神农架大九湖湿地摇蚊群落组成及其环境指示意义

泥炭地是一种水-陆过渡型的湿地生态系统。水体沼泽化过程中,植被等生物群落也随之改变,进而影响泥炭地碳埋藏和发育过程。作为泥炭地生态系统重要的次级生产者,摇蚊群落结构变迁可以为追溯泥炭地环境演变和发育历史提供关键线索。泥炭地在发育过程中将经历各种不同阶段,然而,现有的泥炭地摇蚊群落调查仅限于泥炭生境或泥炭地中开阔水域,较短的生境梯度不足以提供更为全面的摇蚊群落变化信息。神农架大九湖湿地包含泥炭地、湖泊、临时性水体等多种生境,本研究选择该湿地公园作为研究区域,通过采集不同生境的表层沉积物及水体样品,提取底泥亚化石摇蚊头壳,分析大九湖湿地中不同生境下的摇蚊群落结构差异,并对其与环境因子间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:1)大九湖湿地不同生境中摇蚊优势种迥异,泥炭藓藓丘生境中Limnophyes、Psilometriocnemus、Pseudosmittia等半陆生种类为主要优势种,湖泊生境中则以典型静水种Polypedilum nubeculosum-type为主要优势种,而过渡性水域(泥炭地洼地、沟渠及水洼生境)中,静水种与半陆生种共存;2)烧失量、水位埋深和pH是塑造不同生境类型下摇蚊群落结构的显著环境因子,水文条件主要通过改变碳积累过程等其他环境条件间接影响生物群落组成;3)沿水生-半陆生生境梯度,有机质含量和类型均发生显著变化,而摇蚊群落也由静水种、静水/半陆生共存转变为以半陆生种为主,摇蚊群落对生境变化表现出良好的响应过程。本研究揭示了不同生境条件下摇蚊群落的结构差异及影响摇蚊群落结构的潜在因子,为未来基于摇蚊的长时间尺度上泥炭地发育过程分析提供参考依据。     

太湖梅梁湾摇蚊亚化石沉积记录及营养演化研究

对太湖梅梁湾T0905岩芯摇蚊幼虫亚化石组合进行了分析,探讨了自1940年以来梅梁湾湖区摇蚊幼虫对营养盐演化的响应.结果表明,梅梁湾湖区摇蚊组合变化以1970年为分界点,经历了由Tanytarsus为优势属种向富营养属种Chironomus plumosus-type和Microchironomus为优势组合转变的过程...     

新疆巴音布鲁克湿地沉积摇蚊记录对气候变化的响应

基于新疆巴音布鲁克高寒湿地中一碟形洼地沉积岩芯210Pb测年、摇蚊、沉积理化指标分析结果,利用冗余分析,结合气象资料,探讨了近60 a来气候变化对摇蚊演替的影响.摇蚊亚化石组合表明,从1990s开始摇蚊优势种从适应性较强的Chironomus plumosus-type向与水生植物关系密切的Dicrotendips nervosus-type、Paratanytarsus penicillatus-type转变.冗余分析结果表明总有机碳含量和粒度是影响摇蚊组合演替的主要环境因子,两者共同解释了摇蚊组合变化的31%.气候变化通过改变湿地水量平衡影响水生植被、土壤侵蚀和水体扰动,进而影响摇蚊种群演替.     

枝角类亚化石揭示的湖北太白湖过去百余年环境演变

近百年来长江中下游地区的浅水湖泊经历了气候变化及日益增强的人类扰动,造成了普遍的湖泊富营养化、水动力条件和水生生态系统的状态转变,水体的生态服务功能明显退化.枝角类作为一种重要的水生生物,敏感地响应于湖泊及其流域的环境变化,但目前对亚热带湖泊中的枝角类亚化石的环境指示意义,与其它古生态指标如硅藻、摇蚊等对环境变化的响应差异尚未明确.因此,本文以浅水湖泊太白湖为研究对象,结合流域历史资料和监测数据,基于沉积岩芯中枝角类群落过去百年来的期演化序列,重建了近百年来太白湖的历史环境演变过程及机制.对比硅藻及摇蚊的群落演化特征,探讨了多门类古生态指标对环境变化的响应差异.本文重点讨论了枝角类对湖泊鱼类产量指示意义及利用枝角类亚化石来重建历史环境的应用前景及不足.     

