A comparative study of energy performance of hydrostatic seafloor sediment samplers and a new high-efficiency sampler

The hydrostatic energy of high-pressure seawater is a renewable and green energy source for ocean exploration and have been used to replace underwater electrical energy transmission through the cable and underwater battery pack to power seafloor equipment. The advantage of the energy supply method is the cost-effective and the robustness. In the paper, the energy performance of the existing hydrostatic seafloor sediment samplers powered by seawater hydrostatic energy are modelled and analyzed and compared. In view of the common shortcoming of existing technology, a novel hydrostatic seafloor sediment sampler is proposed. The model of energy conversion of the new sampler is built, and its energy performance is obtained. The analysis results indicate that the energy conversion efficiency of the novel sediment sampler is much higher than the existing ones, which means that the new sampler can collect much longer sample with the limited amount of hydrostatic energy. The seawater hydrostatic energy conversion system of the new sampler can also be used to power other seafloor equipment.     

静水压力取样器冲击头冲击速度的理论与试验研究

介绍了一种用于海底沉积物取样的静水压力取样器,它能依次利用重力势能和静水压力能,将其转换为冲击动能,以冲击形式将取样管插入海底沉积物进行取样。结合既定取样器对其冲击头的冲击速度进行了理论推导,并提出相关经验公式。通过取样器冲击试验,验证了静水压力取样器冲击头冲击速度理论模型的正确性和合理性。在理论推导和实验验证的基础上,对影响取样器冲击头冲击速度三个主要因素进行了探讨,并提出了提高冲击头冲击速度的具体措施。     

浙江北部岛屿海域土体稳定性研究

本文探讨了浙江北部岛屿区水道岸坡土体滑动的成因机制与滑坡的形态特征，对在波浪与重力共同作用下的边坡稳定性以及波浪底压引起的砂土液化进行了定量分析。研究表明，岛屿区水道中部与岸坡间强烈的冲淤反差，是该海域岸坡土体滑动不稳定因素积累的主要环境条件。目前发现的多数为中到大型的牵引式滑坡，主要由重力作用所致。对于波浪较大、水深较浅海域的粉砂、细砂分布区，浅表砂层存在着发生液化的可能性。     

一种分层海底反向散射模型

In order to predict the bottom backscattering strength more accurately, the stratified structure of the seafloor is considered. The seafloor is viewed as an elastic half-space basement covered by a fluid sediment layer with finite thickness. On the basis of calculating acoustic field in the water, the sediment layer, and the basement, four kinds of scattering mechanisms are taken into account, including roughness scattering from the water-sediment interface, volume scattering from the sediment layer, roughness scattering from the sediment-basement interface,and volume scattering from the basement. Then a backscattering model for a stratified seafloor applying to low frequency(0.1–10 kHz) is established. The simulation results show that the roughness scattering from the sediment-basement interface and the volume scattering from the basement are more prominent at relative low frequency(below 1.0 kHz). While with the increase of the frequency, the contribution of them to total bottom scattering gradually becomes weak. And the results ultimately approach to the predictions of the high-frequency(10–100 kHz) bottom scattering model. When the sound speed and attenuation of the shear wave in the basement gradually decrease, the prediction of the model tends to that of the full fluid model, which validates the backscattering model for the stratified seafloor in another aspect.     

瓯江河口挟沙能力的初步探讨

在分析瓯江河口潮流泥沙特性基础上 ,认为瓯江口挟沙能力与水动力及泥沙等因素密切相关。采用断面垂线平均的处理方法 ,引入背景含沙量的概念 ,线性回归拟合出瓯江口挟沙能力公式 ,为瓯江口二维潮流泥沙数模计算提供了辅助方程     

海南岛东南外海海底沉积物特征及其声学物理性质研究

分析研究了南海北部大陆架西南缘的海南岛东南外海海底沉积物声学物理特性,在多个航次中进行了海底沉积层取样、海水CTD测量、浅地层及旁侧声呐扫测等工作.在实验室里对沉积物样品进行声学参数、沉积学基本参数、物理力学参数和14C年龄测试等分析.根据多尔特曼公式求解出弹性模量、体积弹性模量、压缩系数、切变模量、泊松比和拉梅常数等六项沉积物弹性参数.分析结果表明在该海区海底沉积物的压缩波速为1.474~1.700 m/s,在不同的海区内有高低声速两类性质的沉积物分布;沉积物的切变波速为150~600 m/s;沉积物在100 kHz的声衰减为35~260 dB/m;沉积物的密度为1.4~2.0 g/cm3;沉积物的孔隙度为42%~88%.     

