LNAPL污染物及水含量对石英砂介电常数的影响

为研究LNAPL污染物及水含量对石英砂介电常数的影响,首先以石英砂模拟单一土壤环境,利用柴油和水的混合物来模拟轻非水相液体(LNAPL)污染物污染土壤,然后通过矢量网络分析仪和开口同轴探头,分析高频超宽带电磁波在土壤中的反射并计算介电常数。实验结果显示,石英砂介电常数随着体积含水量和含油量的增加而增加,直到达到饱和状态,此时石英砂介电常数趋于稳定;石英砂介电常数实测值处于极化模型和De Loor模型之间,结果与De Loor模型接近。     

基于介电特性检测土壤污染的研究进展

污染范围的圈定是污染治理的重要前提,为确保土壤污染现场调查工作高效、准确、经济开展,研究发现介电常数能很好地反应土壤污染情况。本文简要介绍了土壤介电特性的影响因素和检测技术,并结合国内外污染土壤介电特性的研究,对土壤介电特性数理模型进行归纳总结。利用介电特性检测土壤污染时,首先需正确区分是何种因素引起的参数异常。并且为提高土壤污染调查的准确度,可将现场介电特性检测技术与室内试验结合,做到定性定量分析。     

土壤中单环芳烃定量分析的基质效应研究

来源于燃料油泄露的单环芳烃对土壤的污染已经成为一个很普遍的现象,因此,准确、高效地检测土壤中的挥发性单环芳烃是一个很关键的问题。文章通过在标准系列中加入石英砂和土壤两种基质,比较水、水-石英砂、水-土壤3个定量库中得到的标准曲线的斜率,研究基质效应对土壤样品定量的影响。结果表明,芳香烃类物质在土壤基质中的斜率总体小于在石英砂基质中的斜率,在石英砂基质中的斜率比在水基质中的斜率小1%(苯)～9%(正丁苯),在水基质中得到的斜率最大;只有苯在土壤基质和水基质中的斜率相当,其余组分在土壤基质中的斜率比在水基质中的斜率小9%(丙苯)～24%(1,2,4-三氯苯)。单环芳烃在土壤基质中相对斜率的大小与化合物本身的沸点以及辛醇-水分配系数呈负相关。研究表明,在对土壤样品进行校准的过程中,选择合适的基质建立定量库是一个非常关键的因素。     

利用GPR天线-目标极化的瞬时属性分析方法探测LNAPL污染土壤

轻非水相流体(LNAPL)泄漏后会对土壤和地下水造成严重污染,为了准确探测出LNAPL泄漏范围,本文将GPR天线-目标极化的瞬时属性分析方法应用于轻非水相流体污染土壤探测的研究中。采用注入柴油的石英砂砂箱在实验室建立污染土壤模型,利用探地雷达对该污染土壤分别进行天线方位为0°、90°的测量。LNAPL土壤污染物形状、大小、结构并不规则,因此可以通过0°和90°方位天线测量来分析天线-目标极化特征,了解目标物的走向、形状等地下介质信息。通过对预处理后的包含天线-目标极化特征的信息进行瞬时属性分析,LNAPL污染范围可以被清晰地识别,提高了GPR探测能力。     

基于全极化探地雷达偏移算法的LNAPL污染土壤探测研究

本文将极化偏移算法应用于轻非水相液体(LNAPL)污染土壤的探测研究。采用石英砂作为土壤,柴油作为LNAPL污染物,在实验室建立LNAPL污染土壤模型。利用全极化探地雷达系统对污染土壤进行探测。对预处理后的数据进行极化偏移成像后,LNAPL污染范围可以被清晰地识别。通过对包含极化特征的信息进行重构和成像,提高了探地雷达的探测能力。     

矿物的成分和结构对其介电常数的影响

一百多种矿物的微波复介电常数的测量结果表明:各类矿物之间的介电特性差异很大,在微波段,ε′和ε″的变化范围为2到4个数量级,在低频段这种差异更大。硫化物类矿物的介电特性变化最大,其次为氧化物类矿物。实验还表明,矿物中的结构水对其介电特性影响不大,而吸附水与ε′之间有如下相关关系:ε′=ε_0~(1p)εw~(15w)。矿物的成分不同,其离子类型、离子半径、离子极化率也不同,使其介电常数发生有规律变化;矿物晶体结构中的不同的结晶方向、结构模式、原子配位数、键型以及矿物的地质产状、变质程度的高低等都能导致介电常数发生很大变化。     

