“撒哈拉以南的非洲”教学应抓住八个特性

撒哈拉以南的非洲地区大部分位于非洲撒哈拉大沙漠以南、大西洋和印度洋之间，面积约占非洲面积(约3000万平方千米)的五分之四，自然环境和经济社会发展概况均具有非洲的代表性。因此，教学“撒哈拉以南的非洲”一章时，应着重抓住以下八个特性。     

“撒哈拉以南的非洲”教学过程设计

一、黑人的故乡 1．展示世界人种分布图,让学生回忆或找出黑种人在各大洲的分布区。提出问题：黑色人种主要分布在哪里？（从世界范围看,黑种人主要分布在非洲;而从非洲范围看,黑种人主要分布在撒哈拉以南的非洲。今天我们开始学习撒哈拉以南非洲地区,这里的居民黑色人种占绝大部分（本区人口的90％以上,因此又有“黑非洲”之称。）     

留学生流动视角下中国跨境人才培养的时空演化研究

在加快建设世界重要人才中心和创新高地的战略背景下,人才的培养与流动成为政府和学界关注的热点议题。基于来华留学生及中国留学生流动数据,构建跨境人才培养依赖关系判定模型,对留学生流动视角下中国跨境人才培养的时空格局演化进行研究,主要结论：(1)中国出国留学人员增长率在快速放缓,中国留学生全球流动的空间集聚态势在不断强化,高度集聚在北美、西欧、东亚和澳大利亚四大区域;(2)来华留学生增长率呈逐渐放缓的趋势,来源地格局具有地理邻近的特点,呈现高度的空间集聚性,主要集中在东亚、东南亚、南亚和中亚等中国周边地区,同时撒哈拉以南的东非和西非地区的来华留学生呈逐渐增多态势,来华留学生来源地在空间范围上得到明显拓展;(3)中国与各国跨境人才培养关系从以对称依赖为主的局面转变为以负向依赖为主的局面,其中正向依赖区主要集中在北美和西欧地区,数量不断减少,负向依赖区从东南亚和东亚地区快速扩展至中亚、南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲地区,数量不断增多且增长较快。     

非洲、澳大利亚部分内容备课参考

七年级下册地理课本人教版（2001年版）第八章第三、四节为“撒哈拉以南的非洲”、“澳大利亚”。湘教版（2002年版）“非洲”排在第一章第二节,“澳大利亚”排在第三章第七节。     

“撒哈拉以南非洲居民和经济”教材分析

人教版义务教育课本《地理》中，撒哈拉以南的非洲第二节是居民和经济，下面就本节的教学目标和教学要点，谈谈看法。     

当代非洲城市化的动因与困境

非洲的城市人口已经正在以年均超过4%的增长率增长,居世界首位,其中个别城市甚至还要高。对文献的回顾显示,贫困、非正规经济或类似经济的增长与发展已经成为撒哈拉以南非洲国家城市化的一个不可分割的部分。结论是快速城市化是非洲政府所面临的最紧迫的管理挑战。并且,要在致力于解决当前问题的同时,创造使城市成为经济增长和发展的更有效中心的政策环境。城市必须是可控制的、适于居住的、以及经济上可望成功的。     

中国海外粮食合作空间格局研究（英文）

进一步利用国际农产品市场、世界农业资源和拓展对外农业合作潜在空间,是保障新时期中国粮食安全和优化国内粮食消费结构的有效路径。本研究基于分国别潜在耕地和粮食自给率的估算,并结合上述两个指标对中国海外粮食合作国家进行分类,从而初步刻画其空间格局。结果显示,中国的粮食进口目标空间主要位于澳大利亚、北美、南美、东欧和中亚;中国粮食企业"走出去"的目标空间重点应在撒哈拉以南非洲和拉丁美洲的北部区域。研究提出,在维持好与美国、加拿大、巴西、阿根廷和澳大利亚等传统粮食贸易关系的同时,中国可以面向"一带一路"沿线国家拓展粮食合作空间:可加大从俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦和乌克兰等东欧中亚国家的粮食进口量,粮食企业"走出去"的重点方向可以是撒哈拉以南非洲。     

“撒哈拉以南的非洲”一节教学设计

本节课主要内容有“黑色人种的故乡”、“单一商品为主的经济”和“人口、粮食与环境”。从某种意义上说，撒哈拉以南的非洲的地理特征基本上可以体现大部分非洲的地理特征，但更突出本区的人地理特征，让自然地理特征为分析人地理特征服务，这样使学生更深刻地认识撒哈拉以南的非洲的地理特点。通过学习，教会学生学习地区的方法；培养学生运用地理图像获取知识和记忆知识、综合分析问题和解决问题的能力；教育学生种族之间要平等、国家之间要平等互利、相互合作，还要独立自主、因地制宜发展。     

