桂江流域土壤侵蚀估算及其时空特征分析

桂江流域的水土流失现状研究对珠江三角洲的水生态安全有重要的现实意义。采用修正的通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）估算了桂江流域的土壤侵蚀模数与年侵蚀总量,分析流域内土壤侵蚀的时空分布特征,探讨了影响该区域土壤侵蚀强度的自然与人文因素。结果表明,桂江流域51.8%的地表都在发生不同程度的土壤侵蚀。从全流域平均土壤侵蚀强度来看,属于中度侵蚀。从土壤侵蚀面积来看,约85%的地表处于微度、轻度与中度侵蚀。4-6月的全流域平均土壤侵蚀强度最大,侵蚀总量也是最大的。流域的土壤侵蚀主要发生在高程在30~600m的低山丘陵-高地地貌区内的林地与耕地中。流域内岩溶区的土壤侵蚀强度随着石漠化程度从无到中度逐渐增加,轻、中度石漠化区的土壤侵蚀强度达到强度侵蚀等级。      

Prediction of spatial soil loss impacted by long-term land-use/land-cover change in a tropical watershed

The devastating effect of soil erosion is one of the major sources of land degradation that affects human lives in many ways which occur mainly due to deforestation, poor agricultural practices, overgrazing,wildfire and urbanization. Soil erosion often leads to soil truncation, loss of fertility, slope instability, etc.which causes irreversible effects on the poorly renewable soil resource. In view of this, a study was conducted in Kelantan River basin to predict soil loss as influenced by long-term land use/land-cover(LULC) changes in the area. The study was conducted with the aim of predicting and assessing soil erosion as it is influenced by long-term LULC changes. The 13,100 km~2 watershed was delineated into four sub-catchments Galas, Pergau, Lebir and Nenggiri for precise result estimation and ease of execution. GIS-based Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE) model was used to predict soil loss in this study. The model inputs used for the temporal and spatial calculation of soil erosion include rainfall erosivity factor,topographic factor, land cover and management factor as well as erodibility factor. The results showed that 67.54% of soil loss is located under low erosion potential(reversible soil loss) or 0-1 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1) soil loss in Galas, 59.17% in Pergau, 53.32% in Lebir and 56.76% in Nenggiri all under the 2013 LULC condition.Results from the correlation of soil erosion rates with LULC changes indicated that cleared land in all the four catchments and under all LULC conditions(1984-2013) appears to be the dominant with the highest erosion losses. Similarly, grassland and forest were also observed to regulate erosion rates in the area. This is because the vegetation cover provided by these LULC types protects the soil from direct impact of rain drops which invariably reduce soil loss to the barest minimum. Overall, it was concluded that the results have shown the significance of LULC in the control of erosion. Maps generated from the study may be useful to planners and land use managers to take appropriate decisions for soil conservation.     

A distributed water-heat coupled model for mountainous watershed of an inland river basin of Northwest China (I) model structure and equations

It is absolutely necessary to quantify the hydrological processes in earth surface by numerical models in the cold regions where although most Chinese large rivers acquire their headstreams, due to global warming, its glacier, permafrost and snow cover have degraded seriously in the recent 50 years. Especially in an arid inland river basin, where the main water resources come from mountainous watershed, it becomes an urgent case. However, frozen ground’s impact to water cycle is little considered in the distributed hydrological models for a watershed. Took Heihe mountainous watershed with an area of 10,009 km², as an example, the authors designed a distributed heat-water coupled (DWHC) model by referring to SHAW and COUP. The DWHC model includes meteorological variable interception model, vegetation interception model, snow and glacier melting model, soil water-heat coupled model, evapotransporation model, runoff generation model, infiltration model and flow concentration model. With 1 km DTM grids in daily scale, the DWHC model describes the basic hydrological processes in the research watershed, with 3∼5 soil layers for each of the 18 soil types, 9 vegetation types and 11 landuse types, according to the field measurements, remote sensing data and some previous research results. The model can compute the continuous equation of heat and water flow in the soil and can estimate them continuously, by numerical methods or by some empirical formula, which depends on freezing soil status. However, the model still has some conceptual parameters, and need to be improved in the future. This paper describes only the model structure and basic equations, whereas in the next papers, the model calibration results using the data measured at meteorological stations, together with Mesoscale Model version 5 (MM5) outputs, will be further introduced.     

