Spatial interaction: a statistical mechanism model

1 IntroductionSpatial interaction is an important problem in modern geography. A. Wilson (1970) has deduced the mathematical formulation of spatial interaction from the principle of maximum entropy; but the mechanism is not clear. In the past 10 years the basis of the model of maximum entropy is challenged, since one considers geographical system as an open system. In an open system, it is meanless for the entropy of the system to reach maximum. The basic aspect of this paper, which is based …     

I AND UTILIZATION IN KUNMING LAKE REGION, YUNNAN

The Kunming Lake, with an area of 324 sq. kin. during its flood water time, is the largest lake in Eastern Yunnan. More than twenty streams from the surrounding mountains empty into the lake which is drained by the TangLang River to the upper Yangtze. Around the Kunming Lake is an extensive     

The movement features analysis of Laohugou Glacier No. 12 in Qilian Mountains

The Laohugou Glacier No. 12 is the largest valley glacier in Qilian Mountains, which is located in northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Movement is the basic characteristic of glaciers, and is also an important distinction from other terrestrial natural ice. Glacier changes not only reflect climate change, but also play an important role in humanity society. In the arid regions of western China, glaciers are becoming an important water source. We use the GPS receiver (South-Lingrui S82) as data platform with the aid of RTK measurement technology to observe the surface velocity of Laohugou Glacier No. 12. Surface velocity data shows that the maximum value appears at an altitude of 4,750–4,850 m during the period of 2008–2009. During this period, the west branch surface velocity reached 32.6 m per year at an altitude near 4,830 m, the east branch surface velocity reached 32.4 m per year at the altitude near 4,770 m. Comparing the surface velocity data during 2008–2009 with observation results in 1959, the glacier velocity slowed down about 11%.     

Economic reform, open-door policy and changes in spatial development patterns in China

1 IntroductionA country's regional development pattern is inevitably shaped by the regional development policies its government adopts. In planned economies like China's, the government's role in determining spatial differences of regional development is particularly great[1]. Since the inception of the economic reform and open-door policy in the late 1970s China has been undergoing an unprecedented transition from a planned to a market-oriented economy and from an agrarian society to an urba…     

I AND UTILIZATION IN KUNMING LAKE REGION, YUNNAN

The Kunming Lake, with an area of 324 sq. kin. during its flood water time, is the largest lake in Eastern Yunnan. More than twenty streams from the surrounding mountains empty into the lake which is drained by the TangLang River to the upper Yangtze. Around the Kunming Lake is an extensive     

Risk posed to vegetation net primary productivity by drought on the Mongolian Plateau

The increasing frequency of recent droughts has an adverse effect on the ecosystem of the Mongolian Plateau. The growth condition of NPP is considered an indicator of the ecological function. Therefore, identifying the relationship between NPP and drought can assist in the prevention of drought-associated disasters and the conservation of the ecological environment of the Mongolian Plateau. This study used the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model to simulate the NPP capacity of the Mongol...     

An approach to the design principles for indicator system of desertification degree

Over the past 20 years great progress has been made in the desertification study, however the general tendency of desertification development worldwide has not been radically reversed, oppositely in some regions desertification remains in an expansion stagte. Accordingly, the desertification study is still an arduous and long-term task facing the world today. As one of the central problems of the desertification study, the indicator system for desertification degree still requires further perf…     

Long-term passive restoration of severely degraded drylands – divergent impacts on soil and vegetation: An Israeli case study

Land degradation affects extensive drylands around the world. Due to long-term misuse, the Israeli Sde Zin dryland site has faced severe degradation. The study objective was to assess the feasibility of passive restoration in recovering the site. The study was conducted in four land-units along a preservation-degradation continuum:(1) an area that has not faced anthropogenic disturbances(Ecological land);(2) an area that was proclaimed as a national park in the 1970s(Rehabilitation);(3) an area ...     

WATER QUALITY STUDIES IN MALAYSIAN DISUSED MAN MADE LAKES FOR SUITABILITY OF AN AQUACULTURE PROJECT

1INTRODUCTIONWater is an essential component of an eco-sys-tem.It sustains life on the earth.A community de-pends on water for its domestic,agricultural and in-dustrials needs.According to Ackefors,et al.(1994),the term water quality'in the context ofaqua…     

A sub-surface eddy at inertial current layer in the Canada Basin,Arctic Ocean

An Arctic Ocean eddy in sub-surface layer is analyzed in this paper by use of temperature,salinity and current profiles data obtained at an ice camp in the Canada Basin during the second Chinese Arctic Expedition in summer of 2003.In the vertical temperature section,the eddy shows itself as an isolated cold water block at depth of 60 m with a minimum temperature of-1.5℃,about 0.5℃ colder than the ambient water.Isopycnals in the eddy form a pattern of convex,which indicates the eddy is anticyclonic.Although maximum velocity near 0.4 m s-1 occurs in the current records observed synchronously,the current pattern is far away from a typical eddy.By further analysis,inertial frequency oscillations with amplitudes comparable with the eddy velocity are found in the sub-surface layer currents.After filter the inertial current and mean current,an axisymmetric current pattern of an eddy with maximum velocity radius of 5 km is obtained.The analysis of the T-S characteristics of the eddy core water and its ambient waters supports the conclusion that the eddy was formed on the Chukchi Shelf and migrated northeastward into the northern Canada Basin.     