非洲世界遗产的现状分析及申遗策略研究

以非洲地区的世界遗产为研究对象,利用空间分析和数理统计方法,分析非洲地区世界遗产的现状及列入标准,在此基础上提出非洲地区世界遗产的申报建议。结果显示：1）非洲地区的世界遗产具有区域集聚、临近人口密集和经济发达地区、沿海岸线和沿河流分布的特征。2）在空间分布上具有明显的非均衡性,呈现出东多西少、北多南少的分布态势。3）该地区的世界遗产分布是自然环境、经济水平、人口数量、城镇化水平等多因素共同作用的结果。4）现有文化遗产多涉及文化景观、历史城镇和古代文明,预备项目在遗产线路类型有所补充。自然遗产多涉及生物栖息和地貌景观,预备项目仍旧仅有少量的地质遗迹。总的来说,非洲地区的世界遗产申报工作应该在自然遗产、混合遗产、跨国遗产方面努力,完善世界遗产申报机制,鼓励无世界遗产的缔约国申报遗产。     

货币图案在初中区域地理教学中的运用 ——以人教版"撒哈拉以南非洲"为例

区域地理是初中地理课程的重要组成部分,选择具有显著区域特征的教学资源可以提升区域地理教学的趣味性和有效性.文章以"撒哈拉以南非洲"为例,探讨了货币图案在地理教学中的运用,以货币图案串起教学主线,以小见大认识区域,培养了学生的区域认知能力和世界眼光.     

Food,Morality and Identity: mobility,remittances and the translocal community in Paama,Vanuatu

Migration and remittances characterise many small Pacific islands, where local livelihoods are limited, and the need for money has increased. A majority of Paamese have left the island of Paama, in the central island chain of Vanuatu, and more now live in the capital city, Port Vila, than on Paama. Remittances are bidirectional, between the island and Vila, a duality that has rarely been discussed in Melanesia. Almost every household on Paama and in Vila is involved in sending and receiving remittances. Remittances usually involve food: ‘modern’ foods (such as rice) flowing from Vila, and island foods (yams and laplap) travelling to Vila. While such transfers make little formal economic sense, they emphasise a constant process of negotiating and manipulating social relationships. Food, as an expression of identity and locality, is a powerful and repetitive reminder of moral obligations and rural–urban kinship connections. The material significance of exchange is thus less than its affective significance, within the field of reciprocity that structures kin relationships. Food and remittances have become metaphors for defining the experience of migration, as their meaning and function are more than to merely provide a source of nutrition. They have also become the means of structuring a translocal moral economy.     

A Review of: “Urban and Regional Technology Planning: Planning Practice in the Global Knowledge Economy”

Haiti and other developing countries have increasingly turned to emigrant remittances as a potential source of development capital. There is a vigorous debate in the development community about the impacts of remittances, however, with concerns about dependence challenging the optimism about a potential new development engine. Based on interviews with forty-two remittance recipients in Haiti and forty-five corresponding senders in New York State, we find that the remittance economy in Haiti is indeed productive and has the potential to generate employment and other important development benefits. That said, there are important limitations created by broader political–economic conditions and deeply entrenched inequalities.     

Migration Permanence and Village Decline in Zacatecas: When You Can't Go Home Again

At the same time that the Third World has become more dependent on international wage-labor migration, developed countries have become less hospitable to this migration. This inhospitality is beginning to have negative repercussions on rural sending regions such as north-central Mexico. This study is based on a survey of a stratified random sample of households in Villanueva municipio (county), Zacatecas, in 1988 and again in 2002, employing the same questions and methodology. The results suggest that restrictive U.S. border policies over this period have had a negative impact on village economies in the municipio. Although migrant families continued to hold a distinctive edge on nonmigrant families in terms of possessions and productive investments, there was a decline overall in levels of investment and remittances in the municipio. In the latter year, Villanueva had more nonmigrant families as well as more families with permanent migrants—both trends leading to less money remitted to rural families and lower agricultural investments. Observations and interviews with migrants and townspeople in the municipio in 2005 and 2008 strongly corroborate these trends. Rural villages are facing depopulation, disinvestment and, it might be argued, a deterioration of hope for the future.     

全球化背景下的日本移民动态研究

本文以日本外务省的移民统计数据为基础,对1990年代以来日本海外移民在世界和中国的分布及其结构变化情况进行了分析。探讨了日本移民的数量变化、人口结构、迁移类型、迁移方式、地区分布及其变化趋势,并考察了其在中国的分布及构成特点。日本移民主要流向北美、亚洲太平洋地区,尤以洛杉矶、纽约、上海、曼谷等城市分布最为集中。在中国的日本移民近年增长迅速,主要分布在上海、北京、香港、广州、深圳等大城市,并以男性移民为主。本文分析了这些日本移民的分布动向,并对今后中国大城市的移民问题进行了讨论。     

Returning home: migrant connections and visions for local development in rural Nepal

Migration to domestic and international destinations has become an emblematic feature of Nepal’s societal changes. Part of this development is education migration from rural to urban areas within the borders of Nepal, an often overlooked but increasingly important aspect of contemporary migration flows. By focusing on these educational migrants, this paper explores how they connect to their rural homes. Guided by a critical reading of the migration-development scholarship, the paper examines how migrants and their relatives make sense of educational migrants’ remitting and returning practices, and by comparing three groups of educational migrants, the migrants’ reasons for staying connected and sending remittances are scrutinized. The paper finds that although educational migrants do not generate extensive economic remittances for local development in Nepal, they stay connected to their rural homes and partake in important social remittance practices that represent a vision for impacting local development.     

