新疆准噶尔斑岩铜矿地质特征及成矿作用

在前人工作基础上,文章综述了新疆准噶尔斑岩铜矿地质特征和成矿背景。划分出4个成矿带,即晚志留世—早泥盆世初琼河坝地区斑岩铜钼矿带、中泥盆世卡拉先格斑岩铜矿带、早石炭世希勒库都克-索尔库都克斑岩-矽卡岩铜钼矿带和晚石炭世包古图斑岩铜矿带。准噶尔成岩成矿时代分为4期,即晚志留世—早泥盆世初（427～411 Ma）、中泥盆世（378～374 Ma）、石炭纪（332～296 Ma）、二叠纪—三叠纪叠加成矿期（269～266 Ma;230～200 Ma）。斑岩铜矿成矿温度从高温延续到低温（530～120℃）,但主要成矿区间在中温阶段（300～180℃）;流体盐度w(NaCleq)变化于0.5%～21.75%之间和28.9%～66.76%之间。包古图和云英山矿床成矿流体主要为岩浆水,哈腊苏和玉勒肯哈腊苏矿床成矿流体为岩浆水混合大气降水。硫同位素组成集中于零值附近,指示成矿物质来源于地幔或与地幔有关的岩浆。斑岩铜矿的形成主要与中性、中酸性和酸性斑岩侵入活动有关,其形成的构造环境有大陆岛弧、大洋岛弧和后碰撞环境。     

新疆西南天山萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床地质特征及成矿作用

根据大量的实际工作,并结合前人的研究成果,详细介绍了萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床的成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征,通过流体包裹体和同位素研究,对萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的成矿作用进行了深入讨论。研究结果表明,流体包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体,其次为富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体、含NaCl子晶多相包裹体和含液相CO2的三相包裹体。成矿流体为中低温(78～355℃)、中低盐度[w(NaCleq)2．57％～22．10％]的H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4体系。硫化物的δ^34S值变化于-3．0‰～ 2．61‰,平均值为0．07‰,暗示硫来自地幔或与地幔相关的岩浆。白云石和菱铁矿的δ^13CPDB值为-5．4‰～-0．6‰,表明成矿物质来自地幔及海相碳酸盐岩。氢和氧同位素显示成矿流体主要来源于大气降水,并混合少量岩浆水。萨瓦亚尔顿金矿与乌兹别克斯坦穆龙套金矿和吉尔吉斯斯坦库姆托尔金矿具有相似性,但它在浅成中-低温条件下成矿,且金、锑共生。物理化学条件和流体成分的改变、水-岩交换作用及流体的不混溶作用在成矿过程中起了重要作用。     

新疆西天山晚古生代铁矿床的地质特征、矿化类型及形成环境

西天山成矿带是我国重要的铁多金属成矿带之一,以阿吾拉勒铁成矿带为主体,近年来铁矿勘查工作取得重大进展,相继勘查或发现了查岗诺尔、备战、智博、敦德、松湖、雾岭及尼新塔格-阿克萨依等多个铁矿床,使该地区成为新疆重要的大型铁矿开发基地。这些新发现的铁矿床普遍赋存于安山质熔岩及火山碎屑岩中,规模多数达到大中型,品位较高。总体上,对铁矿床的研究程度普遍很低,成矿环境和成矿规律认识不清,缺乏综合性的总体研究。文章在已有的研究成果基础上,结合笔者研究小组近三年的大量野外调查工作和室内的整理研究,综述了新疆西天山主要铁矿床的地质特征、分布规律、矿化类型。将西天山的铁矿床划分为海相火山岩型和矽卡岩型2个大类,根据矿化类型将海相火山岩型细分为火山沉积型、火山岩浆-热液型、类矽卡岩型3个亚类。初步讨论了西天山铁矿床的成矿地质背景,认为石炭纪晚期可能属于碰撞造山晚期阶段的陆缘弧环境,局部存在挤压-伸展的构造转变,是铁矿形成的有利环境。通过区域铁矿床特征的对比以及与国内外火山岩有关的典型矿床特征的对比研究,认为铁矿床的形成与火山-侵入活动有密切的成因联系,形成时间接近或稍晚于火山活动期;早期阶段以富铁流体(熔体)充填-交代作用成矿为主,晚期热液交代富集成矿,整个成矿过程伴随大量的热液围岩蚀变;成矿物质来源可能以岛弧岩浆作用所携带的深部铁质为主,并含有少量火山-次火山气液交代围岩所萃取的铁质;富铁流体(熔体)可能是由俯冲过程中形成的基性岩浆分异形成的,但具体的形成机制、岩浆起源和演化过程是今后研究的重点。     

