Analysis of Tianchi volcano activity in Changbai Mountain，NE China

Changbaishan volcano is the largest potential eruptive volcano in China.In this paper,seismic activity,horizontal displacement,vertical displacement and the fluid geochemistry data acquiring from Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano Observatory(TVO) in recent years are analyzed.The authors discussed the ability for the Changbaishan volcanic seismic monitoring and active level of Changbaishan volcano in recent years based on the fundamental monitoring results.The results show that Changbaishan volcano has experienced an unrest episode from 2002 to 2005,but its active level recovers to the background now.     

长白山火山区现今地壳运动特征及动力学环境分析

通过对日本3·11大震前后GEONET观测站位移时间序列以及中国东北三维形变特征进行分析,结合地震及大地电磁研究成果,探讨中国东北长白山火山区现今地壳运动特征及动力学环境。结果表明,奥羽山脉是日本东北地壳运动的分界带。3·11地震后,两侧点位以东向运动为主,大震对中国东北形变的影响还未结束。受板块俯冲及壳幔岩浆运动的影响,长白山火山区现今地壳变形及地震的发生与区域应力变化及岩浆活动有关。     

长白山火山区几何形变的联合反演

应用长白山火山区的水准和GPS资料，采用Mogi源模型对火山区的压力源参数进行联合反演，并考虑天池火山南侧断层的影响，利用Okada的断层位错模型对长白山火山区近年来的主要活动区天池火山的地下岩浆的可能变化进行推测，得出以下结论：长白山天池火山浅层目前为单一的压力源，位置仍在天池老火山口一带；近几年岩浆上涌活动比较明显；天池南侧的北西向隐伏断裂有一定的活动性。     

Elementary analysis of data from Tianchi Volcano

Tianchi Volcano is the largest potential erupticve volcano in China. Analyzing these data on seismic monitoring, deformation observation and water chemistry investigation gained from the Tianchi Volcano Observatory (TVO), the authors consider that the Tianchi Volcano is in going into a new flourishing time.     

Elementary analysis of data from Tianchi Volcano

Tianchi Volcano is the largest potential erupticve volcano in China. Analyzing these data on seismic monitoring, deformation observation and water chemistry investigation gained from the Tianchi Volcano Observatory (TVO), the authors consider that the Tianchi Volcano is in going into a new flourishing time.     

基于地震信号反演滑坡动力学机制

以2003年千将坪滑坡事件为例,基于地震信号分析大型高速滑坡启动之后的滑体运动特性。通过国家地震台网采集因滑坡激发产生的地震信号,反演得到滑坡区域的受力-时间函数,再经由时频分析划分滑坡期间的子事件,进而推导滑体的运动参数并还原滑坡过程。结果显示,由地震信号反演所求得的滑床坡度、滑坡方向以及滑体位移等数值与现场勘踏所得数据相符;同时,通过对滑坡子事件的分析,可分辨出因对岸河堤阻挡而产生的部分滑体反倾过程,从而还原较完整的滑坡过程。     

The Cenozoic Volcanoes in Northeast China

1　ＧｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄＥｖｅｎｎｏｆａｓｃｉｎａｔｉｎｇｖｏｌｃａｎｉｃｅｒｕｐｔｉｏｎｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎＣｈｉｎａｉｎｍｏｄｅｒｎｔｉｍｅｓ ,ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｍａｎｙＣｅｎｏｚｏｉｃｖｏｌｃａ ｎｏｅｓａｎｄｖｏｌｃａｎｉｃｒｏｃｋｓｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｅａｓｔｅｒｎｃｏｎｔｉ ｎｅｎｔｍａｒｇｉｎａｎｄｔｈｅｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎＴｉｂｅｔａｎｐｌａｔｅａｕ .Ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｔｈｅｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｖｏｌｃａｎｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎｎｏｒｔ…     