降雨型浅层土质滑坡非饱和土-水作用特征试验研究

非饱和土在不同含水率条件下的基质吸力及其抗剪强度对降雨型浅层土质滑坡的防治具有重要意义。以武陵山区湘西北慈利县陈溪峪滑坡为例,选取了滑坡不同位置的多组粉质黏土原状样,首先利用现场双环渗透试验测定其饱和渗透系数,通过室内土-水特征试验获取其水-力相互作用参数,并利用VG模型和Mualem模型分别得到试样的土-水特征(SWCC)曲线和渗透系数函数(HCF)曲线;进而开展非饱和土直剪试验,研究不同含水率条件下滑体粉质黏土的抗剪强度变化规律。试验结果表明:不同水力路径下,粉质黏土土-水特征曲线和渗透系数函数曲线具有明显滞后效应,干密度越小则滞后效应越明显,基质吸力对体积含水率的敏感性就越小;粉质黏土由饱和状态到非饱和状态,基质吸力增大提高了黏聚力,导致土体抗剪强度不断增大。研究结论可为降雨型浅层土质滑坡的防治提供科学依据。     

广西废弃矿区土壤中Cd、Pb、As污染特征及环境质量评价研究

文中对广西某废弃稀土矿区9个采样点0～20 cm(表层)和20～60 cm(深层)以及2个土壤剖面共38个土壤样品进行取样分析,采用地积累指数评价法和潜在生态风险指数评估模型评价了Cd、Pb、As三项重金属污染状况和潜在生态风险并应用相关性分析了重金属来源。结果显示：(1)表层和深层土壤中重金属元素Cd、Pb存在明显的重金属超标现象,尤其是Cd含量超标情况严重,在表层和深层土壤中,Cd的超标率均达到了100%,Pb的超标率分别达到了33.3%和22.2%,As含量正常处于未污染状态。(2)表层和深层土壤3种重金属元素的相关性分析显示,Cd和Pb的相关性不明显,As元素表现出极显著正相关;(3)污染评价显示,表层土壤重金属元素中Cd处于偏中度污染水平,Pb处于轻度污染水平,深层土壤中Cd、Pb均处于偏中度污染水平,表层和深层土壤中As元素均显示无污染。(4)As元素在矿区和非矿区0～100 cm剖面I_geo值均小于-1属于无污染等级。非矿区剖面土壤重金属Cd、Pb的污染程度整体上小于矿区Cd、Pb污染。在矿区范围内,Cd、Pb含量均表现出随着土壤深度增大先升高后降低...     

广东某硫酸冶炼工业区土壤铊污染及评价

运用地累积指数法（Igeo）及富集指数法（EF）对广东某硫酸厂含铊黄铁矿冶炼废渣堆渣场周围土壤铊污染状况进行了调查和评价。结果表明,废渣周围土壤已受到了明显的土壤铊污染,铊污染物主要集中在土壤0～16．5cm范围,并且表现出沿垂直方向向下迅速降低的特点;土壤表层的铊吸附量未达到饱和状态,铊污染物将继续在土壤表层发生累积作用。Igeo与EF法对铊污染评价结果相似：废渣下伏土壤0～6cm范围铊污染达到中度污染水平,而在土壤约8．5～15cm以下为无至轻度污染水平;15cm以下没有受到土壤铊的污染;相对于下伏土壤剖面,废渣外围土壤污染更为严重,其中表层土壤0～1cm铊已经达到显著污染,土壤2～10．5cm范围内铊为中度污染,而在土壤约15cm以下铊为无至轻度污染。两种方法应用于工业区土壤铊污染水平分析是可行的,但是不能表明铊在土壤中存在状态、迁移能力以及生物有效性。     