新疆阿尔泰铁矿:地质特征、时空分布及成矿作用

在前人工作基础上,文章综述了新疆阿尔泰铁矿地质特征和成矿背景.新疆阿尔泰铁矿赋矿地层主要为上志留统一下泥盆统康布铁堡组、中上泥盆统阿勒泰镇组和中泥盆统北塔山组,少数为下石炭统和下古生界.成因类型可划分为火山岩型、矽卡岩型、伟晶岩型、与花岗岩有关的热液型、与基性岩体有关的钒钛磁铁矿型和砂矿型6种,其中火山岩型和矽卡岩型为...     

新疆阿尔泰克兰盆地金属矿床地质特征及成矿作用

在前人工作基础上,文章综述了新疆阿尔泰克兰盆地金属矿成矿背景和地质特征。其赋矿地层主要为上志留统—下泥盆统康布铁堡组变质火山沉积岩系,少数为中-上泥盆统阿勒泰组变质火山沉积岩系。成因类型划分为海相火山岩型、矽卡岩型、Sedex型、造山型和伟晶岩型5种类型,其中海相火山岩型为主要类型,进一步划分出VMS型、火山热液型、火山沉积型和矿浆-火山热液型4个亚类型。根据同位素测年结果,矿床成矿时代分为3期:早泥盆世(410~389 Ma),是主要成矿期,与海相火山作用有关,主要形成海相火山岩型,少数矽卡岩型矿床;晚石炭世—二叠纪(320~258 Ma),主要形成与岩浆期后热液、伟晶岩或构造热液活动有关的矽卡岩型、伟晶岩型稀有金属矿和造山型金矿;早-中三叠世(248~232 Ma),形成少量伟晶岩型稀有金属矿。硫同位素表明矽卡岩型铁矿的硫来自与成矿有关的花岗岩;火山沉积岩型和矿浆-火山热液型铁矿的硫除来自火山岩外,还有细菌还原海水硫和闪长岩;VMS型矿床的硫主要是海水硫酸盐细菌还原硫和来自岩浆(来自火山喷气或火山作用)。     

Geological and geochemical characteristics in the paleo-weathering crust sedimentary type REE deposits,western Guizhou,China

A supergene REE deposit closely interrelated with the weathering of the Emeishan basalt formation was produced in the Xuanwei formation, the overlying stratum of the late Permian Emeishan basalt formation in West Guizhou, China. The host strata consist primarily of offwhite kaolinite clay rock and/or grayish black carbonaceous shale. Mineralogical analyses reveal that kaolinites are the major minerals in REE ores with small amounts of smectite, illite, boehmite, hornblende, pyrophyllite, calcite, dolomite and/or iron-bearing minerals, with a certain proportion of feldspar, quartz crystal debris and noncrystal debris. Geochemical analyses reveal high enrichment of trace elements like Cu, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf. The host strata feature considerable lithological variability, close interrelation of the REE grade with the lithology and uneven spatial distribution of the REE ores, which are mostly found in Lufang, Maojiaping and Zhangsigou profiles of Weining County and can be as thick as 20 m. Of the five stratigraphic profiles, 48% have their whole-rock ∑REE higher than 1000 ppm. The REE in this framework consists primarily of ion adsorbed phases and REE-rich residual independent mineral phases. Comprehensive analyses suggest that the source may not only include the Emeishan basalt, but the intermediate acid volcanic rocks evolved from the Emeishan basalt in the later periods; the hydrothermal alteration subsequently imposed on the host strata might have boosted the mineralization of the rare earth. The preliminary genetic model should have been: the denudation product from the weathering of the parent rock was migrated to the sea-continental margin at the continent side carrying huge quantities of REE with it and was preserved by the quick marine transgression. The host strata consist primarily of kaolinite clay rock and/or carbonaceous shale, which are so far believed to be a sedimentary type REE deposit closely interrelated with weathering effect.     