基于对数比转换方法的沉积物粒级组分空间预测与底质类型制图

以废黄河三角洲表层粒度分析数据为基础,探讨了对数比转换和kriging插值相结合方法在沉积物粒级组分空间预测和底质类型制图中的应用。结果表明,基于沉积物粒级组分原始数据的kriging预测方法难以保证各组分预测结果的非负和定和要求,因而预测结果的可信度低;而对数比转换kriging方法不但满足非负和定和要求,而且还有着更优的组分预测结果和较高的底质类型制图精度。新方法对于开展定量化的沉积物粒级组分预测和底质类型制图具有参考价值。     

A phase-resolving cross shore sediment transport model for beach profile evolution

A phase-resolving wave transformation module is combined with an intra-wave sediment transport module to calculate the on-/offshore sediment transport rates. The wave module is based on the Boussinesq equations extended into the surf zone. The vertical variation of the mean undertow and the intra-wave sediment concentrations are calculated. The net sediment transport rates are calculated, and the equation for conservation of sediment is solved to predict the beach profile evolution. The results of the present paper showed that the undertow contribution to the sediment transport rates is not dominating in all parts of the surf zone, even for eroding beaches, suggesting that other contributions should not be neglected. The present model also showed that for the same offshore wave energy the time series of the oscillatory motion is important and that the effect of wave groups cannot be disregarded.     

基于地形的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法研究

热液区沉积物接受了大量热液物质的输入,其矿物组成及地球化学空间分布特征是多金属硫化物勘探的有效指标。由于重力作用,洋中脊区域沉积物主要分布于低洼和平坦地形区。为了探索地形因素对热液区沉积物分布的影响规律,本文通过ArcGIS提出了一种基于地形数据的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法,并对西南印度洋中脊龙角区地形数据进行了分析,包括沉积物重力搬运方向提取、沉积物汇集量估算、海底沟谷提取和沉积物源区划分。通过与研究区底质解译结果进行对比验证发现,预测结果与研究区内沉积物的实际分布范围较为吻合,表明本方法在一定程度上可以有效地指示地形影响下海底热液区沉积物的分布情况。本方法对海底硫化物矿产勘探工作具有一定指导意义,可为海底沉积物取样站位设置与海底硫化物成矿远景区圈定提供参考依据。     

基于地形的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法研究以西南印度洋中脊龙角区为例

热液区沉积物接受了大量热液物质的输入,其矿物组成及地球化学空间分布特征是多金属硫化物勘探的有效指标。由于重力作用,洋中脊区域沉积物主要分布于低洼和平坦地形区。为了探索地形因素对热液区沉积物分布的影响规律,本文通过ArcGIS提出了一种基于地形数据的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法,并对西南印度洋中脊龙角区地形数据进行了分析,包括沉积物重力搬运方向提取、沉积物汇集量估算、海底沟谷提取和沉积物源区划分。通过与研究区底质解译结果进行对比验证发现,预测结果与研究区内沉积物的实际分布范围较为吻合,表明本方法在一定程度上可以有效地指示地形影响下海底热液区沉积物的分布情况。本方法对海底硫化物矿产勘探工作具有一定指导意义,可为海底沉积物取样站位设置与海底硫化物成矿远景区圈定提供参考依据。     

Shallow-water imaging multibeam sonars: A new tool for investigating seafloor processes in the coastal zone and on the continental shelf

