产物，而碱性花岗岩可能起源于经先前熔融事件(形成钙碱性岩套)萃取过的残留源岩，其形成与AFC过程有关。基于一系列地球化学图解的判别，结合区域构造演化，指出崂山花岗岩是胶北地体－胶南地体陆－陆碰撞剪切造山带构造发展演化至特定阶段的产物，钙碱性岩套形成于造山晚期压性或压性向张性转化的应力环境，而碱性花岗岩则形成千造山期后的剪切张性(transtension)构造环境．后者成为苏北－胶南地区燕山晚期造山作用结束的标志。     

白云鄂博富稀土元素碳酸岩墙的 碳和氧同位素特征

重点解剖了一条距白云鄂博超大型REE-Nb-Fe矿床东矿北东方向2 k m、切割白云鄂 博群H1及H3岩性段的细粒方解石碳酸岩岩墙的碳和氧同位素地球化学特征。结果表明,碳酸 岩的碳同位素组成变化范围较小(δ13C值为－6.6‰ ～ －4.6‰),与正常地幔碳δ 13C值－5±2‰一致;而氧同位素组成变化范围较大(δ18O值为11.9‰～17.7‰ ),显著高于地幔的δ18O值5.7±1.0‰,表明碳酸岩浆在结晶过程中或之后曾与 低 温热液流体发生了同位素交换。碳酸岩墙中白云石与方解石之间的碳和氧同位素分馏均小于 0‰,处于不平衡状态,说明该碳酸岩墙中的白云石与方解石并非同成因矿物,白云石可能 为次生成因的。     

有机碳和有机分子碳同位素的地球化学意义

有机碳和有机分子碳同位素组成的研究不仅在沉积地层对比，油－油，油－源对比研究方向发挥了独特作用，而且在古气候，古环境研究方面更具有广阔的应用剪影。开展对全球气候变化及全球碳循环有重要意义的有机碳碳同位素组成及分布研究和对生物演化，恢复古生态，古环境有重要意义的化石及沉积物中有机分子的碳同位素成及分布研究已势在必行。     

陕西户县大石沟碳酸岩地球化学特征及其成因意义

户县大石沟碳酸岩,多年来一直被认为是超基性岩—碳酸岩杂岩体的一部分,属岩浆成因。在岩体地质及岩石学研究的基础上,通过微量元素、岩石化学、稀土元素及碳氧同位素分析,认为该岩石属构造—热液成因的交代蚀变碳酸盐岩。     

麻栗坡新寨锡矿床地质地球化学特征

新寨锡矿床位于滇东南褶皱带的文山－马关隆起，为近年发现的一大型锡矿，矿体产于中寒武统变质岩系，以顺层厚大矿体产出为特征。仅有锡石可利用。中下寒武统中锡丰度比地壳丰度高出数倍至百余倍。为矿源层。氧同位素分析证明有大气降水和变质水参予成矿作用。硫来自火山岩和海水硫酸盐。成矿年龄为２００Ｍａ左右，与区域变质年龄接近，为印支期变质热液改造成矿，属沉积─改造层控型锡矿床。     

岩石中碳同位素比值的EA—MS测定及其地球化学应用

将元素分析仪与气体质谱仪连接起来,能够进行硅酸盐岩石微量碳的含量和同位素比值测定。本文介绍了笔者建立这－ＥＡ－ＭＳ连续技术对天然岩石样品方法中全碳的含量和同位素组成,结果发现这些岩石普遍含有较高的轻碳。     

牦牛坪稀土矿床碳酸岩Pb同位素地球化学

四川牦牛坪稀土矿床与稀土矿化时空密切共生的碳酸岩一正长岩碱性杂岩体的成岩时代为喜山期,碳酸岩呈脉状沿正长岩岩体中心侵入。两者具有相似的^206Pb／^204Pb和^208Pb／^204Pb比值,但碳酸岩^207Ph／^204Ph比值变化较大,且低于正长岩。这种差异并不能归因于地壳物质的混染作用,而是反映了地幔源区的特征。在Ph、Sr和Nd同位素图解中,矿区碳酸岩和正长岩显示低Ph,高Sr同位素的特征,部份碳酸岩Ph同位素落在MORB内,而Sr和Nd同位素明显不同于MORB,相对接近洋岛玄武岩的Ⅰ型富集地幔(EM1)。喜山期扬子板块呈楔形体插入龙门山地壳之中,受挤压的中下部地壳向前陆深处发生俯冲,并延伸至攀西裂谷顶部富集地幔体中,被交代的富集地幔经不同程度的和不连续的部份熔融作用形成碱性岩浆,整个演化过程导致了源区成份的不均一性。     