西天山查岗诺尔铁矿矿床地质特征及矿床成因研究

查岗诺尔铁矿区位于西天山伊犁地块东北缘博罗科努山系的主脊线上,属中天山北缘活动陆缘带.该矿区位于破火山口的西北缘,矿体产状受火山穹窿构造的制约.赋矿围岩为下石炭统大哈拉军山组安山岩及安山质火山碎屑岩.该矿床的成矿期可划分为矿浆期和热液期,隐爆作用伴随成矿全过程.矿浆成矿期形成了浮渣状、斑点状、致密块状、贯入角砾岩状和阴...     

粤西罗定盆地南缘金矿地球化学特征及成矿作用

研究区矿石及近矿蚀变围岩中黄铁矿的硫、铅同位素组成特征,以及金矿石(含金石英脉)和花岗斑岩的稀土元素特征,显示金矿成矿物质来源于地壳.矿体石英中的流体包裹体氢、氧同位素组成特征,显示成矿热液来源于大气降水.结合气液包裹体均一温度,认为本区金矿的成矿作用发生于低温、浅成-超浅成的环境条件,金矿的成因类型为浅成-超浅成低温热液型.     

A synthesis of iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan,NW China

The northern Xinjiang region is one of the most significant iron metallogenic provinces in China.Iron deposits are found mainly within three regions:the Altay,western Tianshan,and eastern Tianshan orogenic belts.Previous studies have elaborated on the genesis of Fe deposits in the Altay orogenic belt and western Tianshan.However,the geological characteristics and mineralization history of iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan are still poorly understood.In this paper I describe the geological characteristics of iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan,and discuss their genetic types as well as metallogenic-tectonic settings,Iron deposits are preferentially distributed in central and southern parts of the eastern Tianshan.The known iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan show characteristics of magmatic Fe-Ti-V(e.g.,Weiya and Niumaoquan),sedimentary-metamorphic type(e.g.,Tianhu),and iron skarn(e.g.,Hongyuntan).In addition to the abovementioned iron deposits,many iron deposits in the eastern Tianshan are hosted in submarine volcanic rocks with well-developed skarn mineral assemblages.Their geological characteristics and magnetite compositions suggest that they may belong to distal skarns.SIMS zircon U-Pb analyses suggest that the Fe-Ti oxide ores from Niumaoquan and Weiya deposits were formed at 307.7±1.3 Ma and 242.7±1.9 Ma,respectively.Combined with available isotopic age data,the timing of Fe mineralization in the eastern Tianshan can be divided into four broad intervals:Early Ordovician-Early Silurian(476-438 Ma),Carboniferous(335-303 Ma),Early Permian(295-282 Ma),and Triassic(ca.243 Ma).Each of these episodes corresponds to a period of subduction,post-collision,and intraplate tectonics during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic time.     

冀南邯郸-邢台地区矽卡岩铁矿的地质特征及成矿模式

冀南邯邢地区矽卡岩型铁矿主要产出于燕山期中偏碱性闪长岩-二长岩类与中奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层接触带附近。矿体形态复杂,褶皱是重要的控矿、容矿构造;矿石类型单一,主要矿物为磁铁矿。矿化蚀变具明显的分带现象,其中钠长石化是重要的找矿标志。与成矿有关的岩体往往是多期脉动形成的,早期侵入体在钠长石化过程中提供成矿物质;后期侵入体带来的岩浆热液不仅是成矿物质的载体,所产生的压应力和热能也成为成矿流体运移的驱动力。在分析此成矿过程的基础上建立了该区矽卡岩型铁矿床的成矿模式。     

