中国西南哀牢山蛇绿岩同位素地质年代学及大地构造意义

在前人地质研究基础上,采用颗粒锆石U－Pb法、Pb-Pb蒸发性,并引用了已发表的角闪石Ar-Ar法资料对中国西南哀牢山双沟蛇绿岩进行了同位素地质年代学研究。龙墉辉长岩锆石U－Pb下交点年龄（362±41）Ma,角闪石^40Ar/^39Ar坪年龄（349±13）Ma;双沟斜长花岗岩U－Pb年龄（328±16）Ｍa。这些研究表明哀牢山古洋盆形成于泥盆纪与石炭纪之交;哀牢山、金沙江、可可西里以及松大（Ｓong da）洋可能同时形成,构成扬子板块大陆古特提斯边缘海。     

变质岩中锆石U—Pb计时问题评述——兼论大别造山带锆石定年

锆石是U－Pb计时的首选对象，对于地质历史复杂的变质岩地区，如大别碰撞造山带的年代学研究，具有不可替代的重要性。变质岩中锆石经历了Pb的扩散丢失作用；晶格损伤导致的蜕晶化作用；增生－混合作用和重结晶作用。这些过程对锆石计时的准确性和有效性带来不同程度的影响。为了使测定的年龄有确定的地质意义，在进行锆石U－Pb定年前，必需对锆石进行成因矿物学和矿物内部结构研究，特别是阴极荧光和背散射电子成像研究，通过内部结构特征确定锆石成因过程。在化学U－Pb法定年时注意普通铅校正和^204Pb测定值对年龄的影响，尽量选择单一成因锆石。特别强调在大别造山带年代学中引入锆石微区离子探针定年技术。     

元古宙蛇绿岩研究中有关问题的讨论

经过20余年的不懈努力,元古宙蛇绿岩研究已取得了巨大进展。元古宙蛇绿岩的保存特点、多样性、高压超高压变质作用、地质年代学及研究方法(方法论)等几个关键问题尚需进一步探索。我国元古宙蛇绿岩研究应加强构造—岩性的综合研究,并通过同位素测年和地球化学示踪,获取可信的成因信息;同时,还需考虑元古宙洋壳的地球化学特殊性及后期变形变质作用的影响,不能简单套用显生宙蛇绿岩的判别图解和研究方法。     

蛇绿岩年代学研究方法及应注意的问题

蛇绿岩年代学在研究造山带构造演化、古洋一陆及板块构造格局恢复中至关重要。同位素测年及化石年代学法是蛇绿岩年代学研究的基本方法。高精度同位素测年首选锆石U-Pb法(包括单颗粒锆石U-Pb法、离子探针SHRIMP U-Pb法)及^40Ar-^39Ar法。同时可辅以Sm-Nd及Rb-Sr等时线法测年；各种测年方法所获结果与化石年代之间应相互比对；与蛇绿岩形成、演化相关的各地质事件发生的时间可以对蛇绿岩的形成时代进行约束。测年时必须对所测对象的特征及性质进行详细的研究。同时，对各种测年方法的适用性和应注意的问题有所了解。唯此才能对测年结果的含义及准确性做出科学、合理的解释。     

甘肃省龙首山地区元古宙铜镍矿床成岩成矿地质背景探讨

作者综述了龙首山地区元古宙的地层岩性组合、岩石地球化学、年代学等特征,证明龙首山地区在整个元古宙期间的地质构造背景为大陆裂谷环境。结合甘肃金川铜镍硫化物矿床年代学进展（单颗粒锆石U—Pb年龄约827Ma）,界定了金川矿床成岩成矿的地质背景为新元古代的裂谷环境,可能与Rodinia大陆裂解有关,但不具备地幔柱成因的诸多特征。     

云南新平县双沟蛇绿岩U—Pb年代学初步研究

对滇西哀牢山双沟蛇绿岩进行了Ｕ－Ｐｂ年代学研究。龙塘辉长岩锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ下交点年龄为３６２±４１Ｍａ;双沟斜长花岗岩给出Ｕ－Ｐｂ年龄３２８±１６Ｍａ。这一结果表明滇西地区存在海西期蛇绿岩套,为解决古特提斯洋形成时代问题提供了新的年代学依据。     