Hydrographic quality bathymetry and quantitative acoustic backscatter data are now being acquired in shallow water on a routine basis using high frequency multibeam sonars. The data provided by these systems produce hitherto unobtainable information about geomorphology and seafloor geologic processes in the coastal zone and on the continental shelf.Before one can use the multibeam data for hydrography or quantitative acoustic backscatter studies, however, it is essential to be able to correct for systematic errors in the data. For bathymetric data, artifacts common to deep-water systems (roll, refraction, positioning) need to be corrected. In addition, the potentially far greater effects of tides, heave, vessel lift/squat, antenna motion and internal time delays become of increasing importance in shallower water. Such artifacts now cause greater errors in hydrographic data quality than bottom detection. Many of these artifacts are a result of imperfect motion sensing, however, new methods such as differential GPS hold great potential for resolving such limitations. For backscatter data, while the system response is well characterised, significant post processing is required to remove residual effects of imaging geometry, gain adjustments and water column effects. With the removal of these system artifacts and the establishment of a calibrated test site in intertidal regions (where the seabed may be intimately examined by eye) one can build up a sediment classification scheme for routine regional seafloor identification.When properly processed, high frequency multibeam sonar data can provide a view of seafloor geology and geomorphology at resolutions of as little as a few decimetres. Specific applications include quantitative estimation of sediment transport rates in large-scale sediment waves, volume effects of iceberg scouring, extent and style of seafloor mass-wasting and delineation of structural trends in bedrock. In addition, the imagery potentially provides a means of quantitative classification of seafloor lithology, allowing sedimentologists the ability to examine spatial distributions of seabed sediment type without resorting to subjective estimation or prohibitively expensive bottom-sampling programs. Using Simrad EM100 and EM1000 sonars as an example, this paper illustrates the nature and scale of possible artifacts, the necessary post-processing steps and shows specific applications of these sonars.     

一种近海底质类型图生成的非参数方法

近海底质类型图在近海工程和经济活动中有着广泛的应用价值。针对传统制图方法中存在的问题,本文提出了一种基于非参数指示Kriging的底质类型图生成方法。该方法能够有效地规避制图过程中的主观性,且对取样数据的平稳性和统计分布没有特殊要求,并能对制图结果的不确定性进行定量评价。该方法在连云港南部海域的应用实践表明,在相同的条件下,该方法可获得比传统方法更为精确地的制图结果,具有一定的实用价值。     

河口季节性缺氧在沉积物中记录的研究进展

综述了用分子地层学方法反演河口缺氧及富营养化发生与发展的研究进展,对可追溯缺氧发生的时间及变化趋势、表征人类活动对缺氧的影响的表征的参数的研究进展进行了分析。研究表明:美国河口缺氧事件的发生可追溯到上世纪中期,自70年代起也呈愈演愈烈的发展趋势。沿海人口的增加及人类活动的加剧导致了营养物质输入的增加,再加上全球变暖的趋势,河口区域缺氧将朝更加严重的方向发展,为此需要采取必要措施,通过减少营养物质尤其是硝酸盐的输入来减缓缺氧。     

基于主元分析技术的海底沉积物声速预报方程

通过应用主元分析技术建立预报海底沉积物声速的经验方程,将前人研究报道的经验方程进行分析研究,指出其计算误差,运用南海南部大陆架和大陆坡数据,建立了主元回归计算模型。从理论上研究了如何在众多影响声速的物理参数中,排除相互关联的参数,优选出相互独立的、且对声速有显著影响的少数几个物理参数,用优选后的物理参数建立了南海南部海域大陆架及大陆坡沉积物的3参数（孔隙度n、颗粒中值粒径Ma、塑限W,）声速预报方程：Cp=1774-5．0944n＋12．499Md＋0．9985Wp,该方程的相对预报误差仅为-4．48％-3．77％。     

河口悬浮泥沙浓度Sea WiFS遥感定量模式研究

利用海洋水色卫星 Seastar/SeaWiFS数据和准同步实测表层含沙量资料,建立长江口区悬浮泥沙遥感定量模式.通过“exact closed-form”算法对多时相SeaWiFS数据进行几何定位,并利用大气辐射传输简化理论对其进行大气校正,求得各波段遥感反射率;在完成投影变换和几何精校正之后,建立遥感参数与含沙量相关关系,得到长江口区悬浮泥沙遥感定量模式.     

