Segment,Linkage,and Extensional Fault-Related Fold in Western Liaodong Bay Subbasin,Northeastern Bohai Sea,China

The western Liaodong (辽东) Bay subbasin displays examples of segment,linkage of extensional fault,and fault-related folds.The Liaoxi (辽西) extensional fault system consists of a series of NNE- and NE-trending segments that were linked through relay ramps.The fault hanging walls are characterized by a series of en echelon synclines with axial traces sub-parallel to the faults.The synclines are doubly plunging located on the hanging wall of normal faults,with the strata dip sub-parallel to the fault.These folds result from along-strike displacement variations of the individual fault segments,as well as from extensional fault-related folding.In the study area,the synclines are separated by transverse intra-basin highs and relay ramps that formed where segment linkage occurred.These hanging wall synclines and their relation to fault displacement variations indicate that they are formed by extensional fault-related fold.     

反转构造与其易混淆构造的对比分析

比较分析负反转断层与"跷跷板"式构造,正反转褶皱与重力滑动堑背形、地层补偿堑背形及底辟背形,断展型正反转与滚动背斜的构造形态特征。负反转断层与"跷跷板"式构造外部形态都呈现出反向的楔形,但是后者是在统一的区域应力场下,由断层活动性质的横向差异所致。正反转褶皱与背形构造外部形态都呈现出背形,但是在地层厚度、剥蚀程度、轴面及伴生构造等方面存在差异。前者地层中间厚两翼薄,顶部剥蚀程度向两翼降低,不整合面之上的地层向褶皱高点超覆。重力滑动堑背形由于是区域性张应力的大环境下局部受压的结果,所以其规模较小;重力滑动堑背形和地层补偿堑背形地层受张性区域应力控制,地层顶部无剥蚀,且无中间厚两翼薄的特征;底辟背形无横向应力,属横弯褶皱,轴面多直立,发育盐边凹陷及顶部断层簇等伴生构造。断展型正反转与滚动背斜均是断层的上盘发育背斜,但在背斜的形态、规模、地层厚度等方面存在差异。滚动背斜受同生断层控制,背斜面积和高度较小,轴面基本平行于断层面;顶部地层剥蚀不明显;与断展型正反转地层厚度呈上凸下凹的"喇叭型"相比,其地层厚度横向变化小。     

Fault-related folding in the Ramshorn Peak area,Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt

The Ramshorn Peak area of the Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt lies in the toe of the Prospect thrust sheet along the eastern margin of the exposed part of the thrust belt. The terrain is folded with axes trending N-S and wavelengths ranging from 3 to 4.3 km. Thrusts occur exclusively along the eastern part of the map area where the toe of the Prospect thrust sheet is thinnest. The easternmost thrusts are backthrusts.Monoclinally folded rocks are thrust on less deformed rocks south of Ramshorn Peak. This fold and fault complex is interpreted to have formed by thrusting over a large oblique and small forward step. The oblique step is responsible for the formation of the monocline in the hanging wall of the thrust. All faults and associated folds are rotated by subsequent buckle folding.Second- and third-order folds (folds at the scale of the Ramshorn Peak fold and fault complex and smaller) appear to be isolated features associated with faults (fault-related folds rather than buckle folds) because they are not distributed throughout the map area. These folds were probably initiated by translation and adhesive drag. The early folding was terminated by large translation over a stepped thrust surface which caused additional folding as the hanging wall rocks conformed to the irregular shape of the footwall. The Rich model is utilized to explain the Ramshorn Peak complex because the fold is of monoclinal form and is an isolated feature rather than part of a buckle fold wave-train.     

对燕山辽西地区构造格局的认识和讨论

燕山辽西地区的盖层可分两个构造层,由燕辽复向斜和秦皇岛背形相互叠加,并相应发育两期推覆构造。复向斜范围包括内蒙地轴和燕山沉降带,是由长条形的三个背斜和二个向斜相间,及配套的EW向纵断裂、SN向横断裂和NE向、NW向的共轭断裂组成。著名的尚义-宽城-凌源-朝阳-北票断裂是复向斜及其次级背斜的轴部纵断裂,以南大岭组、窑坡组和北票组作为其裂隙充填物。燕山EW向断裂南北对冲现象是复向斜纵断裂放射状排列并向核部推覆的反映。复向斜的形成机制完全符合纵弯褶皱作用下岩石的变形原理,是西伯利亚板块和华北板块碰撞的结果;秦皇岛背形的形成是后期太平洋板块俯冲在欧亚板块之下所致。     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷构造变形对沉降中心迁移的控制