Forest phenological patterns of Northeast China inferred from MODIS data

The role of remote sensing in phenological studies is increasingly regarded as a key to understand large area seasonal phenomena. This paper describes the application of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) time series data for forest phenological patterns. The forest phenological phase of Northeast China (NE China) and its spatial characteristics were inferred using 1-km 10-day MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets of 2002. The threshold-based method was used to estimate three key forest phenological variables, which are the start of growing season (SOS), the end of growing season (EOS) and growing season length (GSL). Then the spatial patterns of forest phenological variables of NE China were mapped and analyzed. The derived phenological variables were validated by the field observed data from published papers in the same study area. Results indicate that forest phenological phase from MODIS data is comparable with the observed data. As the derived forest phenological pattern is related to forest type distribution, it is helpful to discriminate between forest types.     

1982~1999 年我国东部暖温带植被 生长季节的时空变化

利用1982~1996 年5 个站点的植物群落物候观测数据和物候累积频率拟合法, 划分各站逐年的植被物候季节, 并确定各季节初日对应的当地归一化差值植被指数(NDVI) 阈值。 在此基础上, 通过对物候站各年NDVI 曲线的年型聚类分析和区内所有像元逐年NDVI 曲线的空间聚类分析, 实现植被物候季节的时空外推估计, 从而得到我国暖温带落叶阔叶林地区1982~1999 年植被物候季节初日和生长季节长度的时空格局。结果表明, 多年平均的植被物 候季节初日和生长季节长度呈现出主要随纬度和海拔高度变化的空间格局。在这18 年中, 整 个区域的物候春季初日以提前为主, 且以华北平原提前的趋势最为显著;夏季、秋季和冬季 初日以推迟为主, 也以华北平原推迟的趋势比较显著;因此, 华北平原植被生长季节呈显著 延长的趋势。本文揭示的植被物候季节初日的趋势变化与华北地区各季节气温的趋势变化基本吻合;植被生长季节的趋势变化特征与欧洲单种植物物候生长季节, 以及欧亚大陆和我国温带遥感植被生长季节的趋势变化基本一致, 但植被生长季节初、终日期和长度的趋势值明显大于后者, 表明该地区植物物候对于气候变暖的响应更加敏感。     

伏牛山地森林植被物候及其对气候变化的响应

研究植被物候是理解植被与气候关系的重要途径。在植被对气候变化响应的敏感地区,开展植被物候研究有助于揭示气候变化对植被的影响机制。基于2000-2015年MODIS EVI时间序列影像数据,利用Savitzky-Golay （S-G）滤波方法和动态阈值法提取伏牛山地2000-2015年森林植被物候参数,结合气温、降水数据,运用Man-Kendall趋势检验、Sen斜率、ANUSPLIN插值和相关性分析等方法,研究伏牛山地森林植被物候对气候要素（气温、降水）变化的响应。结果表明：① 伏牛山地森林植被生长季始期主要集中在第105~120 d,生长季末期主要集中在第285~315 d,生长季长度主要集中在165~195 d。从海拔梯度看,随海拔升高,生长季始期、末期和长度整体上分别呈显著推迟、提前及缩短趋势。② 生长季始期和生长季末期整体上呈推迟趋势,推迟的像元分别占森林植被的76.57%和83.81%。生长季长度整体呈延长趋势,延长的像元占比为61.21%。生长季始期变化特征主要是由该地区的春季气温降低所导致的。③ 研究区森林植被生长季始期与3月平均气温呈显著偏相关,且呈负相关的区域最多,即3月平均气温降低,导致生长季始期推迟;生长季末期与9月降水呈显著偏相关区域最多,且两者主要呈正相关,即9月降水增加,使生长季末期推迟。植被生长季长度由整个生长期的气温和降水来共同作用,对大多数的区域而言,8月的平均气温和降水与生长季长度的关系最为密切。     