Diaspora strategies in the sending states of Southeast Asia: Rights,skills and questions of value

Over the past decade there has been a surge of academic and policy interest in the contributions of transnational migrants in furthering national development objectives in their ‘home’ countries. These approaches tend to be bifurcated into two distinct categories: (1) ‘diaspora strategies’ that target the participation in national development objectives of sought‐after elite, high‐skilled migrants and (2) migration‐as‐development strategies, which focus on facilitating and channeling the economic and social remittances of nonelite, low‐skilled migrants. Although these broad categorizations have never been entirely adequate in capturing the complexity of international migration flows, a conceptual division between them persists, with very real consequences for state policies in migrant‐sending countries in Southeast Asia. This paper explores the separation between diaspora strategies and migration‐as‐development frameworks through a focus on rights and skills, and questions of relative labour value. I argue that while diaspora strategies and migration‐as‐development frameworks cannot simply be merged, the academic separation between them should be challenged and more in‐depth theoretical engagement should be encouraged. I further suggest that migration policy makers should strive to evaluate their migration policies to address the increasing complexities of contemporary migration.     

A Study on the Spatial Distribution of China’s Potential Foreign Cooperation on Grain from Geographical View

Further utilization of global agricultural resources and the expansion of potential international cooperation space are necessary measures to promote a new level of China’s national food security and optimize the structure of domestic food consumption. This study measured the global potential cultivated land area and national grain self-sufficiency. Based on the two-above measures, the authors made a classification of China’s foreign agricultural cooperation countries and depicted the spatial pattern of cooperation based on the grain trades of those countries with China. The grain exporters include Australia, North America, South America, Eastern Europe and Central Asia; and the target countries for “going abroad” of Chinese grain enterprises are mainly located in Sub-Saharan Africa and northern Latin America. This study proposes that China’s policy of cooperation on grain should be shifted to non-traditional partners alongside the “Belt and Road Initiative” region. Specifically, China could expand grain imports from Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and other East European and Central Asian countries, and the direction for China’s agricultural enterprises “going abroad” should shift to Sub-Sahara Africa.     

Seasonal Migrant Labor in the Forest Industry of the Southeastern United States: The Impact of H-2B Employment on Guatemalan Livelihoods

Migrant labor is a global phenomenon and remittances of migrant workers from non-industrial nations can play an important role in improving quality of life at family, community, and national levels. We focus on workers from Guatemala who obtain visas from the United States (US) Department of Immigration’s H-2B program that allow them to spend six or seven months a year planting and maintaining pine plantations in the southeastern US. Forestry is economically important in this region and the industry has come to depend on migrant labor. Our specific interest is how the H-2B program affects livelihood strategies of these workers, their families, and their communities. Based on primary data from 49 interviews conducted in eight Guatemalan communities, we explain motivations to engage in seasonal migration and positive changes brought about by the H-2B program in nutrition, housing, healthcare and long-term investments in agricultural lands, microenterprise development, education, and family stability.     

非洲外商直接投资的时空变化与影响因素

基于2006—2017年非洲52个国家FDI数据以及其经济、政治、资源等数据,运用泰尔指数和面板数据固定效应模型对非洲外商直接投资的时空变化与影响因素进行研究。研究结果表明：1）非洲FDI流入量整体呈现出波动上升的趋势,其中北非呈现下降趋势,西非和中非呈现出波动上升的趋势,东非的上升趋势相对稳定且强势,南部非洲地区波动变化显著,趋势不明显;随着非洲经济发展,五大区域中北非和西非的FDI流入量最多,呈现出“两强三弱”的区域分布格局。2）非洲FDI总体差异呈现出缓慢上升趋势,年际变化呈现出“减—增—减”的波动;影响FDI总体差异的主要因素是区域内部差异,西非、南部非洲和中非区域内部的差异尤为明显,其中西非内部差异贡献最大。3）经济社会环境因素整体上对非洲FDI影响有限,但局部对西非影响较大;经济发展水平对东非、南非的外资流入起着积极作用,而对西非起着抑制作用;对外开放度对西非起着消极影响;聚集效应对西非、中非、北非的作用有限。政治制度因素整体上对非洲外资具有显著的作用,但局部对北非和东非作用有限。资源禀赋因素总体上是外企对非洲区位选择的决定性因素,但局部对北非和东非影响不大。基础设施因素总体上对非洲大陆FDI的流入量影响不大,但对南部非洲地区除外。     

美国田纳西流域开发及其对我国流域经济发展的启示

本文在分析了美国田纳西河流域开发的历史背景和主要特点基础上 ,借鉴其成功经验 ,提出了我国流域经济发展的方向和途径。