QuikSCAT卫星遥感与MM5模拟海表面风场的综合分析

利用2000—2009年中国近海海域(105~135°E,0°~45°N)Quik SCAT卫星遥感风场资料和2007年MM5模拟风速结果,运用对比验证、经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal functions,EOF)和奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)方法,分析了Quik SCAT卫星遥感风场资料和MM5数值模拟风速结果的特征。结果表明:两者风速的空间分布形态相似,且风速变化密切相关;QuikSCAT卫星遥感风场的空间分布形态更加接近实测结果,而模拟风速结果的量值更加接近实测结果。采用PS(Pattern-Scaling)方法分别提取了Quik SCAT卫星遥感风场的空间分布形态和模拟结果的量值,得到的风速空间分布形态与Quik SCAT卫星遥感风场一致,且风速量值与模拟风速结果相同。通过初步检验发现,PS方法改善了卫星遥感风速在中国近海海域风速偏大的问题。     

Rayleigh-Taylor instability: experiments with image analysis

Rayleigh-Taylor instability is investigated in the laboratory using a simple apparatus of novel design to set up the unstable initial conditions. Visualisation techniques give a qualitative view of the development of the instability. Quantitative measurements are obtained through digital image analysis. Of primary interest is the evolution of the velocity field. Measurements are made over a two dimensional slice of the flow using an efficient, high-resolution particle tracking technique. This technique is described and its strengths and limitations are discussed in comparison with traditional measurement techniques. The visualisations and velocity measurements are compared with the experimental and numerical results of previous workers.     

Observed winds,turbulence, and dispersion in built-up downtown areas of Oklahoma City and Manhattan

Wind and tracer data from the Oklahoma City Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) and the Manhattan Madison Square Garden 2005 (MSG05) urban field experiments are being analyzed to aid in understanding air flow and dispersion near street-level in built-up downtown areas. The mean winds are separately calculated for groups of anemometers having similar exposures such as “near street level” and “on building top”. Several general results are found, such as the scalar wind speed at street level is about 1/3 of that at building top. Turbulent standard deviations of wind speed components and temperature, and vertical fluxes of momentum and sensible heat, are calculated from sonic anemometers near street level at 20 locations in JU2003 and five locations in MSG05, and from two rooftop locations in MSG05. The turbulence observations are consistent with observations in the literature at other cities, although the JU2003 and MSG05 data are unique in that many data are available near street level. For example, it is found that the local (i.e., at the measuring height) averages about 1.5 and the local averages about 0.25 in the two cities, where is the standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations, is the friction velocity, and u is the wind speed. The ratio of temperature fluctuations to temperature scale, , averages about −3 in both cities, consistent with similarity theory for slightly unstable conditions, where is the standard deviation of temperature fluctuations, and is the temperature scale. The calculated Obukhov length, L, is also consistent with slightly unstable conditions near street level, even at night during JU2003. The SF₆ tracer concentration observations from JU2003 are analyzed. Values of for the continuous releases are calculated for each release and arc distance, where is the 30-min average arc maximum concentration, Q is the continuous source emission rate, and u is the spatial-averaged wind speed in the downtown area. The basic characteristics of the JU2003 plot of averaged agree reasonably well with similar plots for other urban experiments in Salt Lake City and London (i.e., at . A is found to be about 3 during the day and about 10 during the night.     

Mathematical model for hermitized atmospheric dispersion in low winds with eddy diffusivities as linear functions of down wind distance

Summary In the present paper, an attempt is made for generalized the atmospheric diffusion operator. This can be accomplished by employing the realizability procedure, to identify a surface operator, that ensures self-adjointness’ of the atmospheric diffusion operator. The dispersion modeling in low wind speeds assumes importance because of the high frequency of occurrence and episodic nature of these poor diffusion conditions. A steady-state mathematical model for hermitized model has been calculated for the dispersion of air pollutants in low winds by taking into account the diffusion in the three coordinate directions and advection along the mean wind. The eddy diffusivities have been parameterized in terms of downwind distance for near source dispersion (Arya, 1995). The constants involved in this parameterization are the squares of intensities of turbulence. An analytical solution for resulting advection-diffusion equation with the physically relevant boundary conditions has been obtained. The solution has been used to simulate the field tracer data collected at IIT Delhi in low wind convective conditions.     