中国东北地区植被生产力控制因素分析

植被生长季长度和生长强度是形态上影响植被生产力变化的重要因子。全球变暖情景下,北半球中高纬度大部分地区植被生长季显著延长并对植被生产力产生正向反馈,而植被生长强度变化情形及对生产力的控制作用并不清晰。中国东北地区属于中纬度温带地区,具有较高的植被覆盖度和丰富的植被类型,探索其植被生长季长度和强度的变化及对生产力的控制作用有利于理解和应对该地区的生态系统变化。以中国东北为研究区,基于1982—2015年长时序遥感植被指数数据（NDVI3g）,利用曲率求导法确定植被生长季开始点（SOS）、结束点（EOS）、生长季长度（LOS）和夏季最大生长季强度（GM）等关键物候参数,然后利用相对重要性（RI）方法定量分析了生长季长度和强度对植被生产力长期变化趋势的相对贡献及时空格局。结果表明：① 研究区整体的植被生产力和生长强度呈现增强趋势,而生长季长度呈现缩短趋势,导致生长强度成为控制生产力变化趋势的主要因素（RI = 70%）;② 在不同植被覆盖区域,生长季长度和生长强度对生产力的影响程度具有显著的空间差异。西部草原区植被生产力受生长强度控制最为显著（RI = 93%）,其次为针叶林（RI = 66%）和阔叶林区（RI = 62%）,农作物区生产力受生长强度影响最小（RI = 56%）。生长季长度对植被生产力的控制在农作物区最为显著（RI = 40%）,在其他区域的影响约为27%~35%。各植被覆盖区生长强度与生产力均为正相关,生长季长度与生产力均为负相关;③ 气候因素（降水、温度）和物候变化均对主要贡献因子生长强度产生影响,其中SOS的变化对生长强度的影响程度和空间范围最为显著,主要表现为SOS推迟促进生长强度增强。本研究基于遥感数据发现1982—2015年间中国东北地区植被生长更加旺盛,但是植被生长活动主要受生长强度的影响,该研究可以为植被生产力变化模拟的参数选择提供新的线索。     

基于MODIS EVI时序数据的云南高原山地森林物候特征识别

基于2000—2011年MOD13Q1产品的EVI时序,借助QA-SDS数据集消除云、阴影和冰雪等的影响后,采用非对称高斯函数拟合法进行时序重构,并运用动态阈值法提取云南高原山地典型森林植被的物候特征参数(即生长期开始时间、峰值时间、结束时间和生长期长度),进而分析了不同植被类型物候期规律及其主要控制因素。结果表明:1.从寒温性森林植被到热性森林植被的EVI值呈递增趋势;2.森林植被生长期开始时间、峰值时间和结束时间分别大致发生在3月中旬至4月中下旬、6月中旬至下旬和8月中旬至10月初,生长期长度为135～195 d;3.由寒温性植被向热性植被的生长期高峰时间和生长期结束时间总体呈延迟趋势,且生长期延长,生长期开始时间则由暖性植被向寒温性植被、暖性植被向热性植被双向提前;4.高原山地热量梯度决定了森林植被物候的空间格局,水分条件则主要控制着EVI和物候期的年际波动。     

Greenness Index from Phenocams Performs Well in Linking Climatic Factors and Monitoring Grass Phenology in a Temperate Prairie Ecosystem

Near-surface remote sensing (e.g., digital cameras) has played an important role in capturing plant phenological metrics at either a focal or landscape scale. Exploring the relationship of the digital image-based greenness index (e.g., Gcc, green chromatic coordinate) with that derived from satellites is critical for land surface process research. Moreover, our understanding of how well Gcc time series associate with environmental variables at field stations in North American prairies remains limited. This paper investigated the response of grass Gcc to daily environmental factors in 2018, such as soil moisture (temperature), air temperature, and solar radiation. Thereafter, using a derivative-based phenology extraction method, we evaluated the correspondence between key phenological events (mainly including start, end and length of growing season, and date with maximum greenness value) derived from Gcc, MODIS and VIIRS NDVI (EVI) for the period 2015-2018. The results showed that daily Gcc was in good agreement with ground-level environmental variables. Additionally, multivariate regression analysis identified that the grass growth in the study area was mainly affected by soil temperature and solar radiation, but not by air temperature. High frequency Gcc time series can respond immediately to precipitation events. In the same year, the phenological metrics retrieved from digital cameras and multiple satellites are similar, with spring phenology having a larger relative difference. There are distinct divergences between changing rates in the greenup and senescence stages. Gcc also shows a close relationship with growing degree days (GDD) derived from air temperature. This study evaluated the performance of a digital camera for monitoring vegetation phenological metrics and related climatic factors. This research will enable multiscale modeling of plant phenology and grassland resource management of temperate prairie ecosystems.     