近200 a来云南阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性及稳定性变化

云南省拥有丰富的生物多样性,其生态系统稳定性对于发挥生态系统服务功能十分重要,但近几十年以来的人类活动以及气候变化带来的干扰削弱了该区域的生态系统功能.本文以阳宗海为研究对象,探讨了1820s—2006年间人类活动背景下摇蚊群落多样性和稳定性的变化过程,并进一步探讨阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性与稳定性之间的关系.利用沉积物中的营养指标(总有机碳(TOC)含量、总氮(TN)含量和TOC/TN摩尔比)及摇蚊分别重建了湖泊营养变化及摇蚊群落物种丰富度、均匀度、相似度和稳定性(ar1),利用PCA第1轴代表摇蚊群落以检测突变点.研究发现摇蚊群落组成与湖泊营养变化有较好的一致性,二者在1990年左右发生突变,物种丰富度、均匀度和相似度指数分别在1950s、1990s初以及1970s初升高,说明摇蚊群落组成逐渐多样化,种属分布更加均匀.通过检测发现摇蚊群落稳定性在1960s初开始降低,比湖泊系统突变提前30 a左右.摇蚊群落的物种丰富度、均匀度以及稳定性指标伴随着湖泊外源营养物质输入比例增加而升高,群落多样性与稳定性之间的相关性分析表明群落稳定性随物种丰富度的升高而降低.     

亚高山湿地摇蚊亚化石记录的近两百年来环境演化——以重庆葱坪湿地为例

偏远的亚高山湿地受人为活动直接干扰较小,是追踪气候变化和大气沉降双重影响下湿地生态系统演化的理想研究地.本研究以位于巫山的葱坪湿地为研究对象,基于一根50 cm沉积岩芯的²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs测年、摇蚊亚化石和元素序列,探讨该湿地近200年来环境演化历史.结果表明,摇蚊种群由1910年之前的Chironomus anthracinus-type、Limnophyes sp.、Cladotanytarsus mancus-type 1变为1910-1925年的C.mancus-type 1、C.anthracinus-type、Procladius sp.和Endochironomus impar-type的优势组合,这些优势种均指示浅水环境.此后,耐营养种E.impar-type、Polypedilum nubeculosum-type和C.anthracinus-type逐渐成为优势种.冗余分析表明,总磷、总碳和钙是解释摇蚊组合变化的显著环境因子.20世纪30年代以前摇蚊种群可能与进入湿地的径流量小、水位较低相关,而20世纪中叶以来摇蚊组合变化指示大气沉降增长背景下湿地营养富集过程.在大气沉降和气候变化的双重影响下,耐营养属种增加和生物多样性降低表明葱坪湿地生态环境正发生退化.     

江西省浅水湖泊大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性特征和影响因素

2019年春、秋两季,对江西省76个湖泊的底栖动物进行了调查,在分析其群落结构和多样性的基础上,探讨了多样性与环境因子间的关系,旨在确定影响大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性的重要环境因子,以期为江西省湖泊的精准化管理提供科学依据和技术支持。两次调查共检出140个分类单元,以水生昆虫和软体动物为主,摇蚊类物种数占水生昆虫物种数的53.62%。富营养指示种(长足摇蚊属一种和摇蚊属一种)为春、秋两季的优势分类单元,湖沼典型种(长足摇蚊属一种、摇蚊属一种、石田螺属一种、苏氏尾鳃蚓和霍甫水丝蚓)的丰度变化导致了群落结构的季节变化。大型底栖无脊椎动物α多样性水平较低,基于PLSR和PLS-SEM的分析结果表明,影响大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性指标的环境因子既与藻类种群动态密切相关,也与水质状态有关。大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性与藻类种群状态存在稳定的联系,不受季节因素的影响,过高的藻类丰度不利于大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性的提高,而较好的水质状况有利于大型底栖无脊椎动物多样性的提高。为保护江西省湖泊大型底栖无脊椎动物资源,应在具有渔业养殖功能的湖泊和城镇湖泊中进行水生植物的修复工作,使藻型湖泊向草型湖泊方向演化;对一...     