桂西古岩溶型金矿地质特征

桂西地区自寒武纪至三叠纪发生了多次古侵蚀作用，已大致查明有11次沉积间断时期形成了古岩溶面，其中两次大范围的构造隆升及一次在裂谷拉张期相对持续时间较长的古水下岩溶作用，造成古生界为主的碳酸盐岩系溶蚀尤其强烈，形成大面积的古岩溶面。这些古岩溶面对微细粒浸染型金矿的控制非常明显，部分金矿床虽未直接产于古岩溶面，但其控矿断裂带多与深部古岩溶隐伏带有关系，古岩溶面起到间接控矿作用；主要金矿化的岩性有细碎屑岩、硅质岩、基性及中酸性侵入及喷出岩等，均为硅铝质岩系，而矿化最终底板均为古岩溶面下的碳酸盐岩系。金矿形成机制为：古岩溶潜山构造在后期叠加构造蚀变时，由地层淋滤出的金在古岩溶面及其影响带发生再富集而成矿。     

新疆西天山阿克萨依铁矿床地质及地球化学特征

近年新疆阿吾拉勒铁铜成矿带内铁矿找矿勘查取得了突破性进展,阿克萨依铁矿是其中一个新发现并评价的中型规模铁矿床。该矿床的地质特征与带内其他铁矿明显不同,成因不明。矿体主要赋存于下石炭统阿克沙克组的粗安岩、玄武岩、安山岩、安山质凝灰岩,少量赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组上段的凝灰岩中。阿克沙克组玄武岩和安山岩富集LREE和LILE（如Rb、Th、K）,亏损HREE和HSFE（Nb、Ta、Ti）,稀土元素呈右倾的配分模式,结合Th-Ta-Hf/3、Zr/4-Y-Nb*2和Th-Nb构造环境判别图解,认为这些火山岩可能形成于岛弧环境。阿克萨依铁矿的形成与岛弧内发育的火山机构有关,矿体受火山机构的次级断裂控制,呈脉状、透镜状,围岩蚀变发育,以绿泥石化、碳酸盐化为主,硅化、绿帘石化为次。矿石主要为浸染状和脉状构造,局部发育块状和角砾状构造。成矿过程可划分为3个阶段：磁铁矿阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和绿泥石-碳酸盐阶段。阿克萨依铁矿区磁铁矿低w（TiO₂）（变化范围0~1.7%、平均0.2%）、w（Cr₂O₃）（0~0.2%、平均0.06%）和w（NiO）（平均值接近0）,明显不同于岩浆分异型钒钛磁铁矿床磁铁矿的w（TiO₂）（≥5.4%）,而与热液型和接触交代型铁矿磁铁矿的w（TiO₂）相似（平均0.18%~0.33%）;黄铁矿Co/Ni比值都较高（>1）,具火山成因、热液成因黄铁矿的特征;硫同位素δ³⁴S值介于-0.6‰~0.4‰,成矿流体具岩浆硫的特征。初步认为阿克萨依铁矿床可能是与火山活动紧密相关的火山-次火山热液交代型铁矿床。     

新疆天山黑色岩系型矿床的地质特征及找矿方向

概要介绍了中国天山黑色岩系分布和黑色岩系型矿床的地质特征。中国天山黑色岩系发育，主要集中在古生代，其次为中生代，目前发现与黑色岩系有关的矿种有金、钒、铀、磷、锑。中亚天山黑色岩系中发现了穆龙套和库姆托尔世界级金矿床，中国天山是其东延部分，发现了萨瓦亚尔顿、大山口、萨恨托亥等金矿床，呈现出良好的找矿前景。穆龙套金矿和萨瓦亚尔顿金矿是黑色岩系型金矿的典型代表，中国黑色岩系型金矿与中亚黑色岩系型金矿有许多相似之处。分析认为，吉根-塔尔特库里、乌兰赛尔-大山口、乌什北山、阿克牙孜河等地是最具前景的找金矿靶区，今后应加大萨瓦亚尔顿金矿的勘查和研究力度，同时注意寻找黑色岩系中的铂、钯、铜等矿种。     