Some experiments with multivariate objective analysis scheme of heights and winds using optimum interpolation

A two-dimensional, multitvariate objective analysis scheme for simultaneous analysis of geopotential height and wind fields has been developed over Indian and adjoining region for use in numerical weather prediction. The height-height correlations calculated using daily data of four July months (1976-1979), are used to derive the other autocorrelations and cross-correlations assuming geostropic relationship. A Gaussian function is used to model the autocorrelation function. Since the scheme is multivariate the regression coefficients (weights) are matrix.Near the equator, the geostrophic approximation relating mass and wind is decoupled in a way similar to Bergman (1979). The objective analyses were made over Indian and adjoining region for 850, 700, 500, 300 and 200 hPa levels for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, 12 GMT. The analyses obtained using multivariate optimum in-terpolation scheme depict the synoptic situations satisfactorily. The analyses were also compared with the FGGE ana-lyses (from ECMWF) and also with the station observations by computing the root mean square (RMS) errors and the RMS errors are comparable with those obtained in other similar studies.     

A comparison of satellite winds and surface buoy winds in the northeast Pacific: Research note

Abstract

Cloud‐motion winds measured from organized and disorganized cumulus cloud fields are compared with winds measured at collocated buoys in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Findings suggest that an automated tracking algorithm using GOES satellite imagery can measure cloud‐level winds at these latitudes. Comparisons with buoy wind measurements show that the influence of boundary‐layer stability should be included in estimates of surface winds from cloud‐motion data.     

一次弓形回波中超级单体发展造成的大风、冰雹天气分析

利用Micaps常规资料、自动站资料及灾情调查资料、雷达回波资料等,综合分析了2011年4月15日出现在安顺市的大风、冰雹天气,此次天气直接触发系统是地面辐合线。通过对加密自动站的数据分析表明此次过程是一次典型的飑线过程。对多普勒雷达资料的分析进一步表明是一次＂后续线＂发展型飑线影响,其中有超级单体风暴产生,弓形回波前最凸起部位前侧＂v＂型缺口处的强辐合入流造成镇宁站的大风,弓形回波特征减弱时后部弱回波通道中的下击暴流造成西秀区岩腊乡和紫云县猫营镇大风灾害。这两次大风灾害发生于强对流系统不同的发展阶段,产生的机制有所不同。     

暴雨的分析以及预测

原文来自韩国气象厅预报技术组2011年6月编辑的“易于掌握的预报技术”第4期.预报技术组分析了１０年间发生在韩国的７０多个暴雨个例,得出了共六个暴雨模型图.指出了此类暴雨的分析预报方法。     

广丰局地极端大风的雷达观测与成因分析

利用常规天气资料、自动站资料、江西WebGIS雷达拼图、风廓线雷达等资料,对2020年5月9日发生在江西省上饶市广丰区局地极端大风天气的回波演变特征和形成机理进行分析。结果表明：(1)广丰区国家气象观测站出现的35.5 m·s^-1极端大风,为该站建站以来的历史极值;(2)江西高空具有明显的高层辐散,配合高空槽、低层较强辐合和上干冷下暖湿的层结条件,为风暴发展提供了良好的动力条件;(3)导致广丰区极端大风天气的是A、B单体回波合并为超级单体回波后又发展成弓状回波结构所致;(4)江西东部走廊对大风的影响十分明显;极端大风过境时,具有气压上升,降水增大,风向突变,风速巨变,温度和露点下降等特征;(5)风廓线雷达上1 000 m以上低空突然风向逆转,风速突增是出现地面大风的信号。     