西藏东巧蛇绿岩中辉长岩锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义

东巧蛇绿岩位于分割羌塘地块和拉萨地块的班公湖—怒江缝合带中段,是该带最著名的产铬铁矿床的蛇绿岩残片之一。该蛇绿岩遭受构造肢解,恢复后的蛇绿岩剖面各岩石单元齐全。本文应用SHRIMPⅡ锆石UPb法,对东巧蛇绿岩中堆晶辉长岩进行了测年,获得辉长岩年龄为187.8±3.7 Ma。该年龄代表了东巧洋盆的形成时代,为确定研究区特提斯洋盆的古构造格局及其发育演化过程等提供了重要的年代学制约。     

中祁连东段晋宁期碰撞型花岗岩及其地质意义

对中祁连地块东段西宁西部近S-N向展布的元古宙花岗岩带地质地球化学和年代学研究表明:它侵位于元古宙基底中浅变质岩系湟源群中,具有同碰撞S型花岗岩的性质;(917±12)Ma的单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄记录了其侵位的时代为新元古宙晋宁期,这一新元古宙晋宁期碰撞型花岗岩带具有重要的地质意义.     

北山月牙山蛇绿岩地球化学特征及SHRIMP定年

北山造山带是天山—兴蒙造山带的关键枢纽地带,该地区蛇绿岩系统的地质—地球化学研究,对于探讨中亚造山带的演化有着非常重要的意义。系统报道了月牙山蛇绿岩的主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素组成及SHRIMP年代学研究成果。蛇绿岩套中斜长花岗岩的精细SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为(536±7)Ma,表明该蛇绿岩形成于早寒武世晚期。月牙山蛇绿岩中蚀变橄榄岩、变基性岩系统的地球化学特征推测其应形成于与岛弧无关的构造环境。结合区域地质特征分析表明它应形成于板内深大断裂—初始裂谷演化至陆间有限小洋盆构造环境。     

丹巴地区中深变质岩同位素测年方法研究

丹巴地区中深变岩分布广泛，有复杂的地质演化历史。采用7种同位素分析测试方法对该区的中深变质岩进行了有目的、有针对性地测试，结果表明单矿物^40Ar-^38Ar法测试结果的可信度最高；锆石U－Pb法、单颗粒锆石蒸Pb法、独居石U－Pb法等测试法也比较有效，一般接近于地质体经历的地质事件的真实年龄；K－Ar法同位素年龄值大致反映其矿物样品形成的表面年龄；全岩、单矿物Rb-Sr法同位素年龄值偏年轻，结合地质背景研究可进行合理解释。     

北祁连山西段中元古代蛇绿岩的发现及其地质意义

北祁连山西段中元古代蛇绿岩的发现及其地质意义张招崇（中国地质科学院地质研究所,北京１０００３７）毛景文杨建民左国朝吴茂炳（中国地质科学院矿床地质研究所,北京１０００３７）（甘肃省地矿局地质科学研究所,兰州７３００００）关键词中元古代蛇绿岩北祁连山西段...     

U-Th-Pb systematics in hydrothermally altered granites from the Granite Mountains,Wyoming

U-Th-Pb systematics were investigated in 15 samples representing two types of deuterically altered Archean granite (albitized and silicified-epidotized granite) from the Granite Mountains, Wyoming. The loss of K-feldspar during both types of deuteric alteration was accompanied by an extreme reduction of Pb content from roughly 40 ppm to less than 12 ppm in the most altered samples. Nine of the 15 samples yield anomalously young whole-rock Pb-Pb and Th-Pb ages compared to concordia ages for zircons and to whole-rock Pb-Pb and Th-Pb ages for samples of unaltered granite. The young ages are interpreted to be the result of radiogenic Pb loss during a middle Proterozoic metamorphism that disturbed several isotopic systems in the unaltered granite. The loss of radiogenic Pb from the whole-rock systems of the deuterically altered granites is most likely due to the absence of microcline. In many granitic rocks, potassium feldspar tends to act as a receptor for Pb that has been mobilized, and this effect may account for the closed-system behavior of Pb in whole-rock samples of the unaltered granite. It may also account for the apparent gain of radiogenic Pb during the Proterozoic by one sample which was collected at the edge of an alteration zone. The deuterically altered granites may have also lost U during the Proterozoic, but, except for two samples, the dominant U loss occurred relatively recently, probably during Tertiary uplift and erosion.The low common-Pb contents and rather high U and Th contents of the hydrothermally altered granites might seem to indicate that these rocks are well suited for geochronologic studies in the U-Th-Pb system because such rocks should have a high percentage of radiogenic Pb. Unfortunately, open-system behavior in response to post-crystallization metamorphism shows that apparent ages for these types of rocks must be interpreted with caution.     

