有害藻华的宏条形码分析:机会与挑战

宏条形码分析(metabarcoding analysis)是通过对野外样本的分子标记(即条形码)进行PCR扩增、测序,并利用测序结果分析野外样本物种组成、物种相对丰度,及其时空动态变化。这项在近20年里逐步发展起来的分子技术,得益于DNA测序技术的快速发展,包括测序通量的提升和测序成本的降低以及生物信息学分析方法的快速开发。基于可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units,OTUs)分析方法,特别是最近的扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variants,ASVs)方法的开发,极大促进了宏条形码分析的应用。在世界及我国的海洋生态领域,宏条形码分析的应用还处于起步阶段。随着分析方法的日趋成熟,可适用于不同应用领域的分子标记不断增加,以及参考数据库的不断完善,宏条形码分析将释放出广阔的应用潜力。可以预期,宏条形码分析将在系统分析我国近岸海域有害藻华物种(及其他浮游生物物种)的组成和相对丰度中起关键作用,通过发现新物种,辨别隐存种,跟踪物种的生物地理学,进而帮助解析有害藻华暴发机理。     

浙江近岸海域赤潮发生的趋势与特点

根据历史记载和近年调查实测资料,概述了浙江近岸海域赤潮的历史与现状,分析了赤潮的特点与发生趋势,研究结果表明:浙江近岸海域各种不同类型藻类引发的赤潮频率均呈上升趋势,其中甲藻赤潮的发生次数上升尤为迅速,赤潮出现的规模越来越大,有毒赤潮记录次数也显著增加。探讨了赤潮发生的一些原因,指出了建立科学评估有害赤潮影响体系和预警系统的意义并提出了一些对策措施与建议。     

The diversity of harmful algal blooms: a challenge for science and management

A broad spectrum of events come under the category of harmful algal blooms (HABs), the common denominator being a negative impact on human activities. Harmful algal blooms involve a wide diversity of organisms, bloom dynamics, and mechanisms of impact. Here we review the effects of natural and man-induced environmental fluctuations on the frequency and apparent spreading of these phenomena. This article highlights the need for interdisciplinary research aimed at shedding light on basic mechanisms governing the occurrence and succession of microalgae in coastal seas. Information integrated from various discipline coupled with improved, sustained monitoring systems, will help predict and manage problems caused by HABs over a wide range of space and time scales.     

Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic

The shallow continental shelves and slope of the Amerasian Arctic are strongly influenced by nutrient-rich Pacific waters advected over the shelves from the northern Bering Sea into the Arctic Ocean. These high-latitude shelf systems are highly productive both as the ice melts and during the open-water period. The duration and extent of seasonal sea ice, seawater temperature and water mass structure are critical controls on water column production, organic carbon cycling and pelagic–benthic coupling. Short food chains and shallow depths are characteristic of high productivity areas in this region, so changes in lower trophic levels can impact higher trophic organisms rapidly, including pelagic- and benthic-feeding marine mammals and seabirds. Subsistence harvesting of many of these animals is locally important for human consumption. The vulnerability of the ecosystem to environmental change is thought to be high, particularly as sea ice extent declines and seawater warms. In this review, we focus on ecosystem dynamics in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas, with a more limited discussion of the adjoining Pacific-influenced eastern section of the East Siberian Sea and the western section of the Beaufort Sea. Both primary and secondary production are enhanced in specific regions that we discuss here, with the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas sustaining some of the highest water column production and benthic faunal soft-bottom biomass in the world ocean. In addition, these organic carbon-rich Pacific waters are periodically advected into low productivity regions of the nearshore northern Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas off Alaska and sometimes into the East Siberian Sea, all of which have lower productivity on an annual basis. Thus, these near shore areas are intimately tied to nutrients and advected particulate organic carbon from the Pacific influenced Bering Shelf-Anadyr water. Given the short food chains and dependence of many apex predators on sea ice, recent reductions in sea ice in the Pacific-influenced sector of the Arctic have the potential to cause an ecosystem reorganization that may alter this benthic-oriented system to one more dominated by pelagic processes.     