赞比亚希富玛铜矿床含铜碳酸岩岩石学和地球化学及其成岩成矿意义

新发现的赞比亚希富玛IOCG碳酸岩铜矿床位于泛非造山带卢菲里安弧复向斜带中部南缘,处于NW向深断裂带与NEE-EW向断裂带的交会部位。铜矿体主要赋存于含铜碳酸岩内。含铜碳酸岩主要侵入于新元古界上部孔德龙古群上部火山碎屑岩中,与矿区及其外围的岩浆岩构成含铜碳酸岩的杂岩组合。含铜碳酸岩灰白色块状构造,常见气孔构造和流动构造;含围岩捕掳体、熔融包体和流体包体;半自形细粒不等粒结构为主,镶嵌结构和包含结构很普遍;方解石和白云石双晶发育;矿物成分达40余种,主要非金属矿物为方解石,其次是硬石膏、白云石和萤石等;主要金属矿物为磁铁矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿,其次有磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、赤铁矿、辉钼矿、斑铜矿等。含铜碳酸岩全岩矿化,矿石构造主要为浸染状构造和斑杂状构造,其次为块状构造及稠密浸染状构造;矿石结构有自形-半自形细粒结构,他形细粒结构,交代熔蚀结构,固溶体分解结构,海绵陨铁结构等。含铜碳酸岩富CaO、FeO和Fe_2O_3,贫MgO,属铁质方解石碳酸岩;REE含量高,ΣREE=57.75×10~(-6)~1076×10~(-6),轻重稀土明显分馏,LREE/HREE=6.3~83.8,强正铕异常,弱负铈异常;富集Ba、Sr、Pb、U、Nb、P和LREE,亏损Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti;Zr/Hf、Y/Ho值和Y含量反映含铜碳酸岩出现了高度演化的熔体-流体过渡的岩浆体系;(87Sr/86Sr)i=0.705315~0.706708,在世界主要碳酸岩范围内;Sr-Nd同位素示踪显示岩浆可能源自EMⅠ;方解石的δ13CV-PDB为-17.8‰~-2.6‰,δ18OV-SMOW值变化于14.5‰~21.9‰;白云石的δ13CV-PDB为-18.8‰,δ18OV-SMOW值为13.5‰,均在世界碳酸岩的范围内;2个磁铁矿样品的δ18OV-SMOW值分别为4.3‰和4.6‰,接近地幔的氧同位素组成范围;金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT(‰)值变化范围为-4.1~+10.5,在岩浆硫的范围内。此矿床为铁氧化物-铜-金(IOCG)型碳酸岩铜矿床。成岩成矿发生于泛非造山运动后造山伸展阶段拉张应力场构造环境。含铜碳酸岩和成矿物质可能主要源自受到富CO2地幔流体交代形成的EMⅠ富集地幔端元。成岩成矿机制可能是:从地幔源区部分熔融出的初始熔浆随着上侵和演化,液态不混溶出碱性硅酸盐岩浆和碳酸盐+硫酸盐岩浆;铜等成矿元素因亲硫而在碳酸盐+硫酸盐岩浆中富集。此岩浆随着上侵和演化发生液态不混溶作用,形成富集成矿物质和挥发分的含铜碳酸岩浆-热液过渡态流体。随着温度下降,其中碳酸盐矿物、硫酸盐矿物和磁铁矿大量晶出,氧被大量消耗掉,致使氧逸度降低,硫逸度增高,还原硫产生并快速增加,与Cu、Fe、Zn、Co、Mo等金属离子化合形成金属硫化物而成矿。     

Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Kovdor phoscorite–carbonatite complex, Kola Peninsula, NW Russia

The Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions for the Kovdor phoscorite–carbonatite complex (PCC), Kola Peninsula, NW Russia, have been determined to characterize the mantle sources involved and to evaluate the relative contributions of a plume and subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the formation of the complex. The Kovdor PCC is a part of the Kovdor ultramafic–alkaline–carbonatite massif, and consists of six intrusions. The initial isotopic ratios of the analyzed samples, calculated at 380 Ma, display limited variations: ε_Nd, + 2.0 to + 4.7; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, 0.70319 to 0.70361 (ε_Sr, − 12.2 to − 6.2); ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 18.38 to 18.74; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.45 to 15.50; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 37.98 to 39.28. The Nd and Sr isotope data of the Kovdor PCC generally fit the patterns of the other phoscorites and carbonatites from the Kola Alkaline Province (KAP), but some data are slightly shifted from the mixing line defined as the Kola Carbonatite Line, having more radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. However, the less radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions and negative Δ7/4 values of Pb isotopes of the analyzed samples exclude crustal contamination, but imply the involvement of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle source. Isotopic variations indicate mixing of at least three distinct mantle components: FOZO-like primitive plume component, EMI-like enriched component and DMM-like depleted component. The isotopic nature of the EMI- and DMM-like mantle component observed in the Kovdor samples is considered to be inherited from metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle. This supports the previous models invoking plume–lithosphere interaction to explain the origin of the Devonian alkaline carbonatite magmatism in the KAP.     

白云鄂博矿床碳酸岩墙/脉和赋矿白云岩中流体包裹体研究

Fluid inclusion study has been carried out for the carbonatite dykes/veins and the ore-hosted dolostone of the Bayan Obo superlarge REE-Fe-Nb deposit in order to provide the evidence and constraint for their origin. Based on the detailed geological observation and mineralogical investigation, the heating and cooling stage and laser Raman spectroscopy were mainly used for the laboratory work of this study. Following results have been obtained： （ 1 ） The discovery of melt and melt-fluid inclusions from carbonatite dykes/veins in the Dulahara and Jianshan Mountains, combined with the fine-grained （aplitic） texture of rocks, as well as the types and features of fluid inclusions such as CO2 enrichment, higher homogenization temperature, provides a direct evidence for the magmatic origin of these dykes/veins. （2） The carbonatite dykes/veins distributed in two regions, nearby the axis of the Kuangou anticline and in the east to Bayan Obo town, mainly show coarse-grained texture. No melt inclusion was found, and the fluid inclusions possess features of less CO2, lower homogenization temperature and higher salinity. They are tentatively identified as veins formed by some carbonate-rich hydrothermal solution. （3） Bedding carbonate layers/lens within the hanging wall and foot wall of ore-hosted dolostone, previously recognized as of magmatic origin, mainly composed by dolomite. The existence of single phase pure aqueous inclusions with very low homogenization temperature indicates their sedimentary origin. （4） The ore-hosted dolostone possesses apparent bedding and laminated structures. No melt inclusion was found, but, both single phase pure aqueous inclusions and CO2 bearing muhi-phase fluid inclusions coexisted in dolostones. In the direction towards ore-bodies, the homogenization temperature and CO2 contents of fluid inclusion show an increasing tendency. It indicates the sedimentary origin of dolostone superimposed by late fluid metasomatism.     

白云鄂博REE—Fe—Nb矿床酸岩墙锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

对白云鄂博稀土 -铁 -铌矿矿区一火成碳酸岩内锆石 U - Pb年龄进行了测定 ,五颗锆石测定数据点拟合直线与谐合线的上交点年龄为 2 0 70± 33Ma,表明白云鄂博矿区火成碳酸岩脉的侵入时代最早可以追溯到早元古代 ,该年龄与矿区内正长岩和英云闪长岩锆石年龄等接近 ,构成了形成于裂谷环境的白云鄂博早元古代碱性岩 -碳酸岩杂岩体     

确定砂岩型铀矿矿化地段的铀、钍同位素证据

根据铀、钍同位素地球化学基本原理,对新疆伊梨盆地５１２矿床含矿砂岩的Ｕ、Ｔｈ含量及其＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ、＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３２Ｔｈ进行了测试,并在此基础上对含矿砂岩的氧化带、还原带和氧化还原过渡带特征进行了研究。研究表明,与氧化带、还原带相比,氧化－还原过渡带具有较高Ｕ含量和＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ比值,较低Ｔｈ／Ｕ比值;矿石样品中的＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ、＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３８Ｕ比值位于过渡带     