The Cenozoic Volcanoes in Northeast China

There are more than 600 Cenozoic volcanic cones and craters with abeut 50 000 km2of lava flows in northeast China, which formed many volcanic clusters and shown the features of the continental rift - type volcanoes. Most volcanic activities in this area, especially in the east part of Songliao graben, were usually controlled by rifts and faults with the main direction of NE / NNE in parallel and become younger from the central graben towards its both sides, especially to the east continental margin. It is revealed that the volcanism occurred in northeast China was as strong as that occurred in Japan during the Miocene and the Quaternary. The Quaternary basalt that is usually distributed along river valley is called "valley basalt"while Neogene basalt usually distributed in the top of mounts is called "high position basalt". These volcanoes and volcanic rocks are usually composed of alkaline basalts with ultramafic inclusions, except Changbaishan volcano that is built by trachyte and pantellerite.     

The Cenozoic Volcanoes in Northeast China

There are more than 600 Cenozoic volcanic cones and craters with about 50 000 km2 of lava flows in northeast Chi-na, which formed many volcanic clusters and shown the features of the continental rift-type volcanoes. Most volcanic activi-ties in this area, especially in the east part of Songliao graben, were usually controlled by rifts and faults with the main direc-tion of NE / NNE in parallel and become younger from the central graben towards its both sides, especially to the east conti-nental margin. It is revealed that the volcanism occurred in northeast China was as strong as that occurred in Japan during the Miocene and the Quaternary. The Quaternary basalt that is usually distributed along river valley is called "valley basalt" while Neogene basalt usually distributed in the top of mounts is called "high position basalt". These volcanoes and volcanic rocks are usually composed of alkaline basalts with ultramafic inclusions, except Changbaishan volcano that is built by tra-chyte and pantellerite.     

Analytical expressions for determining the stability of cohesionless soil slope under generalized seismic conditions

In recent major earthquakes, the researchers have found the need for consideration of vertical seismic acceleration for the stability analysis of the man-made and natural slopes. However, in most past studies, the performance of slopes has been assessed by accounting only the horizontal seismic component of the ground motion, without giving due weightage to the effect of vertical component. In the present study, analytical expressions are derived to determine the factor of safety, yield seismic coefficient and consequently the seismic displacement of cohesionless soil slope under combined horizontal and vertical components of the ground motion. The derivation uses the Newmark’s sliding block approach, in which the soil slope with a planar failure surface within the framework of conventional pseudo-static analysis is assumed to follow the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The effects of vertical seismic coefficient on the stability of cohesionless slope have been studied through a set of graphical presentations for a specific range of soil parameters. It is observed that overlooking the effect of the vertical component of the ground motion on factor of safety and the displacement while designing the slope may be detrimental, resulting in the slope failure. The general expressions presented in this paper may be highly useful in the field of earthquake geotechnical engineering practice for designing the cohesionless soil slopes under combined horizontal and vertical seismic loads.     

尼泊尔地区季节性水文负荷对地震活动性的调制作用

利用尼泊尔地区GPS时间序列季节性信号,构建区域季节性三维位移场和应力应变场模型,再结合降水和地震目录等数据,研究该地区季节性水文负荷对地震活动性的调制作用。结果表明：1）季节性地表位移与降水存在较强的时空相关性;2）季风期的降水对断层的长期运动趋势产生扰动,使库仑应力得到一定程度的释放,进而对地震活动产生抑制作用,并影响地震发生时间。     

Influence of non-dimensional strength parameters on the seismic stability of cracked slopes