Approaches to monitoring,control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs)

Virtually every coastal country in the world is affected by harmful algal blooms (HABs, commonly called “red tides”). These phenomena are caused by blooms of microscopic algae. Some of these algae are toxic, and can lead to illness and death in humans, fish, seabirds, marine mammals, and other oceanic life, typically as a result of the transfer of toxins through the food web. Sometimes the direct release of toxic compounds can be lethal to marine animals. Non-toxic HABs cause damage to ecosystems, fisheries resources, and recreational facilities, often due to the sheer biomass of the accumulated algae. The term “HAB” also applies to non-toxic blooms of macroalgae (seaweeds), which can cause major ecological impacts such as the displacement of indigenous species, habitat alteration and oxygen depletion in bottom waters.Globally, the nature of the HAB problem has changed considerably over the last several decades. The number of toxic blooms, the resulting economic losses, the types of resources affected, and the number of toxins and toxic species have all increased dramatically. Some of this expansion has been attributed to storms, currents and other natural phenomena, but human activities are also frequently implicated. Humans have contributed by transporting toxic species in ballast water, and by adding massive and increasing quantities of industrial, agricultural and sewage effluents to coastal waters. In many urbanized coastal regions, these inputs have altered the size and composition of the nutrient pool which has, in turn, created a more favorable nutrient environment for certain HAB species. The steady expansion in the use of fertilizers for agricultural production represents a large and worrisome source of nutrients in coastal waters that promote some HABs.The diversity in HAB species and their impacts presents a significant challenge to those responsible for the management of coastal resources. Furthermore, HABs are complex oceanographic phenomena that require multidisciplinary study ranging from molecular and cell biology to large-scale field surveys, numerical modelling, and remote sensing from space. Our understanding of these phenomena is increasing dramatically, and with this understanding comes technologies and management tools that can reduce HAB incidence and impact. Here I summarize the global HAB problem, its trends and causes, and new technologies and approaches to monitoring, control and management, highlighting molecular probes for cell detection, rapid and sensitive toxin assays, remote sensing detection and tracking of blooms, bloom control and mitigation strategies, and the use of large-scale physical/biological models to analyze past blooms and forecast future ones.     

闽三角海域赤潮发生的时空特征

赤潮是海洋生态系统异常的重要指标。本文收集1986～2017年闽三角海域的赤潮事件,基于GIS技术分析赤潮的时空分布特征。结果表明:32年来,闽三角海域赤潮发生98次,赤潮高发区在厦门西海域、同安湾和泉州湄洲湾海域;闽三角海域赤潮年际发生次数呈波动变化,一年中赤潮高发期集中在5～8月;中肋骨条藻、角毛藻及旋链角毛藻是闽三角海域的赤潮优势种,具有一定的区域分布特征;有毒赤潮事件发生频率有增加趋势。本文系统性地总结了闽三角海域赤潮时空特征,为该区域的赤潮风险分析和预防提供依据。     

Increased diversity and environmental threat of harmful algal blooms in the Southern Yellow Sea,China

Harmful algal blooms(HABs) in the Southern Yellow Sea(SYS) have shown a trend of increasing diversity and detrimental ef fects. While the Bohai Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea have experienced a high incidence of HABs since the 1980s, the Yellow Sea provides a relatively healthy ecological environment in which fewer HABs have been documented before the 21s t century. Yet largescale blooms of the green macroalga Ulva prolifera(so-called “green tides”) have occurred annually since 2007 in...     

象山港水体的磷酸盐及其对赤潮的潜在影响

根据2012年5月和2017年10月在象山港海域的调查结果,研究了象山港磷酸盐的来源、分布和消耗。磷酸盐浓度在两次的调查中均呈现由港顶向湾口逐渐降低的趋势,说明港顶区有较高浓度磷酸盐的输入,可能主要来自生活污水和海水养殖。磷酸盐、硝酸盐和盐度在象山港外湾的分布特征说明长江和钱塘江是外湾水体磷酸盐的一个重要来源;此外,磷酸盐、硝酸盐和盐度在牛鼻山水道和佛渡水道的差异分布说明,陆地径流可能经由佛渡水道向象山港贡献了一部分的磷酸盐。内湾水体的磷酸盐分布受控于内外湾水体混合和浮游植物的同化作用,磷酸盐在水体停留时间较长的内湾发生了明显的消耗,相比于保守混合模型的估算值,磷酸盐在象山港内湾中的净消耗比例在2012年5月和2017年10月分别约为20%和9%。2017年秋季观测到的磷酸盐浓度[（1.88±0.31）μmol/L]与2002-2005年在同季节观测到的结果相比增加超过了50%,N/P值下降明显,这一变化可能会导致象山港内引发藻华的藻类种群发生变化,同时也可能会引发更为严重的赤潮。     