内蒙古白云鄂博矿床碳酸岩侵位方式与三维形态及稀土潜在资源

稀土元素是关键金属的重要成员, 我国稀土资源禀赋优越, 并主要来自白云鄂博矿床, 但其巨量金属富集机理、矿体空间形态以及潜在资源等, 一直存在不同认识, 制约了稀土资源评价以及有效利用。在地质、地球化学和地球物理多学科联合攻关基础上, 本文对白云鄂博碳酸岩就位机制、演化过程和三维形态, 以及稀土超常富集机理与潜在资源等进行了探讨。白云鄂博早-中元古代沉积岩经历了区域性的挤压构造变形, 原水平地层褶皱后又被置换成陡立、近E-W走向的构造片理, 这为碳酸岩浆的上涌提供了有利通道。白云鄂博H8白云岩为火成碳酸岩, 它侵位于~13亿年, 经历了铁质-镁质-钙质的演化, 碳酸岩既为稀土成矿母岩, 也是稀土矿体; 古生代两次改造作用导致了稀土活化及新生矿物生成, 但没有外来稀土的明显加入。高磁与低阻地球物理异常体揭示出了碳酸岩体的三维形态, 碳酸岩的侵位中心位于主、东矿之间, 侵位后沿构造置换陡立面理, 往东西两侧推进。利用获得的碳酸岩体积、(最小)密度以及稀土含量, 推算出白云鄂博矿区500~1000m以浅稀土潜在资源为3.33亿t, 这远超目前公认的矿山及全球稀土资源量。建议开展新一轮以稀土为主的勘探与验证工作, 以获取白云鄂博战略矿产资源的准确家底。

     

Lithogeochemistry of Carlin-type gold mineralization in the Gold Bar district, Battle Mountain-Eureka trend, Nevada

The Gold Bar district contains five Carlin-type gold deposits and four resources for a combined gold endowment of 1.6 M oz [50 t]. The gold deposits are hosted in Devonian carbonate rocks below parautochthonous and allochthonous Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks emplaced during the Early Mississippian Antler orogeny. The district is in the Battle Mountain-Eureka trend, a long-lived structural feature that localized intrusions and ore deposits of different types and ages.The whole-rock geochemistry of four different mineralized and unmineralized Devonian carbonate rock units (two favorable and two unfavorable) were determined and interpreted in the context of the regional geology. A combination of basic statistics, R-mode factor analysis, isocon plots, and alteration diagrams were utilized to (1) identify favorable geochemical attributes of the host rocks, (2) characterize alteration and associated element enrichments and depletions, and (3) identify the mechanism of gold precipitation. This approach also led to the recognition of other types of alteration and mineralization in host rocks previously thought to be solely affected by Carlin-type mineralization.Unit 2 of the Upper Member of the Denay Formation, with the highest Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃ and SiO₂ contents and the lowest CaO content, is the most favorable host rock. Based on the high regression coefficients of data arrays on X–Y plots that project toward the origin, Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ were immobile and K₂O and Fe₂O₃ were relatively immobile during alteration and mineralization. Specific element associations identified by factor analysis are also prominent on isocon diagrams that compare the composition of fresh and altered equivalents of the same rock units. The most prominent associations are: Au, As, Sb, SiO₂, Tl, –CaO and –LOI, the main gold mineralizing event and related silicification and decalcification; Cd, Zn, Ag, P, Ni and Tl, an early base metal event; and MgO, early dolomitization. Alteration diagrams, consisting of X–Y plots of SiO₂/Al₂O₃, K₂O/Al₂O₃, CO₂/Al₂O₃, [S/Al₂O₃]/[Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃], provide evidence for progressive silicification, decarbonation (decalcification and dedolomitization), argillization (illite), and sulfidation as a function of gold mineralization. The latter process is identified as the principal mechanism of gold precipitation.The lithogeochemistry of the ores in the Gold Bar district is typical of that documented in classic Carlin-type gold deposits in the region, but the size of the deposits and the intensity of alteration and mineralization are less. The presence of other types of mineralization in the Gold Bar district is also common to most of the other Carlin-type districts located in major mineral belts. The approach used in this study is well suited to the interpretation of multi-element geochemical data from other study areas with superimposed alteration and mineralization.     