Cracks in rock or soil slopes influence the stability and durability of the slopes. Seismic forces can trigger slope disasters, particularly in the cracked slopes. Considering the nonlinear characteristics of materials, the more generalized nonlinear failure criterion proposed by Baker is adopted. The influence of non-dimensional strength parameters on the stability of cracked slopes under earthquakes is performed using the upper bound limit analysis. The seismic displacement is calculated by adopting the logarithmic spiral failure surface according to the sliding rigid block model. Based on the existing studies, two methods for the stability analysis of cracked slopes under earthquakes are introduced: the pseudo-static method(with the factor of safety(Fs) as an evaluation index), and the displacement-based method(with the seismic displacement as an evaluation index). The pseudo-static method can only determine the instantaneous stability state of the cracked slope, yet the displacement-based methodreflects the stability variation of cracked slopes during earthquakes. The results indicate that the nondimensional strength parameters affect the factor of safety and seismic displacement of slopes significantly. The non-dimensional strength parameter(n) controlling the curvature of strength function shapes on the slope stability is affected by other parameters. Owing to cracks, the effect of non-dimensional strength parameters on seismic displacement becomes more significant.     

合成孔径雷达信号子带干涉技术及其应用

分别选用两景Radarsat-2和TerraSAR-X数据,应用子带干涉技术获取夏威夷火山国家公园及其附近区域的沉降量,并将其与偏移跟踪技术结果进行对比,证明了子带干涉技术的地表形变监测能力,且分辨率越高、带宽越宽的TerraSAR-X数据得到的监测精度越高。用两景PALSAR数据,应用子带干涉技术获得唐洞煤矿地表方位向位移,与同期GPS监测数据进行对比,进一步验证了子带干涉技术的形变监测能力。     

FRAME DESIGN OF REMOTE SENSING MONITORING FOR VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES IN CHANGBAI MOUNTAINS

Volcanic eruption is one of the most serious geological disasters, however, a host of facts have proven that the Changbai Mountains volcano is a modem dormant one and has ever erupted disastrously. With the rapid development of remote sensing technology, space monitoring of volcanic activities has already become possible, particularly in the application of thermal infrared remote sensing. The paper, through the detailed analysis of geothermal anomaly factors such as heat radiation, heat conduction and convection, depicts the monitoring principles by which volcano activities would be monitored efficiently and effectively. Reasons for abrupt geothermal anomaly are mainly analyzed, and transmission mechanism of geothermal anomaly in the volcanic regions is explained. Also, a variety of noises disturbing the transmission of normal geothermal anomaly are presented. Finally, some clues are given based on discussing thermal infrared remote sensing monitoring mechanism toward the volcanic areas.     

华北盆地北缘宝坻断裂晚更新世以来的活动性研究

通过人工浅层地震反射剖面发现,在香河县荆庄地区,宝坻断裂表现为一条近EW走向的南倾正断层,剖面上呈铲状,对第四系沉积具有一定的控制作用,为一条第四纪活动断裂。通过部署在断层两侧的构造观察孔岩芯对比及¹⁴C测年、光释光测年数据可知,宝坻断裂上断点距地表5~7 m左右,主要活动时间为晚更新世,全新世及中更新世晚期无明显活动。岩芯对比表明,距今10万年以来,宝坻断裂共发生2次地震活动,累积位移2.6 m,其中最近一次地震发生于22 740±70 a BP,同震位移1.4 m;另一次地震发生于距今97.1±4.4~98.0±5.3 ka之间,同震位移1.2 m。根据本次钻孔结果,结合前人对张家口-渤海构造带东段断裂活动性及发震规律的研究,判断宝坻断裂全新世以来整体处于不活跃状态,诱发中强地震和大地震的可能性较低。此外,香河县荆庄一带发育的地裂缝为受宝坻断裂控制的构造型地裂缝,断裂南北两侧的不均匀地面沉降产生的剪切应力会加速荆庄地裂缝的发展。     