新疆西天山智博铁矿床地球化学及同位素特征

智博铁矿位于新疆西天山阿吾拉勒铁成矿带东段,矿体以层状、似层状、透镜状产出于下石炭统大哈拉军山组玄武质安山岩中。智博铁矿成矿作用主要划分为岩（矿）浆期和热液期2个成矿期次,包括3个成矿阶段：磁铁矿+透辉石阶段、磁铁矿+绿帘石+钾长石阶段和石英+硫化物+碳酸盐阶段。智博铁矿地球化学特征表明,其成矿构造背景为早石炭世南天山洋向伊犁板块俯冲形成的岛弧环境;火山岩与磁铁矿石具有相同的物质来源,均来源于受俯冲带流体交代的亏损地幔楔部分熔融形成的玄武质岩浆。智博铁矿为岩浆（主要）-热液（次要）复合型矿床,受俯冲流体交代的亏损地幔楔部分熔融形成富铁的玄武质岩浆,岩浆沿深大断裂上侵形成早期火山岩,上侵过程中由于物理化学条件的改变在不混溶作用下形成铁矿浆,铁矿浆侵入早期火山岩地层形成岩浆期磁铁矿体;后期富铁的岩浆或矿浆热液使围岩发生矿化与蚀变,形成热液期磁铁矿体。     

华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要特征与成矿作用研究进展

花岗岩型铀矿床是我国最重要的铀矿床类型之一,且主要分布在华南地区。本文在简要介绍华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要地质特征的基础上,重点总结了华南花岗岩型铀矿床的产铀花岗岩、成矿时代、成矿流体和成矿物质来源等方面的研究进展。华南花岗岩型铀矿床主要分布在华夏地块,以桃山-诸广铀成矿带最为重要。矿床以中小型(300~3000t U)和中低品位(0.05%~0.2% U)为主。产铀花岗岩主要形成于三叠纪(240~205Ma)和侏罗纪(165~150Ma)两个时期,属于S型花岗岩,源区以泥质沉积岩为主。三叠纪过铝质淡色花岗岩是有利的铀源岩,其中铀主要赋存于晶质铀矿。黑云母、晶质铀矿、磷灰石和锆石成分特征是评价花岗岩产铀潜力的有效工具。华南大多数花岗岩型铀矿床形成于白垩纪-古近纪(110~50Ma),以后生热液成因为主,其形成主要与区域白垩纪-古近纪岩石圈伸展作用和幔源基性岩浆活动有关。成矿流体以大气降水为主,成矿温度集中在120~260℃、盐度一般小于10% NaCleqv,铀在流体中主要以铀酰碳酸络合物和铀酰氟化物形式迁移,物理化学条件变化和CO₂去气导致铀在有利部位沉淀。文章指出应加强花岗岩中铀活化机制、铀成矿时代、以及下庄铀矿田侏罗纪(175~145Ma)铀成矿作用研究。

     

新疆巴仑台铁铜矿床地质特征与成矿作用探讨

新疆巴仑台铁铜矿赋存于华力西期中酸性侵入岩与碳酸盐的接触带上,矿体形态以似层状、透镜状为主。围岩蚀变主要有矽卡岩化、绿泥石化、绿帘石化、硅化。矿石矿物以磁铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿为主,脉石矿物中有典型的矽卡岩矿物透辉石、石榴子石。矿床成因类型为矽卡岩型。该矿床的成矿作用主要为热液交代作用,其过程分为矽卡岩期、石英硫化物期和表生期3个成矿时期。     

新疆西天山尼新塔格铁矿床地质特征与矿床成因

尼新塔格铁矿床所属的西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带赋存有多个中-大型铁矿,近年来这些铁矿床的成因类型以及它们之间的联系已成为该地区的一个研究热点。为了探讨尼新塔格铁矿床的矿床成因并进一步揭示其成矿过程,本文对该矿床进行了系统的矿物学、岩石学、岩相学及地球化学研究。工程勘探资料显示该矿床赋矿围岩主要为下石炭统大哈拉军山组玄武粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩及安山质火山碎屑岩。根据对围岩蚀变、矿石组构、矿物共生组合的观察,将矿床的形成过程划分为矿浆期和热液期两个主要成矿期。稀土、微量元素地球化学特征显示尼新塔格铁矿区内的矿石与熔岩围岩具有同源性。岩相学及地球化学研究表明,成矿物质主要来源于岛弧环境下形成的玄武质岩浆。综合以上特征,认为尼新塔格铁矿床是由石炭纪岛弧环境下形成的玄武质岩浆分异演化的产物,在成因类型上应属火山岩型岩浆-热液复合成因磁铁矿矿床。     

