青藏高原的现今构造变形与地球动力过程

作为地球陆地上最高、最大、最平坦的地貌单元,青藏高原晚第四纪—现今构造变形的运动学状态是研究其深部地球动力作用的重要基础。全球卫星导航系统能够观测几十年时间尺度的地壳运动定量资料,历史记载和仪器观测获得的历史地震资料提供着数百年时间尺度的构造运动和深部变形数据,而上万年时间尺度的活动断裂定量研究数据则揭示着长期、平均构造变形状态。综合这三类不同时间尺度的地表构造变形定量数据,就能够定性推测或定量模拟驱动地表构造变形的深部地球动力作用。本文综合利用上述三类资料,发现青藏高原晚第四纪—现今的运动状态受控于统一的应变场,地表与深部一致,现今与长期一致。最大剪切应变主要分布在高原周边的主要逆冲断裂带和内部的巨型活动走滑断裂带,产生众多的强震;收缩应变和地壳缩短主要发生在周边山系及其伴随的前陆盆地,形成逆冲断裂和逆冲型强震;面膨胀应变和地壳拉张发生在高海拔的青藏高原内部,形成近南北向正断层和北东/北西向共轭剪切断裂系,并控制着正断层型地震的发生;青藏高原的所谓“向东挤出”,不是刚性岩石圈地块在走滑断裂夹持下的向东滑移,而是高原内部岩石圈物质的向东流动和绕喜马拉雅东构造结的顺时针旋转。这种运动状态...     

新生地震构造带——马边地震构造带最新构造变形样式的初步研究

以雷波地区为例,通过野外地质地貌调查,结合探槽技术以及年代测试结果,获得了有关马边地震构造带最新构造变形样式及其性质的初步认识。研究结果表明：马边地震构造带内的雷波地区存在一条北东东向雷波断裂带,它断错的最新地层时代在40ka左右,属晚更新世活动断裂;在活动性质上,为一条以右旋走滑运动为主的断裂。北北西向玛瑙断裂在第四纪风化壳中存在两次突然位错事件,在剖面上的错距分别为0.5m和>0.7m;最新错动面产状陡立,存在水平左旋位错的构造地貌证据。马边地震构造带上北东东向断裂与北北西断裂不是一种从属关系,而是在现代构造应力场条件下两组呈共轭关系的剪切断裂,它们代表了马边地震构造带最新构造变形样式,具新生性。马边地震构造带的破坏性地震以中强地震为主,具有频度高、成带性差等特点,这符合共轭状构造变形样式可能引起的地震活动特征。马边地震构造带位于青藏高原东缘南部,初步分析表明：一种受重力作用控制的中下地壳塑性流展模型,可以对该地区包括大凉山断裂带、安宁河断裂带以及鲜水河断裂带在内的断裂构造的活动习性做出较合理的解释。伴随着高原内部中下地壳物质持续向外流展,高原边界向外扩张形成新的边界,并表现为一条新生地震构造带。     

莺歌海盆地构造转折界面的确定及其地质意义

中国西南部红河断裂带的活动演化历史长期以来备受国内外学者的关注,该断裂从陆地向海域延伸进入莺歌海盆地,并对莺歌海盆地的形成和演化起重要的控制作用。目前,红河断裂带经历早期的左旋走滑运动和后期的右旋走滑运动已经得到公认,但对于其精细的构造演化历史及其左旋走滑向右旋走滑运动转换的时间还未能达成共识。本文利用构造控制沉积、沉积反映构造的思想,通过对莺歌海盆地三维地震资料的构造解析,从T27界面上下地层厚度存在"跷跷板"式的变化、沉积中心的迁移、沉积速率的变化、陆架-陆坡坡折带的出现、微小断裂的特征以及底辟构造等方面的研究,确定莺歌海盆地红河断裂带的左旋走滑运动停止于T40(10.5Ma);T40~T30(10.5~5.5Ma)是构造变形的平静期;T30~T27(5.5~2.4 Ma)为左旋走滑运动向右旋走滑运动转换时期;T27(2.4 Ma)以后右旋走滑活动开始,并控制坡折带(包括莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地)和底辟构造等的形成;T20(1.9 Ma)以来,右旋走滑活动逐渐减弱。     

