近期国际地震预测预报研究进展的几个侧面

本文从国际组织、国际计划、科学出版物、主要代表性人物及其学术观点、实际地震预测与地震前兆检验等方面，介绍了20世纪90年代后期以来国际上地震预测预报研究进展的几个侧面，这些进展在一定程度上反映了此间地震预测预报研究从“低谷”走向新的发展的思想脉络。     

MSCT在难以耐受食道造影的食管气管瘘患者诊治中的应用

目的：探讨MSCT在老年或癌症晚期等难以耐受食道造影的食管气管瘘患者中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2016年至2020年在我院因高度怀疑食管气管瘘行MSCT及气管镜检查的病例,共纳入研究48例。所有图像经过横断位、冠状位、矢状位多平面、气管树容积再现及经气管树中心曲面重建后传至PACS,由两位医师盲法阅片,记录是否有食管气管瘘及阳性病例的大小;气管镜由操作者记录是否有食管气管瘘及阳性病例的大小。比较不同方法间对瘘口、大瘘口（直径>1cm）、小瘘口（直径<1cm）的检出率及MSCT与气管镜间大小比较。比较MSCT与气管镜检查对真阳性病例瘘口的大小。两位医师间采用Kappa一致性检验,不同评价方法间采用卡方检验,MSCT与气管镜检查的大小比较采用配对样本t检验,当P<0.05时有显著差异。结果：联合所有图像对所有食管气管瘘的检出率最高,其敏感性、特异性及准确性分别达93%、75%及86%,不同方法对所有瘘口的检出有显著差异,其中矢状位与横断位对瘘口的检出率较高。在所有阳性病例中不同方法间对大瘘口的检出率,各方法间有显著差异,其中联合所有图像对大瘘口的检出率达100%,矢状位与横断位对大瘘口的检出率较高;而对小瘘口的检出,各方法间无显著差异。在所有真阳性病例中,气管镜中所测量的瘘口大小（13.70±11.70）mm,高于MSCT中测量的瘘口的大小（10.83±10.15）mm,两者有显著差异。结论：MSCT及其常见后处理方法在难以耐受食道造影的食管气管瘘患者评估中起重要作用。     

RBCA Closure at DNAPL Sites

The closure of sites with identified or suspected DNAPL (dense nonaqueous phase liquids) under the requirements of the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), or the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) has not been well defined. With respect to RCRA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has required that all contamination must be removed at closure such that no residual risk to human health or the environment remains. Therefore, even though many states administering the RCRA program have adopted or are considering Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) procedures (including the statistical methods described in SW-846) for RCRA closure, the treatment of DNAPL is, at best, challenging.
The methodology for closure in CERCLA is described in "Risk Assessment Guidelines for Super-fund (RAGS)," which requires that risks above the National Contingency Plan criteria must be remediated, preferably by on-site or in situ destruction. Most risk-based Brownfield or voluntary cleanup programs do not provide any explicit allowance for DNAPL. However, while the ASTM methodology for RBCA in E1739-95 (ASTM 1995) does not explicitly treat the problem of DNAPL, a basic framework for DNAPL assessment is implicitly provided.
A uniform methodology for RBCA closure of VOC (volatile organic compounds) DNAPL sites can be used to achieve the program objectives of RCRA, CERCLA, and Brownfield or voluntary cleanup programs. The regulatory acceptance of the application of RBCA methods to DNAPL sites will require education and discussion, but the use of a uniform methodology should facilitate acceptance.     

Microalgae and Clean Technologies: A Review

The search for clean technologies needs to be continued to offer alternatives for achieving sustainable energy production and a sustainable economy. This concern is particularly related to the demands of both producing enough renewable energy to meet future needs and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Microalgae are recognized for several benefits they offer, and in recent years, the use of life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the benefits resulting from microalgae cultivation, harvesting/dewatering, biomass drying, extraction, and byproduct development has stimulated research in this area. Considering the importance of microalgae and clean technologies and the increasing number of publications on these subjects, this review aims to perform bibliometric mapping of such studies from 2008 to 2018. Web of Science and Scopus databases are used to identify leading trends. Visualization of similarities viewer (VOSviewer) software is applied to analyze the interactions among keywords. The results of this study indicate an association of microalgae and clean technologies and demonstrate that LCA is one of the most common tools used for such analyses. Bibliometric mapping provides relevant data to reinforce this association and understand the main bottlenecks that must be overcome in this field for future progress to be made.     

清水池震害综合预测方法

对基于池壁裂缝宽度预测清水池震害程度的方法进行了深入研究,该方法与清水池快速预测方法（如经验统计回归方法）相比有较强的理论依据,但是当池壁受拉钢筋应力超过其屈服应力时,采用该方法会导致计算结果与实际裂缝宽度不符。因此,壁板裂缝宽度方法适用于评定清水池轻微破坏及以下的震害等级,当清水池壁板受拉钢筋屈服后,应采用震害经验统计回归模型对清水池震害等级进行评定。建议将上述2种预测方法相结合作为清水池震害预测的综合方法。     

Ground Water Contamination from Creosote Sites

Field data from 44 waste sites contaminated with creosote have been compiled in a database. The data from each site included geological and hydrogeological parameters and the concentrations of creosote compounds in the ground water at various distances from the pollution sources. The creosote compounds that were measured included mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenols. Already 50 m down-gradient of the creosote waste sites, 90 percent of the concentrations were from three to 50 times lower than at the source, and most of the median concentrations were below detection limit (0.1 to 0.5 μg/L). The maximum concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) and phenols were much lower under aerobic than under anaerobic conditions. Among the phenols, the xylenols (dimethylphenols) appear in higher concentrations under aerobic conditions than phenol and the cresols do. The highest concentrations found were of the same order of magnitude as the calculated solubilities found in the literature, except the chrysene and benz(a)pyrene concentrations, which were one to two orders of magnitude higher than the solubilities.     

岩溶场地地表地震动特性研究

对典型岩溶场地进行土层地震反应分析,并与非岩溶场地土层的地震反应进行对比,研究岩溶场地地表地震动的基本特性,为岩溶区工程场地地震动参数的确定提供参考。实例研究表明:与非岩溶场地的土层地震反应相比,岩溶场地土层对地震波的放大效应较强,地表地震动的频率偏高;当岩溶场地中发育有土洞时,地表地震动加速度峰值比不含土洞的岩溶场地要大。     

Remedial Options for Creosote- Contaminated Sites

Free-phase DNAPL recovery operations are becoming increasingly prevalent at creosote-contaminated aquifer sites. This paper illustrates the potential of both classical and innovative recovery methods. The UTCHEM multiphase flow and transport numerical simulator was used to predict the migration of creosote DNAPL during a hypothetical spill event, during a long-term redistribution after the spill, and for a variety of subsequent free-phase DNAPL recovery operations. The physical parameters used for the DNAPL and the aquifer in the model are estimates for a specific creosote DNAPL site. Other simulations were also conducted using physical parameters that are typical of a trichloroethene (TCE) DNAPL. Dramatic differences in DNAPL migration were observed between these simulations.