The petrogenesis of carbonatite, melnoite and kimberlite from the Eastern Goldfields Province, Yilgarn Craton

We have obtained major and trace element data for a suite of rocks emplaced over an area of 45,000 km² in the Eastern Goldfields Province (EGP), Yilgarn Craton, that are petrographically and mineralogically described as kimberlites, melnoites and carbonatites. Kimberlites dominate the rock types found in the west whereas carbonatites and melnoites are common in the east. Compatible element data from the carbonatites and melnoites tend to lie along trends that imply silicate–carbonate fractionation. The kimberlites exhibit a much greater amount of compatible element scatter as a result of the variable contribution from continental lithospheric mantle (CLM). When compared to southern African kimberlites, the EGP kimberlites have consistently lower MgO and Os concentrations at comparable Ni concentrations. The opposite is true for Ti–Ni variation where the EGP kimberlites have higher Ti than the southern African kimberlites at comparable Ni concentrations. These data are interpreted to suggest that the CLM beneath the province was either melt metasomatised some time prior to kimberlite emplacement, or that the EGP CLM is less refractory (melt depleted) than the Kaaapvaal CLM.

In contrast, the incompatible element ratios and initial Nd values are constant throughout the entire rock suite. Carbonate C and O isotope data show a broad positive correlation, consistent with magmatic-hydrothermal trends found in many carbonatite complexes. These incompatible element and isotope data link all of the rocks within the province to the same mantle source that was similar to modern-day mantle plume sources.

Re–Os data for the various samples, including oxide minerals from all of the petrographic types, xenocryst-poor kimberlites and melnoites yield a precise Re–Os isochron of 2025±10 Ma and an initial γOs of 5.3±3.1 (MSWD=5.8). These data support the conclusion based on incompatible element, stable isotope and Sm–Nd isotope data that the rocks are comagmatic.

Initial Os isotopic compositions and Re/Os ratios for the xenocryst-rich kimberlites are also correlated. However, the correlation does not pass through the calculated initial γOs and Re/Os of the isochron. The Re–Os data show that the incompatible element-enriched melt exhibited very little control on the Re–Os variations of the xenocryst-rich kimberlites.

Correlations between deep mantle seismic velocities, petrology and whole-rock compatible element geochemistry suggest that the rheology and history of the EGP CLM played a significant role in determining the petrographic characteristics of the magmas that were ultimately emplaced into the EGP crust.     

四川冕宁包子山稀土矿床富Sr碳酸岩的发现及意义

全球范围内出露的碳酸岩大多为钙质、镁质、铁质碳酸岩,少量为钠质和硅质碳酸岩,极少有富Sr碳酸岩的报道,其岩石成因、资源意义及对碳酸岩岩浆演化的指示意义尚不清楚。本次在四川省牦牛坪稀土矿区南部包子山稀土矿床的露天采坑中发现了超级富Sr的碳酸岩,其呈不规则的脉状侵入到构造角砾岩中。岩石呈紫色-淡紫色,微晶-斑状结构,斑晶主要为萤石,基质主要为菱锶矿、方解石、氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、金云母、重晶石并含少量的金属硫化物和氧化物。全岩的微量元素分析表明,其稀土元素总量（∑REE）达3.5%~6.1%,Sr含量达19.0%~27.7%,已超过稀土矿床和锶矿床的工业品位要求。岩石中的中、重稀土元素含量占稀土元素总量的1.14%~1.77%,一些高价值稀土元素含量较高,如Pr（939×10^-6~1399×10^-6）、Nd（2783×10^-6~3937×10^-6）、Gd（237×10^-6~320×10^-6）,因此除轻稀土元素外,中、重稀土和锶元素也具有重要的资源意义。岩石强烈富集REE、Sr、Ba,而明显亏损P、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf元素,可能与岩浆演化过程中锆石和其它基性矿物的结晶分离有关。全岩的Sr-Nd同位素组成与牦牛坪、里庄稀土矿床的碳酸岩相似,表明它们为同源岩浆产物。笔者认为,富Sr的碳酸岩代表了碳酸岩岩浆演化晚期的产物,REE、Sr、Ba、F和S元素均在岩浆演化晚期的碳酸岩中高度富集。碳酸岩岩浆超浅成侵位至构造角砾岩中,并与下渗的大气水相遇导致岩浆的淬冷和微晶-斑状结构的形成。早期基性矿物（如霓辉石、黑云母）及碳酸盐矿物（如方解石、白云石等）的结晶分离是造成晚期碳酸岩中稀土元素富集的重要原因。富Sr碳酸岩中石英斑晶的发现和其较低的SiO₂含量表明碳酸岩岩浆演化晚期可能是硅饱和的,且这种岩浆具有很低的SiO₂溶解能力。以菱锶矿（体积分数>50%）为主要碳酸盐矿物的稀土碳酸岩可能代表了一种新的碳酸岩类型,明显不同于已知的钙质、镁质、铁质和钠质碳酸岩。