元古宙蛇绿岩研究现状及其板块构造意义

在回顾元古宙蛇绿岩研究简史的基础上,对元古宙蛇绍岩的时空分布特征,岩石组合类型,变质作用程度,大地构造背景及源区地球化学制约等进行了系统总结,并就元古宙蛇绿岩的板块构造意义作了探讨。     

甘肃武山鸳鸯镇蛇绿岩构造年代学特征及其构造意义探讨

本文通过对甘肃武山县鸳鸯镇蛇绿岩构造年代学的深入研究,结合野外实测地质剖面对鸳鸯镇蛇绿岩的形成,其代表的构造意义进行了探讨,该带蛇绿岩中采集的蛇纹石Sm-Nd同位素等时线年龄为473±23Ma;在该带硅化碳酸盐化变玄武岩中采用锆石U-Pb法测年,测得模式年龄值为546Ma。研究认为武山蛇绿岩其岩石组合中与显生宙的蛇绿岩大致相近,所不同的是组合中含深水碳酸盐岩;蛇绿岩中基性岩类的REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式接近平坦型及微量元素的环境判别图式都表明该蛇绿岩的生成环境很可能是初始洋盆;武山蛇绿岩代表古生代大陆裂解的产物,两组年龄值基本代表了本次大陆裂解成海盆的时代。     

Geology,geochemistry, and geochronology of the Miaowan ophiolite,Yangtze craton: Implications for South China's amalgamation history with the Rodinian supercontinent

We report the presence of a Grenvillian ophiolite on the northern margin of the Yangtze craton, drastically changing current ideas about South China's role in plate reconstructions of the Rodinia supercontinent. Strongly deformed amphibolites that locally show relict pillow lavas, isotropic and layered metagabbro, diabase dikes, serpentinized dunite and harzburgite with podiform chromite are dated at circa 1100–985 Ma (U–Pb zircon). The ophiolite is structurally dismembered and thrust over the Proterozoic shelf sequence that covers the north margin of the Yangtze craton, and overrode a flysch to conglomerate-wildflysch unit shed from the ophiolite and a magmatic arc terrane and deposited on the older Yangtze carbonate platform. The youngest clasts in the conglomerate are circa 861–813 Ma (U–Pb zircon), giving a maximum age for ophiolite emplacement. Fine-grained layered amphibolites exhibit slightly depleted-flat type REE curves with no obvious Eu anomalies, and are N-MORB type tholeiites. Metagabbro has typical cumulate textures, flat REE distributions and obvious positive Eu anomalies. The REE characteristics of serpentinized dunites show a U-shape of slight loss of middle REE, representing cumulates metasomatized by LREE slightly enriched mantle. All these features indicate that the metamafic–ultramafic rocks from the Proterozoic Miaowan Formation form a structurally dismembered ophiolite resting above an ophiolitic wildflysch, sitting on top of the Proterozoic shelf sequence on the Yangtze craton. The ophiolite is contemporaneous with an arc sequence preserved to the north on the edge of the Yangtze craton, suggesting that the entire ophiolitic forearc–arc was accreted to the Yangtze craton between 1000 and 850 Ma. Xenocrystic zircons in granite clasts in the basal wildflysch unit have ages consistent with Australian affinity, and detrital zircons in the arc sequence also show derivation from Australia, suggesting that the arc formed on the Australian segment of Rodinia before collision with the Yangtze craton. The discovery of the Proterozoic Miaowan ophiolite supplies important evidence for the existence of a Neoproterozoic oceanic basin on the north margin of the Yangtze craton, and demonstrates that the Yangtze craton first collided with Rodinia on its northern margin, with subsequent accretion of the Cathaysian block on the southern margin of the craton.     

Lead ages,reset rubidium-strontium ages and implications for the Archaean crustal evolution of the Diemals area,Central Yilgarn Block,Western Australia