基于森林详查与遥感数据降尺度技术估算中国林龄的空间分布

森林的林龄结构及空间分布是评估区域尺度森林生态系统碳汇潜力的重要参数.以第五次全国森林详查获取的省级优势树种的平均林龄及分布面积为基础,以同期生长季节的NOAA/AVHRR NDVI遥感数据为辅助,在空间降尺度统计技术的支持下,得出了全国8km分辨率下的森林林龄的定量分布.结果表明:中国林龄在空间分布具有很大异质性.东...     

基于Sentinel-2时间序列数据及物候特征的棉花种植区提取

棉花是中国重要的经济作物,在新疆大面积种植。及时、准确获取棉花种植面积,对农业政策制定与农业经济发展有重要意义。以渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲棉花为主要研究对象,利用2018—2020年（1景/1月）36景哨兵2号（Sentinel-2）数据,构建归一化植被指数（Normalize difference vegetation index,NDVI）和红边归一化植被指数（Red edge normalize difference vegetation index,RENDVI₇₈₃）时序数据;采用Savitzky-Golay（S-G）滤波法对时序数据进行平滑、重构并提取11个物候特征;利用袋外误差法对11个物候特征进行特征优选;在此基础上利用重构后的时序数据（NDVI Fit）、（RENDVI₇₈₃ Fit）、物候特征（RENDVI₇₈₃ Ph）、物候特征优选组合构建6种不同的特征数据集,利用随机森林分类（RFC）方法分别进行分类和提取,并采用最大似然分类方法和支持向量机分类方法对分类效果进行验证。结果表明：（1） NDVI和RENDVI₇₈₃时序数据变化趋势较为一致,棉花在5月（苗期）到8月初（开花盛期）有明显的上升趋势,在8月末至9月（花铃期）达到峰值。相比NDVI,红边波段构成的RENDVI₇₈₃时序曲线峰值从0.7提高到0.9,棉花区分效果更佳。（2） 11个物候特征中拟合函数最大值、生长季长度、生长季振幅、生长季结束、生长季大积分和生长季小积分对分类的贡献性最大,重要性得分分别为1.43、1.40、1.23、1.16、1.02和1.01。（3） RFC方法对特征数据集（RENDVI₇₈₃ Fit+物候特征优选组合）分类精度最佳。总体精度和Kappa系数分别为92.20%和0.92。（4） 研究区内棉花分类精度达到了91.02%,种植面积约为3424 km²,占研究区总面积的24.67%。     

Mapping fire regimes in China using MODIS active fire and burned area data

Relatively little is known about vegetation fire regimes in China. In this study, we investigated fire regime characteristics and their potential drivers, utilizing information extracted from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) satellite. Twelve fire regime variables were selected and computed on a regular grid over all of China, using MODIS burned area and active fire data during the period 2001 to 2016, to identify fire incidence and its inter-annual variability, seasonality, intensity, fire size distribution and vegetation types affected by fire. The variables were normalized and clustered to define six fire regimes with distinctive fire attributes. Results show that 78.6% of the land in China was affected by fire during the study period. The barren or sparsely vegetated lands of western China are nearly fire-free. Active fires were observed in Central China, but area burned was not detectable from MODIS. Forest fires in northeastern China are relatively large, infrequent, with a short fire season that peaks in non-winter seasons and higher inter-annual variability, implying a high likelihood of accidental causes. In contrast, forest fires in southern China are relatively small, frequent, with a long fire season that peaks in non-summer seasons, and lower inter-annual variability, suggesting regular use as a land management tool. Low inter-annual variability and low fire intensity were associated with cropland fires, whereas grassland fires generally exhibit the opposite traits. We have also discussed the potential drivers of each fire regime characteristics.     

基于遥感方法的长白山地区植被物候期变化趋势研究

目前,越来越多的遥感数据被用来监测大面积植物物候的动态变化。利用长时间序列的SPOT/NDVI旬合成数据,通过double logistic模型获取了1999~2008年长白山地区植被的3个关键物候参数:生长季始期、生长季末期和生长季长度的多年平均值,并绘制了它们的变化趋势空间格局图。结果表明,林地的生长季开始日期为第100~120天,草地和耕地相对较晚,分别为第130~140天和第140~150天;林地和草地生长季的结束日期为第275~285天,耕地的相对较早,为第265~275天;林地、草地和耕地的生长季长度范围分别为160~180 d、140~160 d和110~130 d。植被物候期的变化趋势表现为一定的空间差异性,生长季长度延长区域主要分布在长白山地区的中东部,平均每年延长约0.7 d;缩短的区域在西北地区,平均每年缩短1.1 d。最后通过部分物候观测数据及前人在相同研究区的结果验证了利用double logistic模型提取预测长白山植被物候期的可行性。