海拉尔盆地是叠置于内蒙-大兴安岭古生代碰撞造山带之上的中、新生代盆地,乌尔逊凹陷是海拉尔盆地中部的1个二级构造单元,自早白垩世开始,经历了3次伸展作用、2次挤压作用,盆地中地层厚度和沉降中心的迁移主要受同生断层和与之伴生的断层相关褶皱所控制。在伸展作用时期：当发育1个犁式正断层,在其上盘形成1个箕状断陷,沉降中心位于断层上盘、靠近断层的区域,在伸展量较大的部位形成1个或多个沉降中心;当发育多个控陷正断层,在其上盘形成多个相互独立的箕状断陷,但每一个断陷都有各自的沉降中心,不同方向断层的交汇部位往往就是断陷的沉降中心。随着伸展量的增大,断陷的沉降中心不断向控陷正断层滑动的相反方向迁移,盆地的规模也随之增大。在第一次挤压作用中,早期NS向控陷断层F₁发生反转作用,其上盘靠近断层的部位发生隆升,远离断层的部位作为大型断层传播褶皱背斜前翼也发生旋转式隆升,乌尔逊凹陷成为NS向大型断层传播褶皱背斜的前翼向斜,地层的沉积厚度在靠近断层的部位和远离断层的部位都很薄;向大型断层传播褶皱背斜前翼向斜部位,地层的沉积厚度逐渐增大,盆地的沉降中心向向斜的低洼区域迁移。在第二次挤压作用中,早期NS向控陷断层F₂发生反转作用,在乌尔逊凹陷中部形成1个规模较大的NS向断层传播褶皱背斜或突发构造,背斜或突发构造的顶部被剥蚀,盆地的沉降中心位于中部背斜带前、后翼向斜的低洼区域。     

甘-新北山金窝子金矿田构造控矿解析

金窝子金矿田位于中朝—塔里木板块与哈萨克斯坦板块俯冲碰撞带南缘的甘—新北山中带，是受断裂构造控制的岩浆热液型金矿床。区域构造格局控制成矿带的分布，不同构造单元具有不同的控矿构造型式。金矿田内基本构造格局是走向：NE、倾向NW的低角度逆冲断层及其伴生(派)生的同走向高角度逆冲断层、紧闭褶皱以及与其垂直的高角度横张断层组成的推覆构造体系。NE向低角度逆冲断层控制蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化(以210金矿床为代表)，NNW向高角度横张断层控制石英脉型金矿化(以金窝子金矿床为代表)，而NE向高角度逆冲断层和紧闭褶皱中无金矿化。NE向低角度断层不仅是重要的含矿构造，而且在成矿过程中起着控制成矿物理化学界面的作用。所以，金窝子金矿田2种不同金矿化类型是同一成矿作用在不同控矿构造动力学条件下的具体表现。     

The Yagan Metamorphic Core Complex and Extensional Detachment Fault in Inner Mangolia,China1

Abstract The article describes the characteristics of the Yagan metamorphic core complex, especially the associated detachment fault and various extensional structures in its footwall. The age of the complex is discussed in some detail as well. The basic features of the Yagan metamorphic complex (Jurassic in age) are similar to those of the metamorphic core complex (Tertiary in age) in the Cordilleran area; they are as follows: (a) mylonitic gneisses in the footwall, (b) chloritized sheared mylonitic rocks, (c) pseudotachylites and flinty cataclasites or microbreccias, (d) unmetamorphosed or epimetamorphic rocks in the hanging wall with a layer of fault gouges or incohesive fault breccia next to the detachment fault. In contrast to its Cordilleran counterpart, however, there are many extensional faults with different styles (from dactile low-angle normal faults through brittle — ductile to brittle high — angle normal faults) in the footwall.     