细菌群落在神农架大九湖泥炭藓与表层沉积物的垂向变化及其生态意义

为了探讨泥炭藓共生细菌和泥炭表层沉积物细菌群落的垂向变化以及它们在湿地生态系统中的作用,对大九湖泥炭湿地泥炭藓植株的不同部位和下伏泥炭沉积物进行了分层采样.利用克隆文库和荧光定量PCR技术对样品中的细菌进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明,尽管细菌的16S rRNA基因拷贝数在同一个数量级(108个拷贝/克样品),并以变形菌和酸杆菌占优势,但细菌群落组成由泥炭藓上部至下部再到泥炭沉积物不同深度存在显著的空间变化.泥炭藓上部以蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)和a变形菌门(alpha-Proteobacteria)为主,中部则以酸杆菌门(Acidobateria)为主,泥炭藓下部和最表层泥炭以?变形菌门和酸杆菌门为主,地表以下的泥炭样品以酸杆菌门占优势.细菌组成的这种空间分布规律与细菌的生态功能密切相关.泥炭藓上部的蓝细菌通过光合作用与泥炭藓共生.酸杆菌门的细菌一方面能适应泥炭湿地低pH的环境条件,另一方面还在泥炭藓植株的降解及泥炭的形成中发挥重要作用,并可能参与泥炭湿地酸性条件的形成.在泥炭藓不同部位均发现了甲基胞囊菌科(Methylocystaceae)的克隆,暗示甲烷氧化不仅局限于泥炭藓死亡的透明细胞中,而是在泥炭藓的整个植株中均可能存在着活跃的甲烷氧化过程.这一工作对深刻理解和定量研究泥炭地的微生物地球化学过程,特别是甲烷通量以及甲烷循环具有重要意义.     

太湖流域西氿摇蚊亚化石群落对湖泊生态系统稳态转换的响应

探究湖泊生态系统稳态转换机制对科学管理湖泊环境具有重大的意义本文通过西氿沉积岩芯XJ2018中的生物指标(摇蚊亚化石)及地球化学指标(总氮和总磷),探讨了其环境演变历程以及生态系统的稳态转换摇蚊亚化石群落变化和系统突变指数(RSI)结果均表明,西氿生态系统在近40年内经历了明显的稳态转换1990s前,湖泊营养状态较低,水生植被覆盖度较高,摇蚊群落以附植型摇蚊(Cricotopus trifasciatus、Dicrotendipes spp)为主,广食性的长足类摇蚊丰度最低,此时西氿为草型-清水态湖泊;以1990年为节点一直到2000年前后,由于宜兴市围网养鱼以及农业发展迅速,湖泊营养状态在较短的时间内,发生了一次显著的转变,附植型类群逐步减少,广食型类群(Tanypus chinensis、Microchironomus tabarui)暴发且逐步占据统治地位,湖泊营养化程度逐渐加剧,由草型逐步向藻型过渡; 2000 2010年,湖泊生态系统进一步恶化,附植型类群几乎消失,广食型长足亚科(Tanypus chinensis、Procladius choreus)占绝对优势,2010年以后,附植型摇蚊类群的恢复和广食型摇蚊数量的下降,表明随着生态保护的重视和生态治理的实施,西氿环境略有改善,但藻型富营养湖泊的状态仍未改变.     