2005年春夏季东海赤潮过程中营养盐作用初探

自20世纪90年代以来,我国进入赤潮高发期,近岸海域赤潮的发生频率、波及范围和危害程度呈逐年上升趋势.受长江径流等陆源输入影响,东海海域形成了其特有的富营养环境,目前已经成为我国赤潮发生最严重的区域之一.该海域赤潮暴发呈现出发生时间不断提前、持续时间不断加长、发生面积不断扩大、有毒有害藻类逐渐增加的特点[1-2].据统计,自2000年以来,我国沿岸海域共发生赤潮约480次,累计面积超过104000km2.其中,仅在东海海域发生赤潮的次数就占全国记录总数的60%,发生面积更是达到了70%以上[3],其发生频率和规模均远远高于我国其他3个海区.     

Short-term and diurnal temperature changes alter the response of harmful algal blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens to solar ultraviolet radiation

In this study, we explored the interactive effects of temperature and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the growth, pigment contents, photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, which forms harmful algal blooms globally. Cells were first pre-acclimated to temperatures of 20°C, 25°C or 28°C for 10 days. They were then exposed to three different types of solar radiation for 60?min. We then measured the photochemical efficiency of the cells during the 60-min exposure and a 360-min recovery period under dim light (20?μmol?photons?m^?2?s^?1). In addition, we analysed the diural change in photochemical efficiency and NPQ over a 10-h period. We found that P. pungens that were exposed to higher temperatures in the short term (i.e. 20–25°C, 20–28°C and 25–28°C) or long term (i.e. 25–25°C and 28–28°C) exhibited lower levels of photoinhibition and faster recovery rates than samples exposed to a lower temperature (i.e. 20–20°C). This indicated that the deleterious effects of UVR can be minimised by both chronic and acute exposure to higher temperatures within the tolerated temperature range for P. pungens.     

胶州湾海域浮游植物和赤潮物种的生物多样性研究

胶州湾是我国一个典型的近海海湾,也是近海生态系统的缩影。历史上胶州湾海域赤潮频发,因此也是研究赤潮暴发机制(包括赤潮物种组成、时空动态变化及对环境因子响应)的理想实验场所。迄今,几代科学家对胶州湾浮游植物和赤潮物种开展了长期而系统的调查研究,获得了大量的研究成果。为了系统跟踪胶州湾海域浮游植物群落组成,尤其是赤潮物种的组成变化,解读基于分子标记的宏条形码分析结果,本文对近84年间(1936年-2019年)胶州湾海域涉及浮游植物调研的54个调查数据进行了系统的统计和比较分析。文献共报道了549种浮游植物,包括硅藻326种、甲藻164种、绿藻21种、金藻9种、隐藻9种、淡色藻6种、定鞭藻5种、蓝藻3种、黄藻3种、下睫虫2种、裸藻1种和针胞藻1种。其中只有不到一半(40.29%)的浮游植物的全长18S rDNA序列得到解析,表明分子标记数据库需要继续完善,促进宏条形码分析的有效应用。胶州湾海域的优势浮游植物随时间发生了较大变化,但是甲藻与硅藻数目的比例没有显著的变化。统计表明,胶州湾共鉴定到153种赤潮物种,包括硅藻79种、甲藻67种、定鞭藻2种、金藻2种、淡色藻1种、黄藻1种和针胞藻1种。胶州湾海域典型的优势赤潮物种包括中肋骨条藻、短角弯角藻、旋链角毛藻、加氏星杆藻、日本星杆藻、星脐圆筛藻和尖刺拟菱形藻。本文通过系统综述胶州湾浮游植物和赤潮物种的生物多样性,为利用宏条形码和宏基因组等方法跟踪研究胶州湾和其他海域的浮游植物和赤潮物种的演化奠定了基础。     