济源市西北部地区铜矿床地质、地球化学特征及找矿方向

论述了济源西北部地区的地质背景、铜矿床地质和地球化学特征,并与中条山地区铜矿床进行了对比,探讨性地将济源西北部的铜矿归为中条山地区的胡蓖型、铜矿峪型、横岭关型等几种成因类型,并指出在济源西北部寻找这几种类型铜矿床的有利地区。     

Geochemical characteristics and metallogenesis of Carlin-type gold deposits in the Sandu-Danzhai metallogenic zone, Guizhou Province, China

Geochemical studies of the Paiting and Miaolong Carlin-type gold deposits in the Sandu-Danzhai metal-logenic zone,Guizhou Province,have shown that the mineralized-altered rocks show LREE-enrichment patterns,generally displaying negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.51?0.97) and unobvious negative Ce anomalies(δCe=0.86?0.99).Calcite and fluorite in relation with metallogenesis show MREE-enrichment patterns,generally displaying rather weak negative Eu anomalies(δEu=0.74?0.93) and weak negative Ce(δCe=0.70?0.98) anomalies.The δ13CPDB values of carbon in calcite are-1.61‰?-5.82‰,the δ18OSMOW values of oxygen are 13.97‰?19.24‰,and the δ34SCDT values of sulfur in stibnite are 17.72‰?21.68‰.In regard to δD and δ18O,ore-forming fluids pos-sess the characteristics of metamorphic water.The process of metallogenesis of the Carlin-type gold deposits is con-trolled by the Yanshanian tectonic activities.The Yanshanian movement promoted the migration and mobilization of metamorphic fluids in the extensively developed medium-to high-grade metamorphic rocks in this region,carrying primarily enriched gold and associated elements such as Hg,As,and Sb in the Sinian metamorphosed black shales and Lower Cambrian black shales.The ore-forming fluids found their way into a suitable metallogenic environment along the fault zone,followed by gold precipitation to form gold deposits.     

Geological characteristics,metallogenic regularity,and research progress of lithium deposits in China

China is rich in abundant lithium resources characterized by considerable reserves and a concentrated distribution of metallogenic zones or belts, with proven reserves of 4046.8×10³ t (calculated based on Li₂O) by 2021. China is also a big consumer of lithium. By 2019, China ’s lithium consumption in the battery sector alone had reached 99×10³ t, with an average annual growth rate of nearly 26%. China has become the world ’s largest importer of lithium resources, showing a severely unbalanced relationship between supply and demand for lithium resources. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the prospecting, exploitation, and study of lithium resources in China. This study collected, organized, and summarized the data on the major lithium deposits in China, analyzed and compared the spatial-temporal distribution patterns, geological characteristics, and metallogenic regularity of these lithium deposits, and summarized the prospecting and research achievements over the last decade. The major lithium deposits in China are distributed in provinces and regions such as Qinghai, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Tibet, and Xinjiang. These deposits are mostly small in scale. According to different genetic types, this study divided lithium deposits into granitic pegmatite type, granite type, saline lake brine type, underground brine type, and sedimentary type, as well as new types including hot spring type and magmatic-hydrothermal type, and summarized the characteristics and key metallogenic factors of these different types of deposits. Sixteen metallogenic prospect areas of lithium deposits were delineated according to the deposit types and the distribution patterns of metallogenic belts. The paper introduced the research progress in major metallogenic models and lithium extraction techniques made over the past decade. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the prospecting potential of lithium deposits, the authors concluded that the future prospecting of lithium resources in China should focus on lithium metallogenic belts, the deep and peripheral areas of currently determined large-scale pegmatite-type lithium deposits, geophysical-geochemical anomalous areas with mineralization clues, and areas with developed large-scale low-grade associated granite-type and sedimentary lithium resources. The study aims to serve as a guide for the future prospecting of lithium deposits in China.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.