The Pb-Pb whole-rock geochronology of Archaean granitic and gneissic rocks from the Diemals area in the Central Yilgarn granite-greenstone terrain provides important constraints on crustal evolution. The regionally extensive banded gneisses, previously considered as candidates for basement to the greenstones give a Pb-Pb whole-rock age of 2700 ± 97 Ma (2σ errors). This is within error of previously published Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd gneiss ages and also within error of the Sm-Nd ages on the greenstones in the Eastern Goldfields Province. Two synkinematic plutons give Pb-Pb whole-rock ages (2737 ± 62 Ma and 2700 ± 100 Ma) and Pb isotopic compositions consistent with the hypothesis, based on field and geochemical relations, that these plutons were derived by partial melting of the precursors to the banded gneisses. Assuming this, the combined data date the melting event at 2723 ± 25 Ma with a model source μ value of 8.18 ± 0.02. This source μ value is close to the range postulated for mantle values and restricts the crustal history of the precursors to less than ~200 Ma. A post-kinematic pluton with a whole-rock Pb-Pb age of 2685 ± 26 Ma and μ value of 8.26 ± 0.02 puts a younger limit on this relatively short lived crustal accretion-differentiation event.Comparison of Pb-Pb and Rb-Sr whole-rock dates for the plutons suggests that the latter became closed systems up to 200 Ma after the Pb-Pb ages, and that the plutons gained or lost Rb or Sr at this time.     

佳木斯地块西缘太平沟地区蛇绿岩的发现及其构造意义

在进行1：25万嘉荫县和太平沟幅区调填图时,首次在太平沟地区发现蛇绿岩的存在.太平沟蛇绿岩出露在黑龙江省东部佳木斯地块西侧,牡丹江-嘉荫断裂以东,呈NE向展布于中元古界黑龙江岩群之中,并与其呈构造接触.蛇绿岩由超镁铁质岩类蛇纹岩、蛇纹石化橄榄辉石岩和变基性岩等组成.太平沟蛇绿岩是松嫩地块-佳木斯地块裂解的产物.蛇绿岩可能来源于俯冲带附近的由小型扩张中心形成的次生洋壳,具有LREE略富集的P-MORB特征,Nd、Ta的负异常,可能与俯冲作用有关.太平沟蛇绿岩的发现,对于研究黑龙江省东部元古宙板块构造、佳木斯地块的形成与演化提供了构造动力学信息,对寻找与地幔有关的金属矿产具有指导意义.     

元古代蛇绿岩及铬铁矿

本文总结了国外典型元古代蛇绿岩的岩石组合、野外产状、地球化学资料以及成矿特征,并与显生宙蛇绿岩进行了对比,继而探讨元古代板块构造演化和铬铁矿成因。资料表明,早元古代和中-新元古代均有蛇绿岩的存在,但前者较少,仅见于Canadian地盾的Cape Smith Belt中的Prutuniq蛇绿岩(2. 05～2. 0Ga)和芬兰Fennoscandian地盾的Outokumpu和Jormua蛇绿岩(时代为1. 97～1. 96Ga),而中-新元古代的蛇绿岩则见于世界许多地区,如埃及东部沙漠区(～750Ma)和非洲东北部地区(ca.900～800Ma)等。与显生宙蛇绿岩相比,这些老蛇绿岩具如下特征:(1)它们均为被肢解的蛇绿岩,大多与"弧火山岩"和(或)混杂岩伴生,经历不同程度的变形和变质(具绿片岩相-角闪岩相组合);(2)岩石组合大多较齐全,壳层组合发育,以镁铁-超镁铁岩(堆晶岩)、辉长岩、镁铁质席状岩床(墙)杂岩、火山岩为代表;层状镁铁-超镁铁岩的韵律层以及矿物的隐晶变化等均提示了岩浆多期次活动及开放岩浆房的特征;(3)元古代蛇绿岩中既有高铝型铬铁矿,也有高铬型铬铁矿,且主要寄主于纯橄岩(或蛇纹岩)中;高铝型和高铬型直接受控于熔体的熔融程度及含水流体的参与,反映了铬铁矿形成于俯冲带演化的不同阶段;铬铁矿规模均较小,且均以低TiO 2为特征,均为岩浆分异作用的产物,明显区别于显生宙熔融残余成因的豆荚状铬铁矿;(4)元古代蛇绿岩常伴有硫化物Cu-Co-Zn-Au矿,且铬铁矿含Zn较高(Zn=0. 11%～0. 18%)(如芬兰Outokumpu蛇绿岩);橄榄岩及铬铁矿中常含较高的MnO (高达1. 79%,如埃及东部的Wizer蛇绿岩);(5)元古代蛇绿岩具多种成因:主要为俯冲带成因(如埃及蛇绿岩、北东非蛇绿岩、芬兰Outokumpu蛇绿岩),少量为洋中脊成因(加拿大Purtuniq蛇绿岩)及裂谷成因(芬兰Jormua蛇绿岩)等。