Transports of Nordic Seas water masses and excess SF6 through Fram Strait to the Arctic Ocean

To determine the exchanges between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait is one of the most important aspects, and one of the major challenges, in describing the circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean Sea. Especially the northward transport of Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) from the Nordic Seas into the Arctic Ocean is little known. In the two-ship study of the circulation in the Nordic Seas, Arctic Ocean - 2002, the Swedish icebreaker Oden operated in the ice-covered areas in and north of Fram Strait and in the western margins of Greenland and Iceland seas, while RV Knorr of Woods Hole worked in the ice free part of the Nordic Seas. Here two hydrographic sections obtained by Oden, augmented by tracer and velocity measurements with Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP), are examined. The first section, reaching from the Svalbard shelf across the Yermak Plateau, covers the region north of Svalbard where inflow to the Arctic Ocean takes place. The second, western, section spans the outflow area extending from west of the Yermak Plateau onto the Greenland shelf. Geostrophic and LADCP derived velocities are both used to estimate the exchanges of water masses between the Nordic Seas and the Arctic Ocean. The geostrophic computations indicate a total flow of 3.6 Sv entering the Arctic on the eastern section. The southward flow on the western section is found to be 5.1 Sv. The total inflow to the Arctic Ocean obtained using the LADCP derived velocities is much larger, 13.6 Sv, and the southward transport on the western section is 13.7 Sv, equal to the northward transport north of Svalbard. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆) originating from a tracer release experiment in the Greenland Sea in 1996 has become a marker for the circulation of AIW. From the geostrophic velocities we obtain 0.5 Sv and from the LADCP derived velocities 2.8 Sv of AIW flowing into the Arctic. The annual transport of SF₆ into the Arctic Ocean derived from geostrophy is 5 kg/year, which is of the same magnitude as the observed total annual transport into the North Atlantic, while the LADCP measurements (19 kg/year) imply that it is substantially larger. Little SF₆ was found on the western section, confirming the dominance of the Arctic Ocean water masses and indicating that the major recirculation in Fram Strait takes place farther to the south.     

春季东海有害藻华高发区仔稚鱼时空分布

根据2011年春季(3月29日—5月27日)海洋综合调查,对东海有害藻华高发水域(28°15′36″~30°30′16″N、121°52′36″~123°15′6″E)的仔稚鱼种类组成、时空分布以及主要优势种与环境因子的相关性进行了探讨。调查共采集到仔稚鱼27种,前几位优势种分别为日本鳀Engraulis japonicus、鰕虎科sp.(Gobiidae sp.)、六丝钝尾鰕虎Amblychaeturichthys hexanema、小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis,该4种占据了总丰度的91.23%。优势种丰度和发育阶段组成的时空变化显示,日本鳀在调查期间有两次产卵小高峰,其仔鱼孵化后向岸漂流;小黄鱼和六丝钝尾鰕虎在此期间只有一次产卵高峰,其仔鱼在舟山群岛邻近水域进行保育。可以看出,调查水域及邻近水域是部分鱼类产卵,仔稚鱼保育、向岸漂流的场所或途径,是鱼类早期生活史中重要生境,一旦暴发有害藻华,补充群体将受到不良影响。多元分析结果显示,所选环境因子对几位优势种仔稚鱼的分布影响不大,推测产卵场位置和保育方式可能是更重要的原因。     

胶州湾海域浮游植物和赤潮物种的生物多样性研究进展

胶州湾是我国的一个典型近海海湾,也是近海生态系统的缩影.历史上胶州湾海域赤潮频发,因此也是研究赤潮暴发机制(包括赤潮物种组成、时空动态变化及对环境因子响应)的理想实验场所.迄今,几代科学家对胶州湾浮游植物和赤潮物种开展了长期而系统的调查研究,获得了大量的研究成果.为了系统跟踪胶州湾海域浮游植物群落组成,尤其是赤潮物种的...     