云南小江流域不同土地利用类型土壤微量元素的对比分析

文章对云南小江流域不同土地利用类型（耕地、林地、园地、建设用地、裸地）土壤的微量元素进行空间插值、方差分析和相关性研究,旨在探讨云南小江流域不同土地利用类型微量元素的分布和迁移规律。结果表明:除Mo的含量较低外,小江流域土壤中Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn的含量普遍较高。各微量元素含量在不同土地利用类型中具有明显的差异性,园地土壤微量元素含量最高。微量元素的变异程度均属于中等变异。Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Zn的空间分布具有一定的相似性,高值区主要集中在海拔较低的岩溶河谷区右侧和盆底沉积平坝区,主要土壤类型为碳酸盐岩红壤;低值区集中在海拔较高的河谷区左侧和中山区,主要土壤类型为碎屑岩。地貌、土壤母岩和人为活动是影响微量元素分布和迁移的重要因素。      

Assessment of soil erosion in a tropical mountain river basin of the southern Western Ghats,India using RUSLE and GIS

Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) model coupled with transport limited sediment delivery(TLSD) function was used to predict the longtime average annual soil loss, and to identify the critical erosion-/deposition-prone areas in a tropical mountain river basin, viz., Muthirapuzha River Basin(MRB; area=271.75 km~2), in the southern Western Ghats, India. Mean gross soil erosion in MRB is 14.36 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1), whereas mean net soil erosion(i.e., gross erosion-deposition) is only 3.60 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1)(i.e., roughly 25% of the gross erosion). Majority of the basin area(~86%) experiences only slight erosion(5 t ha~(-1) yr~(-1)), and nearly 3% of the area functions as depositional environment for the eroded sediments(e.g., the terraces of stream reaches, the gentle plains as well as the foot slopes of the plateau scarps and the terrain with concordant summits). Although mean gross soil erosion rates in the natural vegetation belts are relatively higher, compared to agriculture, settlement/built-up areas and tea plantation, the sediment transport efficiency in agricultural areas and tea plantation is significantly high,reflecting the role of human activities on accelerated soil erosion. In MRB, on a mean basis, 0.42 t of soil organic carbon(SOC) content is being eroded per hectare annually, and SOC loss from the 4th order subbasins shows considerable differences, mainly due to the spatial variability in the gross soil erosion rates among the sub-basins. The quantitative results, on soil erosion and deposition, modelled using RUSLE and TLSD, are expected to be beneficial while formulating comprehensive land management strategies for reducing the extent of soil degradation in tropical mountain river basins.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤CO2时空分布特征及其影响因素——以湘西大龙洞地下河流域为例

为了解不同土地利用方式/覆被条件土壤剖面CO2时空分布特征及其影响因素,对湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域的4种土地利用方式（林地、草地、玉米地、烟叶地）土壤不同深度的CO2浓度进行为期一年的观测。结果显示,不同土地利用方式的土壤CO2表现为草地(7 527 mg/m3)>林地(7 197 mg/m3)>烟叶地（4 562 mg/m3）>玉米地(4 414 mg/m3);随剖面深度加大,草地和玉米地土壤CO2呈先增大后稳定的趋势,林地和烟叶地则表现为先增大后降低的趋势;时间变化上,不同土地利用方式下的土壤CO2月均浓度曲线与气温的变化曲线有很好的对应性,表现为2-8月浓度升高,8-12月降低,12月至次年2月为小幅下降,土壤CO2浓度的最低值和最高值分别出现在2月和8月。相关性分析显示,气温对土壤CO2浓度的影响最显著,此外,不同土地利用方式下有机碳的差异,与气温相耦合的降雨因素等都对土壤CO2浓度变化有重要影响。      

基于3S技术的小流域水土流失过程数值模拟与定量研究

运用3S技术和不同水蚀区修正的土壤流失方程,对金沙江流域龙川江上游的水土流失量和需要治理的面积进行了数值模拟和定量研究.结果表明:①旱年1998年土壤流失总量为840069.19t,流失总面积为2293.7841km2;涝年1999年土壤流失总量为8690182.6t,流失总面积为2293.7841km2;1999年和1998年强度、重度和剧烈以上流失面积分别达85%和66.8%,该项指标1999年明显强于1998年.②从流失面积来看,1999年中度以上流失面积占流失总面积的35.2%,而1998年只占26%.③1988年和1999年防治强度分级中急需治理和需要治理的面积占总面积的比例分别为16.27%和14.63%.④模拟计算结果与实测值接近,说明该方法对西南红壤季风区的水土流失定量监测与分析具有准确、实用和方便的特点.     