吐哈盆地中央构造带正反转演化特征

吐哈盆地中央构造带由火焰山构造和七克台构造组成。中央构造带形成于三叠纪晚期至侏罗纪早期,表现为伸展构造特征,生长断层上盘地层厚度明显大于下盘,并于断层上盘所在的台北凹陷形成沉降中心。晚侏罗世,由于拉萨陆块与欧亚大陆的碰撞作用导致吐哈盆地由伸展盆地转变为挤压盆地,中央构造带也于此时发生构造反转,由早期的伸展正断层转变为挤压逆断层。发生于55Ma的喜山构造事件对天山地区产生了深刻的影响,但影响时间略有滞后,大致发生在晚渐新世至早中新世,中央构造带即在此次构造事件中强烈变形,逆冲出露于地表。     

龙山门断裂带活动特征与工程区域地壳稳定性评价理论

2008年5月12日发生的里氏8.0级汶川地震处于龙门山造山带与四川盆地的构造边界上。350km长的地表破裂带呈右行左阶雁行排列在具有逆冲和右行走滑性质的汶川茂县青川、映秀北川和江油都江堰3条断层带上。下地壳的韧性流动伴随中地壳韧-脆性剪切带应力和应变的积累,产生上地壳脆性发震断层,并控制地表破裂带和滑坡的分布。震源出现在上地壳脆性断层与中地壳脆-韧性剪切带的交汇部位。〖KG2〗以汶川地震为例,结合板内地震基本特征,提出引入大陆动力学理论完善工程区域稳定性理论基础,构建基于板块学说、地质力学和大陆动力学理论的相互补充的工程区域稳定性评价体系;对活断层与地震活动性预测提出见解,强调仅仅从活断层的存在及其活动强度来预测地震活动性与强度是远远不够甚至是错误的,必须将下地壳、中地壳和上地壳结构作为一个整体加以研究和判别;提出工程区域地壳稳定性评价指标体系,指出了大陆内部安全岛划分应采用的核心指标。     

南雄断裂构造剥离作用及其与铀成矿的关系

南雄断裂带下盘发育规模较大，平行于断裂走向的糜棱岩带，上盘为一中新生代盆地，随着地层时代的变新，沉积中心向断层一侧迁移。本文通过对断裂下盘糜棱岩带的剖面测量，对糜校岩中Ｓ－Ｃ面理、旋转碎斑和拉伸线理等各种韧性变形组构的详细研究，根据变形组构的运动学指向，结合断裂带内脆性构造岩及盆地中正断层的发育状况和展布特征，确定南雄断裂为一规模巨大的剥离断层。对剥离断层与铀成矿的关系本文也进行了初步探讨。     

The Yaean Metamorphic Core Complex and Extensional Detachment Fault in Inner Mangolia, China

The article describes the characteristics of the Yagan metamorphic core complex, especially the associated detachment fault and various extensional structures in its footwall. The age of the complex is discussed in some detail as well. The basic features of the Yagan metamorphic complex (Jurassic in age) are similar to those of the metamorphic core complex (Tertiary in age) in the Cordilleran area; they are as follows: (a) mylonitic gneisses in the footwall, (b) chloritized sheared mylonitic rocks, (c) pseudotachylites and flinty cataclasites or microbreccias, (d) unmetamorphosed or epimetamorphic rocks in the hanging wall with a layer of fault gouges or incohesive fault breccia next to the detachment fault. In contrast to its Cordilleran counterpart, however, there are many extensional faults with different styles (from dactile low-angle normal faults through brittle-ductile to brittle high-angle normal faults)in the footwall.     

Reverse drag revisited: Why footwall deformation may be the key to inferring listric fault geometry

Although reverse drag, the down warping of hanging wall strata toward a normal fault, is widely accepted as an indicator of listric fault geometry, previous studies have shown that similar folding may form in response to slip on faults of finite vertical extent with listric or planar geometry. In this study we therefore seek more general criteria for inferring subsurface fault geometry from observations of near-surface deformation by directly comparing patterns of displacement, stress, and strain around planar and listric faults, as predicted by elastic boundary element models. In agreement with previous work, we find that models with finite planar, planar-detached, and listric-detached faults all develop hanging wall reverse-drag folds. All of these model geometries also predict a region of tension and elevated maximum Coulomb stress in the hanging wall suggesting that the distribution and orientation of near-surface joints and secondary faults may also be of limited utility in predicting subsurface fault geometry. The most notable difference between the three models, however, is the magnitude of footwall uplift. Footwall uplift decreases slightly with introduction of a detachment and more significantly with the addition of a listric fault shape. A parametric investigation of faults with constant slip ranging from nearly planar to strongly listric over depths from 1 to 15 km reveals that footwall fold width is sensitive to fault geometry while hanging wall fold width largely reflects fault depth. Application of a graphical approach based on these results as well as more complete inverse modeling illustrates how patterns of combined hanging wall and footwall deformation may be used to constrain subsurface fault geometry.     