中国东部山地泥炭高分辨率腐殖化度记录的晚冰期以来气候变化

对中国东部中纬度季风区内的两处山地泥炭——神农架大九湖泥炭和天目山千亩田泥炭腐殖化度进行了研究,并对两剖面的孢粉记录、有机质含量、TOC和Rb／Sr对比分析,结果表明在东亚季风区山间盆地,气候越干冷时泥炭的分解就越强烈,以吸光度表征的腐殖化度就越高;相反,当气候较温暖潮湿时泥炭主要处于还原状态,分解较慢,腐殖化度较低．大九湖剖面的腐殖化度记录了晚冰期（约16．0～11．4cal ka BP）中的新仙女木（YD）（约11．4～12．6cal ka BP）冷干事件、博令．阿勒罗德暖湿期（B．A暖期,约12．6～15．2cal ka BP）、最老仙女木冷干事件（OD,约15．2～16．0cal ka BP）、早全新世的湿润期（约11．4—9．4cal ka BP）、8．2cal ka BP前后的冷干事件和约7．0～4．2cal ka BP之间的全新世最佳适宜期．神农架大九湖和天目山千亩田近5000a以来的泥炭腐殖化度记录有着很好的一致性,表明相近纬度不同经度的山地泥炭对东亚季风降水变化的响应是同步的．近5000a来的气候变化在两个山地泥剖面中几乎同步记录有3大阶段：4．9～3．5cal ka BP,季风降水整体处于高值,但波动剧烈,其中,在约4．2cal ka BP前后,季风降水急剧下降,在3．7cal ka BP前后达到最干旱的峰值后又快速回升：3．5～0．9cal ka BP,季风降水强度整体较弱,但也存在明显的次级干湿波动;0．9cal ka BP以来,吸光度值逐渐降低,表明季风降水增多．与中国东部季风区其他高分辨率沉积记录对比,文中亚高山泥炭记录的约1．6万年以来的气候变化响应了北半球夏季太阳辐射的统一驱动．     

How representative are subfossil assemblages of Chironomidae and common benthic invertebrates for the living fauna of Lake De Waay,the Netherlands?

The distribution of benthic invertebrates and their subfossil remains was examined within the basin of De Waay, a dimictic, eutrophic lake in the Netherlands. We focused on Chironomidae, but also report the abundances of 11 invertebrate groups that potentially produce chitinous remains that are preserved in the fossil record, although their remains could only be identified at a coarser taxonomic resolution. Most living invertebrates sampled in different seasons were constrained to the littoral zone, with the exception of a few taxa (Ceratopogonidae, Chaoborus flavicans, and Chironomus) that are adapted to low oxygen conditions in the seasonally anoxic profundal zone. In contrast, assemblages of invertebrate remains in lake surface sediments were similar in the entire lake basin, suggesting that considerable numbers of invertebrate remains are transported and redeposited off-shore in Lake De Waay, due to its steep bathymetry. These results indicate that a single sediment sample obtained from the centre of this lake contains subfossil invertebrate remains originating from the entire lake basin. In Lake De Waay, the majority of taxa found in the living assemblages were identified as remains in lake surface sediments, at least for the Chironomidae that could be identified at a similar taxonomic level in living and subfossil assemblages. Of the total 44 chironomid taxa found in Lake De Waay, 35 taxa occurred in the living assemblages and 34 taxa occurred in the subfossil assemblages. Thirty chironomid taxa occurred both as living and subfossil specimens, and on average these 30 taxa represent 94% of the specimens encountered in a sediment sample. Five rare chironomid taxa present as living larvae were not detected in the subfossil assemblages. Conversely, eight rare and four common chironomid taxa were found in subfossil remains, but not in living assemblages. Our results indicate that subfossil assemblages in surface sediment samples provide spatially integrated and representative samples of the living assemblage. However, a combined approach examining both the living benthic invertebrate fauna and invertebrate remains in lake surface sediments will potentially give a more complete and detailed overview of benthic invertebrates in a lake ecosystem than an approach based exclusively on one of these groups.     

Associations of lake-living Chironomidae. A cluster analysis of Brundin's and recent data from Swedish lakes

Three major lake clusters, corresponding to different trophic categories of lakes, were identified in a group average cluster analysis of 34 lakes and 33 profundal chironomid taxa. The classification of chironomids was not as distinct as that of lakes, presumably because of the incomplete identification of species. Groups of chironomid taxa associated with different lakes types could be more sharply delineated in a post-clustering analysis after reallocation of some lakes and taxa.     

