描述前兆异常幅度的归一化方法

描述前兆异常幅度的归一化方法１问题的提出目前关于地震前兆异常幅度的表示缺少统一的方法，各手段用各自的观测量（有些甚至用仪器读数）的变化作为异常幅度，在地电阻率观测中用视电阻率的相对变化作为异常，幅度，而在地应力观测中则以电感值或转换后的应力值的变化作...     

短期前兆动态变化与地震关系的研究

应用地震前周、月会商中各前兆手段提出了短期兆异常动态变化，研究了地震短临异常的某些特征和综合预报指标，其最大的特点是应用在不知未来是否有地震的情况下提供的短期异常，总结了地震预报的经验，所以，是从一个新的角度研究的，而不同于以往的震例总结，因此，该经验更接近于日常实际的预报，可能更具有实用性。     

大同5.5级地震前的电磁前兆信号

１９７６年唐山地震皮后，上地震引起的电磁信号异常现象开始引起人们的极大关注，我国相继建立了２００多个地震电磁波观测台，并且积累了许多震例资料。同时在国外也发表了一些相关的文章，但大多数文章仅涉及到震前一个台的异常信号或某个频段上的异常信号。     

少震区前兆异常的特征分析

以陕西前兆台网24年的资料为基础，分析了少震区前兆异常的一些特性。在这个建网以来未发生过5级以上地震，每年平均发生2～3次3级多地震，年最大震级的平均值仅3.6级的陕西前兆台网中，每年年度会商所提出的各类测项异常比在11%～20%之间，综合异常比为15%。这些异常比的变化曲线与陕西省内地震频次的强度变化曲线不同步，它们是与地震无关的测值变化，可能是未被人们认识的外界干扰，也可能是地壳内部应力积聚又释放但又无地震发生的一种地壳蠕动结果。     

地震前兆研究中的一些颖点

由于缺乏对地震孕育和发生机理的认识，地震前兆异常判别受到人们的认识水平，周围环境甚至心理因素的影响，带有很大的随意性，以致在地震预报中出现诸多的怪异现象：地震前兆多是事后总结出来的；绝大多数异常之后没有地震发生；多数地震之前测不到前兆异常；前兆测值对近处地震无反应，但其异常与远处地震对应较好；前兆异常缺乏重现性，异常数量与台站多寡，震情紧张程度密切相关。     

强震水化学前兆场特征

研究了唐山、松潘两次７级以上强震的水化学前兆场特征。结果表明，两次强震水化学前兆场有相似的特征。在震源区，水化趋势性异常和短临突变异常所占的比例大，远离震源区所占的比例小，且有逐渐减小的趋势；在震源区，水化趋势性异常起始的时间早，远离震源区异常起始的时间晚，趋势异常的形态均为逐渐升高。水化学前兆场的形成与区域应力场有关，但与震源应力场关系密切，可能起主导作用的是震源应力场。     

常熟地震（Ms5.1）的前兆分布及其力学联系

本文分析讨论了１９９０年２月１０日常熟ＭＳ５．１地震前地电阻率、短水准、地应力、地倾斜、地下水等前兆异常现象的力学联系；建立了北西向压扭性断裂前兆分区模型，反映在不同区域里各种前兆均有其一定的表现特征，说明以力学联系为纽带，前兆异常时间与空间分布的咱应性是地震中期预测的一项重要指标，同时表明综合分析识别异常的必要性。     

1989年大同—阳高地震的前兆过程及其场—源特征

本文对１９８９年山西大同－阳高６．１级地震的前兆过程及其场、源特征进行了综合研究，结果表明，大同－阳高地震震前较为丰富的前兆现象是震源应力场与区域应力场共同作用的结果，估计大同地震的震源区尺度为２０－３０ｋｍ，孕震区范围约２００ｋｍ。最早的异常（震前３－４年）表现为大同盆地沉降速率加大，且出现在震源区，然后扩展至孕震区边缘，在孕震区边缘（１５０－２００ｋｍ）存在中、短期异常的突出集中区，在孕震过程     

地下流体的源兆,场兆,远兆及其在地震预报中的意义

我国地震地下流体监测网中，发现强震前有３种不同的前兆异常，即来自震源的源兆异常、与地震有关的区域活动关联的场兆异常及远距离强震前出现的远兆异常，它们在成因、特征与地震预报实践中的意义不同。从数量上看，场兆是大量的，源兆是少量的，而远兆也是不可忽略的。因此，地震预报实践中，必须正确地区别这３种前兆，全力寻找源兆，积极地开发场兆的预报功能，承认远兆并揭示其科学意义。     

内蒙两次5.9级地震与前兆异常特征的关系研究

以辽宁省长期丰富的地震前兆资料为基础，研究了内蒙两次5．9级地震与内蒙、东北地区前兆特征的关系。结果表明内蒙地震前前兆异常特征主要有：(1)前兆异常在时间上伴随内蒙巴林左旗5．9级地震事件的发生和结束呈阶段性起伏，空间上存在特征迁移；(2)中短期前兆异常阶段中以地形变为主体，在短临阶段地下流体和地磁出现异常。     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Temporal trend in surface water resources in Tianjin in the Haihe River Basin,China