箕状断陷控洼断裂上下盘油气成藏差异性及勘探实践——以南海北部珠江口盆地惠州凹陷X洼为例

箕状断陷是中国东部陆架边缘盆地常见的洼陷样式,其陡坡带是有利的油气成藏区带之一。控洼边界断裂对于陡坡带油气成藏具有明显控制作用。断裂带内部结构导致下盘油气成藏模式不同于上盘。以珠江口盆地惠州凹陷X洼控洼边界断裂（X断裂）为例,分析认为其为一条长期继承性活动的大断层,发育完善的破碎带和断层核二元结构,并以此为基础分析了X断裂对下盘油气成藏的控制作用及其与上盘的差异。采用定性+定量的方法评价认为,X断裂发育连续的致密断层岩,在主要目的层具有良好的侧向封闭性;导致两盘成藏差异的是断层垂向封闭性。X断裂下盘油气成藏的运移方式异于上盘,由于断层核的遮挡,油气并不是直接充注圈闭,而是通过断层末端或者转换带的连通砂体以类似于螺旋楼梯式的方式运移至下盘。综合认为,X洼下盘断圈构造具有勘探潜力并得到了钻井证实。     

喜马拉雅造山带中段定结地区拆离断层

定结地区位于喜马拉雅造山带中段,发育大量的低角度伸展拆离断层,这些拆离断层中部分构成了藏南拆离系的主体。它们基本上垂直于造山带走向伸展,各拆离断层特征显著,普遍发育糜棱岩,糜棱岩类型复杂,主要有硅质糜棱岩、长英质糜棱岩、花岗质糜棱岩。在研究区的北部,拆离断层呈环状产出,构成变质核杂岩三层结构中的中间层,规模一般较大;同时拆离断层使变质核杂岩体盖层中的部分地层拆离减薄;在研究区南部拆离断层呈线状延伸很远,总体上平行造山带延伸,构成了藏南拆离系重要组成部分。部分拆离断层同韧性剪切带平行产出,形成拆离剪切的脆韧性体系。     

Co-seismic Faults and Geological Hazards and Incidence of Active Fault of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake,Sichuan,China

There are two co-seismic faults which developed when the Wenchuan earthquake happened. One occurred along the active fault zone in the central Longmen Mts.and the other in the front of Longmen Mts.The length of which is more than 270 km and about 80 km respectively.The co-seismic fault shows a reverse flexure belt with strike of N45°-60°E in the ground,which caused uplift at its northwest side and subsidence at the southeast.The fault face dips to the northwest with a dip angle ranging from 50°to 60°.The...     

Co‐seismic Faults and Geological Hazards and Incidence of Active Fault of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake,Sichuan, China

Abstract: There are two co-seismic faults which developed when the Wenchuan earthquake happened. One occurred along the active fault zone in the central Longmen Mts. and the other in the front of Longmen Mts. The length of which is more than 270 km and about 80 km respectively. The co-seismic fault shows a reverse flexure belt with strike of N45°–60°E in the ground, which caused uplift at its northwest side and subsidence at the southeast. The fault face dips to the northwest with a dip angle ranging from 50° to 60°. The vertical offset of the co-seismic fault ranges 2.5–3.0 m along the Yingxiu-Beichuan co-seismic fault, and 1.5–1.1 m along the Doujiangyan-Hanwang fault. Movement of the co-seismic fault presents obvious segmented features along the active fault zone in central Longmen Mts. For instance, in the section from Yingxiu to Leigu town, thrust without evident slip occurred; while from Beichuan to Qingchuan, thrust and dextral strike-slip take place. Main movement along the front Longmen Mts. shows thrust without slip and segmented features. The area of earthquake intensity more than IX degree and the distribution of secondary geological hazards occurred along the hanging wall of co-seismic faults, and were consistent with the area of aftershock, and its width is less than 40km from co-seismic faults in the hanging wall. The secondary geological hazards, collapses, landslides, debris flows et al., concentrated in the hanging wall of co-seismic fault within 0–20 km from co-seismic fault.     