沉积物粒度组分空间预测的神经网络残余kriging方法

针对近海表层沉积物粒度组分空间变异的尺度差异性,提出了基于广义回归神经网络残余kriging的沉积物粒度组分空间预测方法,并以海州湾沉积物粒度数据为基础,分析了其在沉积物粒度组分空间预测和底质类型制图中的应用效果。结果表明,广义回归神经网络残余kriging方法能够获得比普通kriging方法更高的沉积物粒度组分空间预测精度,并且其底质类型的总体空间预测精度达到85%以上,相应的Kappa系数也在0.8以上,显示底质制图的预测类型与样本的实测类型具有较高的一致性。新方法对于开展定量化的沉积物粒度组分空间预测和底质类型制图具有参考价值。     

A new formula for the total longshore sediment transport rate

A new predictive formula for the total longshore sediment transport (LST) rate was developed from principles of sediment transport physics assuming that breaking waves mobilize the sediment, which is subsequently moved by a mean current. Six high-quality data sets on hydrodynamics and sediment transport collected during both field and laboratory conditions were employed to evaluate the predictive capability of the new formula. The main parameter of the formula (a transport coefficient), which represents the efficiency of the waves in keeping sand grains in suspension, was expressed through a Dean number based on dimensional analysis. The new formula yields predictions that lie within a factor of 0.5 to 2 of the measured values for 62% of the data points, which is higher than other commonly employed formulas for the LST rate such as the CERC equation or the formulas developed by Inman–Bagnold and Kamphuis, respectively. The new formula is well suited for practical applications in coastal areas, as well as for numerical modeling of sediment transport and shoreline change in the nearshore.     

A painting type of flexible piezoelectric device for ocean energy harvesting

Energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials can be realised by periodic external force. Piezoelectric material directly converts strain energy into electric power to capture a wasted ambient kinetic energy. This recovered energy can be used for operating wireless sensors, such as those found in environmental monitoring, mechanical sensing and structural diagnostic. In our previous work, a flexible piezoelectric device, FPED, was proposed and developed as an energy harvester for generating electric power from flow-induced vibration in ocean and wind environments. In this study a FPED with a painted piezoelectric layer, highly durable in order to withstand extreme bending and weathering caused by waves and currents, is proposed and developed by spray coating for use as an ocean energy harvester. A numerical method is developed to predict electro-fluid–structure interactions and to evaluate electrical performance and mechanical behaviours of the painted FPED. Additionally, validation of the numerical model is provided through several experimental tests. This study also investigates the relationship between the stiffness of the painted FPED and the vibrated frequency, as well as determining their influence on the electrical performance. Finally, the outcomes from a field test, conducted in real ocean space, is presented to provide information on electrical performance, mechanical behaviours and durability of painted FPEDs. The paper shows that a painted FPED is a useful and robust energy harvester for generating electric power from harsh environments.     

海底底质声学参数测量系统设计

海底底质声学参数测量系统用于测量海底沉积物的声速和声衰减参数,它由水上主控子系统和水下测量子系统构成.水上主控子系统由工控机、数据传输接口和GPS定位模块组成,实现实时控制、数据处理与记录功能;水下测量子系统由声系、数据采集和传输模块组成,完成水下声波信号数字化及数据上传.水上设备与水下装置间通过电缆建立低速的下行命令信道和高速的上行数据信道,数据通讯采用曼彻斯特编码调制方式.水上计算机通过下传命令实时改变数据采集模块的控制参数,能够在各种环境条件下获得最佳测量效果.实验证明,仪器测量达到预期效果.     

Design of a hydraulic power take-off system for the wave energy device with an inverse pendulum

This paper describes a dual-stroke acting hydraulic power take-off （PTO） system employed in the wave energy converter （WEC） with an inverse pendulum. The hydraulic PTO converts slow irregular reciprocating wave motions to relatively smooth, fast rotation of an electrical generator. The design of the hydraulic PTO system and its control are critical to maximize the generated power. A time domain simulation study and the laboratory experiment of the full-scale beach test are presented. The results of the simulation and laboratory experiments including their comparison at full-scale are also presented, which have validated the rationality of the design and the reliability of some key components of the prototype of the WEC with an inverse pendulum with the dual-stroke acting hydraulic PTO system.