低温低介电陶瓷的制备及其性能影响因素

为了获得低温、低介电、低成本的优质陶瓷,采用高温固相反应法、以天然叶蜡石为原料,以BaCO3、MgO和SiC等为助剂制备了介电陶瓷.通过对陶瓷的宏观性能、介电性能、热学性能和力学性能等的测试,探讨了助剂对陶瓷性能的影响.结果为一定量的BaCO3和MgO可以改善陶瓷的烧结性、电学性能和热膨胀性,而SiC则可以改善陶瓷的增韧作用.在优化工艺条件的基础上获得了电阻率为(1.34～19.28)×1011Ω·cm、介电常数为2～4(1 kHz时)、介质损耗小于0.004(1 kHz时)、气孔率小于1%、热膨胀系数为(4～5)×10-6K-1,抗弯强度近400 MPa的优质介电陶瓷.     

Ground penetrating radar imaging and time-domain modelling of the infiltration of diesel fuel in a sandbox experiment

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive method which, over the past 10 years, has been successfully used not only to estimate the water content of soil, but also to detect and monitor the infiltration of pollutants on sites contaminated by light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL). We represented a model water table aquifer (72 cm depth) by injecting water into a sandbox that also contains several buried objects. The GPR measurements were carried out with shielded antennae of 900 and 1200 MHz, respectively, for common mid point (CMP) and constant offset (CO) profiles. We extended the work reported by Loeffler and Bano by injecting 100 L of diesel fuel (LNAPL) from the top of the sandbox. We used the same acquisition procedure and the same profile configuration as before fuel injection. The GPR data acquired on the polluted sand did not show any clear reflections from the plume pollution; nevertheless, travel times are very strongly affected by the presence of the fuel and the main changes are on the velocity anomalies. We can notice that the reflection from the bottom of the sandbox, which is recorded at a constant time when no fuel is present, is deformed by the pollution. The area close to the fuel injection point is characterized by a higher velocity than the area situated further away. The area farther away from the injection point shows a low velocity anomaly which indicates an increase in travel time. It seems that pore water has been replaced by fuel as a result of a lateral flow. We also use finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical GPR modelling in combination with dielectric property mixing models to estimate the volume and the physical characteristics of the contaminated sand.     

Use of a resistivity cone for detecting contaminated soil layers

A cone-penetration technique was developed to detect contaminated soil layers with electrolytes and NAPLs. In this study, laboratory and field experiments were performed to apply the technique. In the laboratory, the change in resistivity was quantitatively examined by adding salt or oil to soil samples. The results showed that the resistivity measurement was varied with an order of ppm for the electrolyte concentration in soil. It was found that the resistivity of sand increased with increasing oil concentration. The effect of oil content was stronger for lower water content of sand.

The results obtained from field experiments showed that the resistivity cone can be used for detecting the contaminated layer in soils whose background values are known. Particularly, the instrument can be used effectively for examining the effects of remediation, by measuring the resistivity of the ground before and after remediation, unless the soil fabric changes significantly during remediation procedures.     

Spatial pore characteristics of unsaturated soils caused by dielectric geometric factors under permittivity method with 1 GHz frequency range

A dielectric measurement device called a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) has been designed and constructed for the dielectric measurement of unsaturated soil consisting of a volumetric soil water content of about 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 m³/m³ with different soil porosity around 0.40–0.45, respectively. The dielectric constant is measured in the frequency range 1 GHz. Soil calibration tests and tracer injection tests on standard sand and river sand are carried out in the laboratory. FDR measurement probes at different soil depths allow volumetric soil water content and dielectric constant measurements. The tracer concentration in the pore water is monitored by determining the dielectric constant, from the soil impedance. From the relationship between volumetric soil water content and dielectric constant, the specific calibration equations for the unsaturated soils were derived, and one can easily estimate the volumetric soil water content from the response of the measured dielectric constant for the soils. In the study of dielectric mixture models using α-value of 0.5 which is dielectric geometric factor, the effective porosity for the soils was computed to a range of 87–92% compared with the soil porosity.     