青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带晚新生代构造变形

海原断裂带是青藏高原东北缘的边界断裂带,其新生代以来丰富的构造变形样式是研究高原向北东方向扩展的天然实验室。采自断裂带上盘南华山的磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学结果、横跨海原断裂带的地震反射剖面分析揭示了海原断裂带晚新生代以来经历了先逆冲、后走滑的两阶段变形过程。海原断裂第一阶段强烈的北东方向逆冲推覆变形始于(12±3)Ma,造成了断裂上盘山体的快速隆升与断裂下盘的挠曲变形,同时,破坏了高原东北缘新生代巨型沉积盆地。海原断裂这种挤压变形代表了青藏高原在约12Ma扩展至现今高原东北部,使其成为高原东北缘的最新组成部分。约5.4Ma,海原断裂第二阶段变形以不断增加的左旋走滑分量为特征,沿断裂带所产生的左旋走滑位移被其尾端的六盘山、马东山以东西向的地壳缩短调节吸收。海原断裂上新世左旋走滑运动,可能主要是青藏高原东北缘北东向挤压变形作用后期高原东北部物质沿其主要边界断裂向东有限挤出的结果。     

郯庐断裂带中段第四纪活动及其分段特征

郯庐断裂带是中国东部一条岩石圈尺度的构造不连续带。位于江苏和山东培内的郯庐断裂带中段，在新构造运动时期强烈右旋走滑复活，形成地貌形迹显著的走滑活动断裂带。笔者在断层活动形迹的野外调查和观测的基础上，结合TM遥感影像特征解译和地震震源机制解资料，分析了郯庐断裂中段第四纪活动的分段行为特征。位于嘉山－潍坊之间的郯庐断裂带中段可以进一步划分为3段，北段安丘－茅埠亚段，中段汪湖－宿迁亚段，南段宿迁－嘉山亚段，这三段可能分别是独立的地震破裂段。观测表明，新构造变形主要集中在宿迁以北的中、北段，是历史强震的发生段，而南段变形相对较弱，嘉山以南安徽境内郯庐断裂新构造变形更弱。郯庐断裂带新构造走滑变形的走向分段行为是华北地区不同块体新构造运动位移调节的结果。     

渤海中部郯庐断裂带的近期活动与渤海新近纪新生断裂

渤海中部的郯庐断裂带在平面上表现为不连续的几条北北东走向断层,地震反射剖面和钻探资料显示断层两侧沉积厚度的巨大差异,表明新近纪以来它们是在沉降运动背景下活动的具有大幅度倾滑位移的正断层,构成渤海盆地内凹陷与凸起的边界。这些断层在剖面上有一定弯曲和倾斜,向下延伸深度不超过10~12km。在此深度以上的地壳浅部,没有水平方向位移以及其它直接变形证据表明郯庐断裂带有走滑运动分量。从地震机制解得到的走滑断层运动反映渤海地区地壳深部的变形及相应的构造应力状态,与浅部残留的伸展构造应力同时存在。根据断裂力学分析,认为中新世末以来渤海浅层新近系内出现的大量近东西向小断裂可能是现代构造应力场作用的结果,与郯庐断裂带或其它基底老断裂没有继承性或派生的成因关系。     

汶川Ms8.0地震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场及其构造意义

2008年5月12日在青藏高原东缘龙门山断裂带中段发生汶川8.0级特大地震。大震发生时释放应力并对震源区及外围构造应力场产生影响,受汶川地震断层破裂方式和强度空间差异性的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳应力场也应表现差异特征,至今鲜有针对该科学问题深入的分析和讨论。经过系统收集、梳理汶川地震后沿龙门山断裂带水压致裂地应力测量数据与2008年汶川地震中强余震序列震源机制解资料,对汶川地震后龙门山断裂带中上地壳构造应力场进行厘定,通过与震前构造应力场对比,深入探讨了汶川8.0级地震对龙门山断裂带地壳应力场的影响,进而对汶川震后应力调整过程及青藏高原东缘龙门山地区深部构造变形模式进行研究,研究结果表明:受汶川8.0级地震的影响,震后龙门山断裂带地壳构造应力场空间分布具有差异性,近地表至上地壳15 km深度范围,映秀—青川段最大主应力方向为北西西向、地应力状态为逆走滑型,青川东北部最大主应力方向偏转至北东东向、应力状态转变为走滑型;15~25km深度范围,龙门山断裂带最大主应力方向仍为北西—北西西向、应力状态以逆冲型为主。汶川8.0级地震后,龙门山断裂带中地壳北西西向逆冲挤压的构造应力特征进一步支持了青藏高原东缘龙门山地区东西两侧刚性块体碰撞挤压、逆冲推覆的动力学模式。     