GMS展宽云图实时接收和图象处理系统

GMS展宽云图实时接收和图象处理系统由卫星信号接收设备、实时高速数据接口,图象处理三部分组成。系统的主要工作原理:天线接收的卫星信号,通过接收机,解调器和同步器,将GMS展宽数据流送到高速接口板;经数据缓冲后,计算机一边将展宽数据存入硬磁盘,一边对所选的1024×1024 ×8bit窗口中的图象实时地在高分辨屏幕上进行伪彩色显示。     

On the Black Sea circulation with very strong and weak winds

With a baroclinic prognostic model of sea dynamics, the annual cycle of the Black Sea hydrological regime is modeled for constantly changing atmospheric circulation types characteristic of the Black Sea. Emphasis is placed on the hydrological structure of the upper sea layer in two extreme meteorological situations, storm and near-calm conditions over the sea basin. A significant difference is found in the character of the sea currents, and the main sea circulation features are determined for such situations. The system of model equations is solved using a method of two-cycle splitting on a grid with a 5-km horizontal step and 32 levels in the vertical.     

面雨量分析和预报技术改进

松花江是我国重点防汛的七大江河之一,流域面积广阔,洪涝基本取决于流域内降水的多少。1998年超历史记录的特大洪水,就是由于流域内区域性的暴雨、特大暴雨造成的。利用流域内各气象站点逐日降水量计算出流域内各区域的面雨量值,并结合水位资料分析了嫩江、松花江流域水位变化与面雨量的关系。在此基础上,利用逐步回归、相似技术建立了流域内各区域面雨量的预报方法。经检验、试报,有较好的预报参考价值。在MICAPS业务平台上开发的面雨量预报业务系统可以投入业务运行。     

农业气象灾害分析子系统与业务主系统的集成处理

基于ArcGIS 9.2的平台功能,在ArcGIS二次开发语言VBA环境下研制开发了"农业气象灾害分析子系统"。结果表明:通过对系统通用功能进行较大的扩充改进,增强了系统服务于省级农业气象灾害分析的稳定性、可调控性与可移植性。与"省级现代农业气象业务服务平台"主系统集成,完善了农业气象服务平台灾害监测预测方面的分析功能,可为省级农业气象干旱、洪涝等灾害监测预测提供分析处理和参考依据。     

A quantitative analysis of KALPANA-1 derived water vapor winds and its impact on NWP model

The coverage of satellite derived winds over the Indian region including Indian Ocean has improved by the operation of India’s first dedicated satellite for meteorology, KALPANA-1 since 12 September 2002. Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) are being derived at the India Meteorological Department (IMD), New Delhi on a routine operational basis. The AMV is recognized as an important source of information for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and is particularly suited for tracking the low and middle level clouds mainly because of the good contrast in albedo between target and background, whereas the upper level moisture pattern can be better tracked by water vapor winds (WVW) using water vapor (WV) channel (5.7–7.1 μm). The WVWs proved to be a very useful wind product for predicting the future track position of cyclones, well marked low pressure areas or heavy rainfall warnings in advance and so, often these types of weather systems are steered by the upper level winds. In the present study, the quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of KALPANA-1 WVW have been carried out. The primary change introduced is making use of first guess (FG) forecast fields obtained from National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Global Forecast System (GFS), at a resolution of 1° × 1° with T-382/L64 instead of forecasts of operational limited area model (LAM) of IMD. The overall results showed a consistent improvement after using improved FG wind fields from NCEP instead of LAM with a significantly increasing number of good qualities of KALPANA-1 derived WVWs. The quantitative error analysis has also been carried out for the validation of WVWs using collocated radiosonde observations for the period from May 2008 to December 2009 and the available mid-upper level winds derived from METEOSAT-7 data for the period from October to December 2008. The analysis shows that after modification, the RMSE and bias of KALPANA-1 WVWs have reduced considerably. Further, to assess the impact of these winds, a high resolution mesoscale model WRF 3DVAR system is used in the present study for the analysis of tropical cyclone ‘Sidr’. The results show that the wind assimilation experiments (analysis at 200 hPa) using upper level KALPANA-1 WVW have great potential for improving the NWP analysis. The impact of additional wind data in the model is found to be positive and beneficial.     