LNAPL在含裂隙层状非均质地层中运移模拟研究

为研究轻非水相流体（LNAPL）泄露后在土壤中扩散情况,基于室内试验,使用TOUGH2软件进行数值模拟,分析探讨含裂隙层状非均质地层中LNAPL的运移及分布情况。并对LNAPL入渗过程及停止入渗并静置一定时间后,不同粒径砂层及裂隙中LNAPL的分布特征及残留含量进行对比研究。在LNAPL泄露入土壤后,优先进入土壤中的裂隙,形成快速通道,使LNAPL的扩散方式不局限于自上而下逐层渗入,同时也从裂隙中向两侧水平扩散,加快了LNAPL扩散入地层中的速度;停止入渗并静置一定时间后,包气带细砂中的LNAPL饱和度大于粗砂中的饱和度,而饱水带中两种砂土中的LNAPL饱和度相差较小。     

Bearing Capacity of a Model Scale Footing on Crude Oil-Contaminated Sand

Onshore and offshore oil spills contaminate soil. In addition to environmental concerns for ground water pollution and other possible effects, the geotechnical properties of the contaminated soil such as the shear strength and the hydraulic conductivity are also altered. This note is a report of research in progress to evaluate the variation of the shear strength of a sand contaminated by a crude oil and thus the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations. The limited results of the tests reported here relate to only one type of sand and one crude oil. The oil content was varied from zero to 4.2%. Results of direct shear tests for determining the soil friction angle are given. Along with these, laboratory model test results for the ultimate bearing capacity of a surface strip foundation supported by crude oil-contaminated sand are also presented. Based on these test results, the effect of oil contamination in drastically reducing the bearing capacity is discussed.     

Experimental investigation of dry density effects on dielectric properties of soil–water mixtures with different specific surface areas

The dielectric constant of soil is used to estimate its water content in a range of applications. Unlike the widely known effect of water content on the soil dielectric constant (consistent direct proportionality), only a limited number of studies have reported the effects of soil dry density, however, with equivocal results. This paper, therefore, investigates the effects of dry density or degree of compaction on the dielectric constant of five different soil types. The results of the experimental work for the soils ranging from sand to Bentonite clay with distinct specific surface areas were evaluated based on the use of two simple mixture models (De Loor and Birchak). The effects of dry density on the soil dielectric constant were found to be soil type dependent. This is demonstrated by the experimental data and further proven by the modified De Loor model. The behavior is shown to be defined by the changes in the free water, bound water, and solid particle volume fractions, ultimately controlled by the soil specific surface area. The dielectric constant changes from being directly proportional to dry density to inversely proportional at a threshold specific surface area of between 122 and 147 m²/g. Supported by the experimental observations, parametric analysis has revealed that the range for the dielectric constant of bound water was found to be 9–37, while the geometrical parameter α in the Birchak model was found to be 0.4–0.8.

     

时域反射仪（TDR）测定土壤含水量标定曲线评价与方案推荐

时域反射仪（Time Domain Reflectometry）可用于室内和田间快速、 准确、 自动测定土壤含水量, 是目前应用最广泛的土壤含水量测定方法之一。适宜的土壤含水量标定曲线（即土壤表观介电常数和土壤含水量之间的关系）是TDR准确测定土壤含水量的关键。目前文献中存在大量的土壤含水量标定曲线, 但尚未有研究对这些标定曲线进行系统的验证和分析评价。因此, 它们的准确性和适用范围尚不明晰, 严重影响到与土壤含水量测定相关的研究。通过查阅大量国内外文献, 收集整理了一系列土壤含水量标定曲线的经验公式（19个）和半经验半物理模型（5个）, 并利用大量的文献实测数据对其进行综合评价。同时运用均方根差（RMSE）, 平均误差（AD）, 纳什效率系数（NSE）等三个指标对比分析和评价这些标定曲线的准确性和可靠性。研究结果表明： 经验公式中Topp、 Roth（1992）2、 Jacobosen、 Yoshikawa2、 Alharathi模型和半经验模型中Malicki1公式及其修订模型综合性能较好。研究成果可为利用TDR准确测定土壤含水量及土壤含水量标定曲线的选择提供参考和指导。