GPS数据揭示的喜马拉雅东构造结地区现今应变特征及其动力学机制

喜马拉雅东构造结位于印度与欧亚板块碰撞的前缘,是地壳缩短和构造旋转变形十分强烈的部位。本文收集东构造结及其周边区域大范围、长时段的最新GPS速度场资料,采用“二维张力样条”方法计算获得区域构造应变场,研究其现今地壳运动与构造变形特征。结果显示,高应变率区集中在喜马拉雅主逆冲断裂、实皆- 阿帕龙断裂、鲜水河- 小江断裂、东构造结的环形地区和印度东北部及缅甸西部的巴坎- 若开山脉地区,而在跨嘉黎断裂和红河断裂区域并无显著的应变。区域最大剪切应变率主要沿着实皆- 阿帕龙断裂、鲜水河- 小江断裂等构造带分布,区域最大面压缩率发生在阿萨姆东北部一带(N28°~29°、E95. 5°~96. 5°),最高量值为151. 8×10-9 a-1; 反映喜马拉雅东构造结的最强变形核心部位已经由南迦巴瓦峰地区向其东南方向发生了转移,移至位于阿萨姆东北部地区的喜马拉雅主边界逆冲断裂与阿帕龙断裂的交汇处。综合分析认为,喜马拉雅东构造结地区在印度板块强烈的楔入挤压作用下,大陆变形以地壳增厚为主,深部以黏塑性为特征的下地壳和上地幔物质的流动驱动着上覆脆性上地壳地块。     

青藏高原东北缘海原-六盘山断裂带现今地壳应力环境的数值分析

海原-六盘山断裂是青藏高原东北缘的大型边界断裂带,是中国大陆典型的地震危险区。地壳构造加载特征的定量研究有助于分析区域孕震环境,参考青藏高原东北缘GPS形变和岩石圈精细结构等资料,本文建立海原-六盘山断裂带周缘的三维岩石圈分层模型,分析现今构造加载作用下区域地壳形变和应力演化特征。数值计算结果显示:青藏高原东北缘现今处于以北东-南西向的水平挤压为主导和北西-南东向的水平引张的变形特征。青藏高原东北缘中-下地壳流变性质影响上覆脆性地壳应力环境,中地壳较低粘滞系数对应的模型地壳应力计算值与研究区实际地壳应力场相近。海原断裂中-西段构造加载作用显著,具有相对较高的库仑应力积累和最大剪应力分布;而六盘山断裂周缘地壳应力和最大剪应力小于海原断裂带。构造应力积累的空间分布差异说明六盘山断裂具有较弱的构造孕震环境,而研究区走滑型断裂的孕震加载作用显著。尽管六盘山处于较低的应力状态,但仍不能轻易忽视其长期存在的强震空区所暗示的发震潜力。     

天山构造带新生代构造变形二维有限元模拟

利用地质、地球物理成果，建立了横跨天山，包含准噶尔和塔里木盆地等构造单元的二维离散模型．模拟在5种不同边界条件下，整个天山构造带的应力应变和位移，结果表明：天山地区构造应力场以近NS向为主，主要动力源来自南部塔里木地块的向北推挤，北部准噶尔地块向南的推挤作用要弱于南部塔里木地块．主压应力多分布在天山地区下地壳及上地幔，主干断裂带附近也有集中，剪应力集中区分布在断裂带及其与地壳内界面相交处，总应变集中在天山下地壳及其上地幔部分，断裂带附近更为集中，尤其是边界断裂．剪应变主要集中在断裂带上，特别是边界断裂，位移以水平位移为主，在天山两侧山前最大，内部相对较小且以垂直位移为主．     