Incentives of land users in projects of soil and water conservation, the weight of intangibles

Many studies of soil and water conservation in third world situations show that among the farmers' incentives the commercial view on rural management is important and that at the same time intangible considerations are playing an important role. Traditional belief, local customs as well as inner conviction are also significant in the farmer's life. An example of incentives of land husbandry in the first world is given by a case of the Swiss Alp-farming. Their great attachment to this type of farming as well as the national support for mountain farmers' income play a role. In activities aimed at improvement of rural development in a third world country, the viewpoint of the expert may easily dominate any kind of plan making because of his position in the projects. However, his cultural background may limit his understanding of the rural situation in countries foreign to him. This has frequently lead to misjudging the importance of other than commercial incentives. A critical self-appraisal of motives and attitude to life by the adviser would often be needed in order to take immaterial incentives into account in development projects and in the achievement of agricultural policy. From the experience obtained in the third world and from the case study of the european alp-farming, the weight of intangibles in the land users' incentives appears as one of the crucial factors in rural management. This weight will grow with the present increasing need for sustainable agricultural productivity as well as with the need to create a sustained use of the environment in many parts of the world.     

黄土作为西北地区填埋场覆盖层的可行性及设计厚度分析

中国西北地区气候以干旱和半干旱为主,黄土广泛分布。首先介绍了西北地区3个代表性城市近50 a的气候条件和3类黄土的粒径分布及储水能力,在此基础上利用Chen、Benson等提出的水量平衡分析方法对黄土土质覆盖层在我国西北地区应用的可行性进行了探讨,并计算分析了单一型黄土覆盖层的设计厚度。分析结果表明: 西北地区夏季高温多雨植被生长茂盛而冬季降雨较少,降水和腾发作用有较好的同步对应关系,适合土质覆盖层的应用。采用黄土作单一型土质覆盖层的设计厚度在0.54～1.92 m之间,从干旱、半干旱到半湿润气候区,设计厚度逐渐变厚,其具体设计厚度与气候条件和黄土种类密切相关;在同一气候区采用粉性黄土所需厚度最薄,而采用砂性黄土则最厚。西北地区采用黄土作填埋场终场土质覆盖层具有技术可行性和良好的经济效益,值得进一步开展工程实践和更深入的研究。     

2001-2018年石羊河流域植被变化及其对流域管理的启示

植被是流域生态系统的重要指标,植被景观管理也是流域综合管理的重要内容。综合利用长时间序列MODIS反射率和归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）产品及Landsat卫星遥感影像,基于谷歌地球引擎（GEE）平台,利用计算机自动分类的方法,监测了2001-2018年间石羊河流域的植被（包括灌溉土地）的逐年变化,结合降水、径流量和地下水位地面监测数据,分析了全流域植被指数、植被面积、灌溉土地范围的变化特征及其与水循环之间的互馈关系。研究发现,2001-2018年间,石羊河流域的植被面积以每年约135 km²的速率增加,其中,自然植被和灌溉土地分别以每年60.5 km²和74.6 km²的速率增加。除了金昌区的植被增加以灌溉土地为主外,其他区域都以自然植被的增加为主。特别是民勤地区,由于十多年的持续调水和有效退耕,地下水位近年来开始抬升,自然植被开始恢复。但与此同时,中游凉州区和永昌县的生态风险加大。未来可从灌溉规模控制、地表与地下水统一调度、景观分级和配置技术发展、优化产业结构、强化与流域外的连通性等方面加强流域综合管理,提高流域社会系统弹性,增强可持续发展能力。     

长江中下游环境地质问题及对防洪工程的影响

今夏,长江继1954年后再次发生全流域特大洪灾。根据对长江中下游的水土流失、江湖淤积、地面沉降等环境地质所作的分析,日益严重的环境地质问题是洪灾加剧的重要原因,并对防洪工程产生不利影响。