2012年苏门答腊MW8.6级地震震后效应模拟

基于弹性-粘弹性分层半空间中矩形位错理论和地震波反演的断层模型,结合研究区地壳-上地幔平均波速分层结构,利用PSGRN/PSCMP软件模拟计算2012年苏门答腊MW8.6地震产生的同震效应以及考虑2004年MW9.1地震效应的震后地表形变和重力变化,同时给出震后形变和重力的年变化率。结果表明,同震形变和重力变化显示发震断层左旋走滑特征,其变化主要集中于断层附近;海水质量的重新分布对同震垂直位移和重力变化影响显著;震后50 a年均变化率揭示了地表形变和重力变化的过程, 其图像明显受2004年MW9.1地震震后效应影响,呈现复杂的正负6区域分布;震后50 a近场年均形变量达10 mm/a,年均重力变化量达1.2 μGal/a,而远场年均形变量低于1 mm/a,年均重力变化量低于0.1 μGal /a;水平形变在震后400 a内变化明显,变化率逐步减小,800 a后基本稳定;垂直位移和重力变化在震后100 a内变化尤为显著,变化率快速衰减,400 a后基本稳定不变。     

长江三峡链子崖危岩体形变特征和监测系统之我见

本文在系统研究长江三峡链子崖危岩体区域地质、岩体结构基础上,根据目前危岩体各段的变形特征,对现有监测手段及点位布设提出了若干看法。认为,链子崖危岩体的产生和发展,主要受控于特殊的地质构造环境和临空的高陡边坡条件,因此,有效监测手段布设必须完成两个转化,即由相对位移观测为主转向绝对位移观测为主;从普遍布点转向敏感段落设防,把监测重点摆到变形最明显、危险性最大的T_(5-1)与T_6裂缝、T_(11)与T_(12)裂缝围限的基岩块体和7000m~3堆积体上。在没有充分报警尺度依据的情况下,建议暂不使用限位报警系统,以免造成人为的混乱局面。     

Shallow water body data processing based on the seismic oceanography

Physical properties of sea water,such as salinity,temperature,density and acoustic velocity,could be demarcated through degradation of energy caused by water absorption,attenuation and other factors.To overcome the challenging difficulties in the quick monitoring of these physical properties,we have explored the high resolution marine seismic survey to instantly characterize them.Based on the unique wavefield propagating in the sea water,we have developed a new approach to suppress the noise caused by the shallow sea water disturbance and obtain useful information for estimating the sea water structure.This approach improves seismic data with high signal-to-noise ratio and resolution.The seismic reflection imaging can map the sea water structure acoustically.Combined with the knowledge of local water body structure profile over years,the instant model for predicting the sea water properties could be built using the seismic data acquired from the specially designed high precision marine seismic acquisition.This model can also be updated with instant observation and the complete data processing system.The present study has the potential value to many applications,such as 3D sea water monitoring,engineering evaluation,geological disaster assessment and environmental assessment.     

地震监测环境下周跳频发时实时PPP的快速重收敛方法

采用全部卫星重新初始化、附加电离层约束和附加坐标约束3种方法改进重收敛问题,基于NOTA测站网的实时观测数据对3种方法进行实验验证,结果表明,3种方法均能有效提高定位精度。在地震监测工作中可根据实际情况选取合适的方法来获得高精度的实时动态PPP处理结果,以更好地捕捉地震信号,提高地震监测能力。     

四维地震驱动的深海浊积岩油藏地质模型更新方法及应用:以安哥拉PU油田为例

传统的油藏模型更新过程中,油藏模型的最终优选主要以单井历史拟合结果为准,井间剩余油分布预测是否合理往往无据可循,存在较大不确定性。四维地震是现代油藏监测的重要手段之一,对于指导井间剩余油分布预测具有较强优势。为进一步提升油藏地质模型更新的准确度,提出在常规地质模型更新过程中融入四维地震监测信息的研究思路,以四维地震反映的流体变化信息作为井间“硬数据”,形成一套四维地震-地质建模-油藏数模闭环式油藏模型迭代更新方法。研究结果表明：四维地震信息可作为动态信息贯穿到从地质建模-油藏数模的大循环中,建模数模一体化技术更加完善;四维地震可作为井间模型参数调整的重要参考依据,实现剩余油监测的定量化,提升油藏模型预测的准确度。该方法对于深海浊积岩油藏应用效果较好,对于建模数模一体化技术的发展具有实践意义。