Considering the highly stochastic nature of the hydrological process, wavelet transform was used to analyse the characteristics, trends and causes of variations in annual run‐off (1917–2006) into Tianjin in the Haihe River Basin. Run‐off was steadily declining due to climate change and human activity and a significant decrease in run‐off along the time series was discovered around the 1960s; however, the change in precipitation was insignificant. The time series of run‐off was heavily influenced by a nonlinear feature and mainly influenced by the natural climate before the 1960s, but after the 1970s the change remained steady, with an annual run‐off that fluctuated between 0·2 and 48·4 mm and was maintained at a low level (9·3 mm). The main cause of the run‐off decline in the 1960s was that more than 1900 reservoirs with a total holding capacity of up to 83 mm were constructed in the upper and middle reaches, which controlled 85% of the total run‐off. These projects have played an active role in the reservoir action and water conservation since they were implemented. At the beginning of the 1980s, the demand for water resources increased with the rapid growth of the population and the large‐scale development of industry and agriculture in the Haihe River Basin, which caused a reduction in run‐off into Tianjin. Overall, the hydrological effects of water storage projects regulating river run‐off were beneficial to flood control, but might cause a serious reduction in river run‐off into Tianjin and the lower reaches of the basin. In addition, a decrease in annual precipitation and changes in temperature in Northern China have also had an adverse effect on natural run‐off, which caused a greater decline in water resources, but this did not have a powerful influence on the overall decline in the run‐off. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Seismic base-isolation mechanism in liquefied sand in terms of energy

Seismic base isolation effect in a liquefied sand layer was investigated based on soil properties measured in a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests. Transmission of seismic wave in a soil model consisting of a liquefied surface layer and an underlying nonliquefied layer was analyzed in terms of energy, considering liquefaction-induced changes in S-wave velocity and internal damping. It was found that, between two different base-isolation mechanisms, a drastic increase in wave attenuation in the liquefied layer due to shortening wave length gives a greater impact on the base isolation with increasing thickness of the liquefied layer than the change of seismic impedance between the liquefied and nonliquefied layer. Also indicated was that cyclic mobility behavior in dilative clean sand tends to decrease the seismic isolation effect to a certain extent.     

Changes in complex resistivity during creep in granite

A sample of Westerly granite was deformed under constant stress conditions: a pore pressure of 5 MPa, a confining pressure of 10 MPa, and an axial load of 170 MPa. Pore volume changes were determined by measuring the volume of pore fluid (0.01M KCl_aq) injected into the sample. After 6 days of creep, characterized by accelerating volumetric stain, the sample failed along a macroscopic fault. Measurements of complex resistivity over the frequency range 0.001–300 Hz, taken at various times during creep, showed a gradual increase in both conductivity and permittivity. When analysed in terms of standard induced polarization (IP) techniques, the changing complex resistivity resulted in systematic changes in such parameters as percent frequency effect and chargeability. These results suggest that it may be possible to monitor the development of dilatancy in the source region of an impending earthquake through standard IP techniques.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.     

Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in river basins in northwest and central India

Seasonal and annual trends of changes in rainfall, rainy days, heaviest rain and relative humidity have been studied over the last century for nine different river basins in northwest and central India. The majority of river basins have shown increasing trends both in annual rainfall and relative humidity. The magnitude of increased rainfall for considered river basins varied from 2–19% of mean per 100 years. The maximum increase in rainfall is observed in the Indus (lower) followed by the Tapi river basin. Seasonal analysis shows maximum increase in rainfall in the post‐monsoon season followed by the pre‐monsoon season. There were least variations in the monsoon rainfall during the last century and winter rainfall has shown a decreasing trend. Most of the river basins have experienced decreasing trends in annual rainy days with a maximum decrease in the Mahanadi basin. The heaviest rain of the year has increased from 9–27 mm per 100 years over different river basins with a maximum of 27 mm for the Brahamani and Subaranrekha river basins. A combination of increase in heaviest rainfall and reduction in the number of rainy days suggest the possibility of increasing severity of floods. Such information is useful in the planning, development and management of water resources in the study area. Further, the majority of river basins have also experienced an increasing trend in relative humidity both on seasonal and annual scales. An increase in annual mean relative humidity for six river basins has been found in the range of 1–18% of mean per 100 years, while a decrease for three river basins from ? 1 to ? 13% of mean per 100 years was observed, providing a net increase in the study area by 2·4% of mean per 100 years. It is understood that an increase in areal extent of vegetation cover as well as rainfall over the last century has increased the moisture in the atmosphere through enhanced evapotranspiration, which in turn has increased the relative humidity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Long-term variation in mercury concentrations in estuarine organisms with changes in releases into Lavaca Bay,Texas

Mercury releases into Lavaca Bay resulted in public health notices and a fishing closure for crabs and finfish. Mercury containing wastewater discharges were halted in 1970, but sediments were contaminated with mercury. The sediments are a source of mercury to the benthic food web via methylation. Mercury in water column feeding organisms has decreased markedly. Concentrations in benthic food web organisms remain elevated. Human consumption concerns for oysters have ended, but a closure for fishing for crabs and finfish continues. Monitoring of mercury in organisms since 1977 shows a gradual downward trend in mercury in crabs and finfish, but this was not sufficient to remove the closure. Continued releases of mercury, man's activities, and resuspension of sediments keep mercury in the sediment's biologically active zone. This enables the uptake of mercury via the benthic food web. If releases are ended, it will take years for the mercury to decrease to concentrations not of concern for human consumption. If more remediation to reduce the mercury concentrations in the sediments takes place, decrease of mercury in the organisms might occur more quickly.