Statistical analysis of geodetic measurements for the investigation of crustal movements

Geodetic networks are designed to obtain data that can be used to monitor crustal movements. The relative position on the earth's surface is determined from these networks by means of coordinates. The coordinates of stations and its variance—covariance matrix are based on the computational model. In spatial networks at least three points, the base points, should be chosen to define the coordinate system “fixed” to the earth. In monitoring crustal movements these base points are considered to be stationary over the time span of the motion involved. A procedure for testing the stability of the base points, together with other stable points, is described.The coordinate differences between two time epochs, t₀ and t₁ are considered to investigate crustal movements. A statistical test is introduced to determine whether crustal movements have actually occurred.The reliability, i.e., the influence, of nondetected errors in the observations or computations, should be considered. Two types of decisions can be made which may lead to incorrect conclusions. These conclusions are as follows:

1. (1) That no movement has taken place, although a nondetected error leads to the opposite conclusion.

2. (2) That a movement has occurred, although a nondetected error in the observations leads to the opposite conclusion.

The chance of arriving at these conclusions can be computed. Boundary values for assumed crustal motion in specified latitudinal and longitudinal directions give a better insight into the desired specifications for geodetic networks.The testing procedure and the above-mentioned method of computing boundary values can be used for all types of networks e.g., those obtained by conventional triangulation or by a satellite-borne ranging system.     

On tectonophysical interpretation of recent vertical crustal movements

Recent crustal movements are components and the direct continuation of some neotectonic movements i.e. the Neogene-Quaternary stage of the earth's development. According to geodetic and oceanographic data these crustal movements are constantly taking place everywhere on the continents and probably on the ocean floor. Their velocity and velocity gradients are certainly different on platforms from that in orogenic regions. Orogenic regions are characterized by higher velocity, varying from several mm to several cm per year, and to an even greater degree by the different character of the movement. The velocity gradient in these regions reaches values of 10^?6–10^?5/year.A peculiar indication of recent movements is their irregularity in time. Periodic movements are typical for platforms; orogenic regions are characterized by sharp increases in velocity by 1–2 orders of magnitude and their gradients by 2–3 orders, close to the time occurrence of earthquakes.The deep processes generating the measured recent crustal movements are manifested also in earthquakes, the state of stress of rocks and anomalies of gravitational and other fields. Thus estimations of recent tectonic activity should be based on the whole complex of quantitative data, such as the velocity and velocity gradients of recent movements, values of stress in mines, and seismicity.To study the deep processes causing the present tectonic activity, it is necessary to determine the types of crustal deformation occurring in different geotectonic regions. The relationships between recent movements and the distribution of earthquakes in the regions with a high degree of crustal activity allow to identify four types of movement: pleistoseismic, hyposeismic, kryptoseismic and teleseismic.     

某水准路线所经地区现代升降运动的初步探讨

本文主要是利用水准复测资料来阐述某地区的现代升降运动。文中将复、初测高程进行比较,作出了现代地壳运动幅度图,图中看出东都上升幅度小,速度梯度变化也小;西部上升幅度大,速度梯度变化也大。在整个剖面中更可以看出,在较短距离内出现大幅度的隆起,隆起中又有相对凹陷。由实际资料得出,本区现代地壳运动有继承性,并出现三种类型的上升运动:(1)平稳的上升运动;(2)掀斜的上升运动;(3)强烈隆起。     

华北、东南及藏北地洼区的地壳运动及其地球物理特征

通过分析东南、华北及藏北三个地洼区的重力、地震、地热等深部和浅部地球物理资料所表现出来的不同特征及其存在的差异,论述了上述三个地洼区现阶段的大地构造运动中,东南地洼区地壳运动最弱,藏北地洼区地壳运动最强,华北地洼区的地壳运动强度居于前两者之间。研究表明,地壳运动的强弱变化与地幔有着密切联系。     