Formation and shortening deformation of a back-arc rift basin revealed by deep seismic profiling, central Japan

The northern Fossa Magna (NFM) basin is a Miocene rift system produced in the final stages of the opening of the Sea of Japan. It divides the major structure of Japan into two regions, with north-trending geological structures to the NE of the basin and EW trending structures to the west of the basin. The Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line (ISTL) bounds the western part of the northern Fossa Magna and forms an active fault system that displays one of the largest slip rates (4–9 mm/year) in the Japanese islands. Deep seismic reflection and refraction/wide-angle reflection profiling were undertaken in 2002 across the northern part of ISTL in order to delineate structures in the crust, and the deep geometry of the active fault systems. The seismic images are interpreted based on the pattern of reflectors, the surface geology and velocities derived from refraction analysis. The 68-km-long seismic section suggests that the Miocene NFM basin was formed by an east dipping normal fault with a shallow flat segment to 6 km depth and a deeper ramp penetrating to 15 km depth. This low-angle normal fault originated as a comparatively shallow brittle/ductile detachment in a high thermal regime present in the Miocene. The NFM basin was filled by a thick (>6 km) accumulation of sediments. Shortening since the late Neogene is accommodated along NS to NE–SE trending thrust faults that previously accommodated extension and produce fault-related folds on their hanging wall. Based on our balanced geologic cross-section, the total amount of Miocene extension is ca. 42 km and the total amount of late Neogene to Quaternary shortening is ca. 23 km.     

Three-dimensional structure along the inverted Palaeoproterozoic Fiery Creek Fault System, Mount Isa terrane, Australia

The NW-dipping Fiery Creek Fault System, located in the northern Mount Isa terrane, comprises numerous sub-parallel faults that record multiple episodes of Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic movement. Hanging wall wedge-shaped stratal geometries and marked stratal thickness variation across the fault system indicate that the earliest movement occurred during episodic intracontinental extension (Mount Isa Rift Event; ca. 1710–1655 Ma). Reactivation of the fault system during regional shortening and basin inversion associated with the Mesoproterozoic Isan Orogeny (ca. 1590–1500 Ma) resulted in complex three-dimensional hanging wall geometries and highly variable strain in the hanging wall strata along the fault system. This has resulted in the development of discrete hanging wall deformation compartments, that are characterised by different structural styles. High strain compartments are characterised by relatively intense folding and the development of break-back thrusts, whereas low strain compartments are only weakly folded. Variations in hanging wall strain are attributed to selective reactivation of normal fault segments, controlled by the pre-inversion fault dip and lithological contrasts across the faults. Variation of the pre-inversion fault dip is interpreted to have been caused by episodic tilt-block rotation during crustal extension. Moderately dipping faults active early in the Mount Isa Rift Event show the greatest degree of reactivation, whereas younger and steeper normal faults have behaved as buttresses during inversion with strain focussed in zones of upright folding in the hanging wall.     

反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气机理的定量解释

为了研究含油气盆地中断裂对油气成藏与分布的控制作用,在断层侧向封闭机理及影响因素研究的基础上,对反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气的机理进行了定量解释。结果表明,无论是反向断裂还是顺向断裂,均源于断层岩封闭油气,断层岩油气运移方向排替压力是影响其侧向封闭油气能力的主要因素。在断裂埋深、断裂倾角和地层岩性、地层倾角相同的条件下,理论上反向断裂断层岩泥质体积分数大于顺向断裂断层岩泥质体积分数,即反向断裂断层岩油气运移方向排替压力大于顺向断裂断层岩油气运移方向排替压力,反向断裂侧向封闭能力强于顺向断裂侧向封闭能力,造成反向断裂下盘较顺向断裂上盘更易富集油气。歧口凹陷板桥断裂下盘沙一段下部断层岩在反向条件和顺向条件下油气运移方向排替压力的实例研究结果表明,反向条件下较顺向条件下在油气运移方向有更高的排替压力,侧向封闭能力更强,更有利于油气在板桥断裂下盘沙一段储层中富集。