Mesoscale modeling of katabatic winds over Greenland and comparisons with AWS and aircraft data

Summary Simulations of the katabatic wind system over the Greenland ice sheet for the two months April and May 1997 were performed using the Norwegian Limited Area Model (NORLAM) with a horizontal resolution of 25 km. The model results are intercompared and validated against observational data from automatic weather stations (AWS), global atmospheric analyses and instrumented aircraft observations of individual cases during that period. The NORLAM is able to simulate the synoptic developments and daily cycle of the katabatic wind system realistically. For most of the cases covered by aircraft observations, the model results agree very well with the measured developments and structures of the katabatic wind system in the lowest 400 m. Despite NORLAM’s general ability of reproducing the four-dimensional structure of the katabatic wind, problems occur in cases, when the synoptic background is not well captured by the analyses used as initial and boundary conditions for the model runs or where NORLAM fails to correctly predict the synoptic development. The katabatic wind intensity in the stable boundary layer is underestimated by the model in cases when the simulated synoptic forcing is too weak. An additional problem becomes obvious in cases when the model simulates clouds in contrast to the observations or when the simulated clouds are too thick compared to the observed cloud cover. In these cases, the excessive cloud amount prevents development of the katabatic wind in the model. Received September 22, 2000/Revised March 16, 2001     

Observations of complex-terrain flows using acoustic sounders: Experiments,topography, and winds

Acoustic sounders have now been used extensively in a series of noctural drainage flow experiments carried out by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Studies in Complex Terrain (ASCOT) program. Doppler acoustic sounders, located in three different valleys during the sequence of experiments, reveal drainage-wind profiles that depend strongly on the ambient meteorological conditions and the elevation of each observing site relative to surrounding terrain. In elevated sites that drain easily, Doppler-sounder derived wind profiles show a simply-structured flow; in lower lying areas, subject to topographic constriction and cold-air pooling, and where Archimedean forces are comparable to those due to synoptic and mesoscale pressure gradients, the wind profiles show considerable vertical and temporal variation. In particular, in the Geysers area of northern California, the seabreeze and the depth of the Pacific Coast marine inversion affect not only the initiation of drainage winds but also their subsequent evolution.     

Urban Morphology Influence on Urban Albedo: A Revisit with the Solene Model

This heuristic study of the urban morphology influence on urban albedo is based on some 3,500 simulations with the Solene model. The studied configurations include square blocks in regular and staggered rows, rectangular blocks with different street widths, cross-shaped blocks, infinite street canyons and several actual districts in Marseilles, Toulouse and Nantes, France. The scanned variables are plan density, facade density, building height, layout orientation, latitude, date and time of the day. The sky-view factors of the ground and canopy surfaces are also considered. This study demonstrates the significance of the facade density, in addition to the built plan density, as the explanatory geometrical factor to characterize the urban morphology, rather than building height. On the basis of these albedo calculations the puzzling results of Kondo et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 100:225–242, 2001) for the influence of building height are explained, and the plan density influence is quantitatively assessed. It is shown that the albedo relationship with plan and facade densities obtained with the regular square plot configuration may be considered as a reference for all other configurations, with the exception of the infinite street canyon that shows systematic differences for the lower plan densities. The curves representing this empirical relationship may be used as a sort of abacus for all other geometries while an approximate simple mathematical model is proposed, as well as relationships between the albedo and sky-view factors.     

Experiments with statistical objective analysis techniques for representing a coastal surface temperature field

For interpretation of thermally driven mesoscale circulation systems, meteorologists are interested in detailed structures of boundary-layer temperature fields. The surface temperature of a coastal region is analyzed using an optimum interpolation scheme. Covariance estimates are frequently based on the assumption of isotropy. The interpolation is improved by consideration of the anisotropic character induced by inhomogenities of the terrain. By a simple model, typical variations of the covariance function in a coastal zone are estimated. The results are discussed by a comparison of interpolated and observed time series. Finally the refined statistical model is tested by the application to objective analysis of coastal surface temperature fields. It is evident that the specification of topographic dependencies leads to a reduction of mean square interpolation error.