兰坪—思茅盆地红层铜矿成矿规律

兰坪—思茅地洼盆地中新生代红层铜矿可分为三个成因类型:沉积型,沉积-改造型和改造型。它们呈“层—梯”式产出。在成因上与热卤水活动有关。在分布上受澜沧江断裂和中轴断裂控制。微量和稀土元素及同位素地球化学研究表明,成矿物质以壳源为主。成矿热动力与成矿期区域性幔热异常和强烈的构造活动有关。矿床形成于两个时期,即地洼初动期的沉积—成岩矿化期(T_3-E_1)和地洼激烈期的改造成矿期(E_2)。其中,改造成矿是本区铜矿最重要的成矿过程。     

Monitoring of movement of potential earthquake areas with precise distance measuring and leveling systems

Whether monitoring crustal movements in localized volcanic areas along known fault lines, or over large crustal-movement areas, the geodesist has been restricted by the measurement accuracy of the instruments used, the accumulation of errors, the lack of reliable air refraction information and the problem of finding proper measurement procedures and mathematical solutions to assure that the inherent errors of the measurement-mathematical procedures do not exceed any conceivable ground movement.

Recent technological advances have placed new instruments and systems at the disposal of the geodesist, so that is now feasible to measure and analyze these micro and macro crustal movements within the accuracies required.

The paper describes three such systems:

1. (1) The Wild Electronic Theodolite T-2000 with a highly precise distance-measurement instrument, the DI-4S, together with a data collector, the GRE-3, which are connected to a computer and a plotter to measure and analyze both micro and macro crustal movements.

2. (2) The Wild NAK-2 level with an antimagnetic compensator which increases the accuracy in the height/velocity monitoring of vertical crustal movements by virtual elimination of the influence of natural or man-made magnetic fields on the automatic level.

3. (3) The use of analytical photogrammetry employing both terrestrial and aerial photography to monitor crustal movements.

By taking advantage of these new instruments and systems, the scientists capability to provide crustal movement data for use in the analysis and prediction of micro or macro crustal movement is greatly enhanced.     

华南花岗岩的成因类型及其演化系列

我国学者翁文灏早在二十年代初期即将长江中下游的花岗闪长岩和南岭花岗岩分为两个不同的类型,并认为前者较后者来自地下较深处。稍后,谢家荣曾分别称其为扬子式和香港式。以上观点对华南地区的地质工作     

中国大陆第四纪地壳运动时程

本文从中国大陆有代表性的青藏高原、黄土高原、三峡地区着手,进行了新构造运动剖析。并结合全国火山活动期次,总结出中国大陆第四纪地壳运动的时程变化。从而为进一步探讨新构造运动特点和规律,为国民经济建设及人类生存环境提供了一定的地质背景资料。     

概论新疆开合构造

从建造组合分析 ,划分开合序列 ,分析新疆地壳演化的原始大陆、古大陆、新大陆三大开合演化阶段 ,重点阐述古大陆开合演化阶段的四个开合旋回 ,提出新疆开合构造的四种类型。总结新疆开合构造多旋回发展 ,此开彼合、有序南移的活动特点 ,联系成矿作用 ,指示不同开合类型有着各自特有的矿产类型和成矿系列     

Differential glacio-isostatic uplift of crustal blocks at Glen Roy, Scotland

Detailed measurements of the altitudes of the shorelines of former ice-dammed lakes in Glen Roy and vicinity in the Scottish Highlands prove erroneous the conventional view that former shorelines in areas affected by glacio-isostatic uplift are uniformly tilted and/or gently warped. The measurements demonstrate differential uplift of blocks of the earth's crust. The surfaces of some blocks have no detectable tilt whereas others have gradients up to at least 4.6 m/km and are tilted in different directions. In three areas 0.7–2.0 km long, shorelines are distorted by crustal movements; all these areas have landslides attributed to earthquakes that accompanied the release of stress. In the area of greatest local distortion three shorelines rose about 3 m above their average altitudes for the immediately surrounding area, and a fault scarp was produced. Possibly these local distortions accompanied catastrophic lake drainage by jökulhlaup, analogous to crustal movements associated with man-made lakes. A relationship between crustal movement and the limit of a glacial advance is demonstrated. These findings have implications for other parts of the world affected by glacioisostatic uplift.