Chironomid diversity in the diets of Ponto-Caspian gobiids in a freshwater habitat: Implications for resource partitioning

Chironomid taxa in the diets of six co-occurring gobiids (Caucasian dwarf goby Knipowitschia caucasica; monkey goby, Neogobius fluviatilis; racer goby, Babka gymnotrachelus; round goby, Neogobius melanostomus; bighead goby, Ponticola kessleri; and western tubenose goby, Proterorhinus semilunaris) were investigated in a freshwater habitat in Ukraine. Overall, 32 chironomid morphotypes were identified, among which the most abundant were Polypedilum convictum, Cricotopus sylvestris, Glyptotendipes spp., and Endochironomus albipennis. The racer and monkey gobies were characterized by the highest diversity of chironomid morphotypes in their diets, while the bighead goby by the lowest diversity. Highest similarities of chironomid assemblages in gut contents were observed among the monkey, racer, and round gobies as well as between the bighead and tubenose gobies, while the lowest similarity was observed between the monkey goby and Caucasian dwarf, tubenose, and bighead gobies. Mean sizes of chironomids in the gut contents of different gobiids varied; Caucasian dwarf and tubenose gobies consumed significantly smaller chironomids. Diversity of chironomid taxa in the diets of gobies depended on the type of each fishes’ habitat. Tubenose and bighead gobies preyed mainly on phytophilous chironomids; the monkey and round gobies preferred bottom-dwelling, burrowing chironomids; while Caucasian dwarf and racer gobies consumed both phytophilous and bottom-dwelling, burrowing taxa.     

Vertical variations and associated ecological function of bacterial communities from Sphagnum to underlying sediments in Dajiuhu Peatland

To investigate vertical changes of bacterial communities from living plants to the associated sediments and bacterial biogeochemical roles in peatland ecosystem,samples of different part of individual Sphagnum palustre and the different layers of the underlying sediments were collected from Dajiuhu Peatland in central China.All samples were subject to 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and quantitative PCR analysis.Even though bacteria vary in abundance at the same order of magnitude in all samples,they show great profile difference in composition from the top part of S.palustre to the low layer of the sediments.Cyanobacteria and alpha-Proteobacteria dominate at the top part whereas Acidobacteria at the middle part of S.palustre.Alpha-Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria are the dominant phyla at the bottom part of S.palustre and in the surface peat sediment.In contrast,bacterial communities in the subsurface sediments are dominated by Acidobacteria.These profile distributions of different bacterial communities are closely related to their ecological functions in the peatland ecosystem.Specifically,most Cyanobacteria were observed at the top green part of S.palustre,a horizon where the active photosynthesis of the moss occurs,which infers their endosymbiosis.In contrast,Acidobacteria,dominant in the subsurface sediments,are able to decompose the specific compounds on the cell wall of Sphagnum moss and thus might play an important role in the formation of the peatland,including the acidic condition.Methane oxidizing process might have been underestimated in Sphagnum peatland due to the identification of Methylocystaceae in all parts of the moss investigated here.The vertical difference in bacterial composition and bacterial ecological functions presented here sheds light on the understanding of biogeochemical processes,in particular the CH4 flux,in peat ecosystems.     

Contrasting responses of dimictic and polymictic lakes to environmental change: a spatial and temporal study

Although comparative analyses between dimictic and polymictic lakes have noted the key role of mixing regime in governing water quality, limnologists have historically focused on dimictic lakes, leaving polymictic lakes relatively understudied. In this study, we investigated whether the effects of agricultural development on water quality differed between dimictic and polymictic lakes in a naturally nutrient-rich region of Alberta, Canada. Through a spatial limnological analysis of 36 sites, we found that the relationship between surface water total phosphorus concentration and the percent of agriculture (% Agr) in the catchments differed between dimictic and polymictic lakes, where the proportion of variance explained was much more pronounced in the dimictic (79% explained) than in the polymictic systems (7% explained). Paleolimnological analyses of subfossil chironomids in surface sediment samples (0–1 cm) from 18 of the 36 study lakes, and in sediment core profiles from the dimictic and polymictic basins of a eutrophic lake, showed that water quality differed between mixis groups. We found that the surface sediment chironomid assemblages differed significantly between polymictic and dimictic lakes. Detailed analyses of the sediment cores demonstrated that the two basin types differed in their responses to land-use change through time, as only the dimictic basin showed a parallel increase in anoxia with increasing agricultural development. We suggest that in naturally-fertile landscapes, external nutrient loading exerts a more notable effect on dimictic lakes, whereas internal nutrient loading is more important in polymictic systems.