渤海、黄海热结构分析

在多年观测资料基础上,以月平均风应力和周平均海表水温(SST)作为外强迫,对黄海、渤海热结构进行了数值模拟.模拟结果显示渤海的热结构特征自10月至翌年3月为水温垂直均一的冬季型;5～8月为分层结构(由上混合层、跃层、潮混合层组成)的夏季型.4月和9月为两型的过渡期,最低水温出现在2月,最高水温表层出现在8月,底层则在9～10月.黄海沿岸浅水区与渤海有相似的热结构,黄海冷水团和黄海暖流对其中央槽深水区的热结构有重要影响.对底层水的影响而言,前者夏季显著而后者冬季显著,从而导致黄海(槽)的底层水与环境相比呈现夏季冷而冬季暖的特征,底层水温基本上与表面水温的年变化反相;深水区的热结构与渤海相比,均一型结构(1～3月)变短,分层型结构(5～11月)变长,底温年变幅(5℃以内)变小,跃层强度增强.模拟结果还表明,黄海暖流的动力仍然是季风环流,而对黄海冷水团的形成和发展有无动力影响提出质疑.     

白令海和西北冰洋表层沉积物磁化率特征初步研究

为了准确解释环境磁学参数记录的极地古气候环境变化信息,本研究对白令海和西北冰洋61个站位的表层沉积物进行了高、低频质量磁化率(χ)、非磁滞磁化率(χARM)和磁化率-温度(k-T)分析,以探明该区沉积物中磁性矿物的种类、来源与搬运路径。结果显示,样品的χ具有明显的地域分布特征。白令海的χ值整体高于楚科奇海,并在育空河口外侧和圣劳伦斯岛南侧较高,向北和向西南方向逐渐减小。楚科奇海中东部陆架上表层沉积χ值高于阿拉斯加沿岸,而西北冰洋深海平原和洋脊区的χ值最低。χARM的变化趋势与质量磁化率相似,但频率磁化率的变化趋势与质量磁化率正好相反。k-T分析结果显示阿留申海盆沉积物中的铁磁性矿物以磁赤铁矿占主导,白令海陆架育空河口外侧和圣劳伦斯岛南北两侧为磁铁矿,白令海陆架西部和楚科奇海陆架中东部为磁赤铁矿和磁铁矿,楚科奇海阿拉斯加沿岸为黄铁矿,而西北冰洋陆坡、深海平原和洋脊区为胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿,但高纬度区沉积物中的胶黄铁矿含量更高。沉积物中磁性矿物的区域性分布受沉积物来源、洋流和底质环境等因素的控制。白令海和楚科奇海陆架磁赤铁矿来源于亚洲大陆,白令海陆架东部的磁铁矿来自育空河流域,阿拉斯加沿岸沉积物中的黄铁矿,应为阿拉斯加西北部陆源侵蚀来源的或早期成岩作用形成的,西北冰洋深海盆区的胶黄铁矿,为自生成因的。     

基于最大熵和广义相加模型分析厦门有害藻华影响下滨海旅游环境价值损失的关键参数

有害藻华是海洋生态灾害中最突出的问题之一,威胁着滨海旅游等海洋经济的可持续发展。有效评估有害藻华对滨海旅游环境价值损失的影响是推动生态环境保护与旅游资源开发协调发展的前提和基础。目前国内外广泛使用条件价值法,通过设置假想情景,根据受访者是否愿意为修复环境支付费用及支付多少来定量转换环境损失价值。因此,受访者支付意愿及其程度是影响环境损失价值的关键参数。但是,受访者的支付意愿和最大支付额度受多种因素影响,常规统计分析方法难以厘清其主要因素。本文创新性地引入最大熵Max Ent和广义相加GAMs模型,分别从是否愿意支付的定性分析和支付额度多少的定量分析两个方面,阐明厦门有害藻华影响下滨海旅游环境价值损失评估中影响这两个关键参数的主要因素。与传统统计分析方法相似,不论是Max Ent还是GAMs模型都认为收入水平、对景点满意程度、受教育程度以及年龄是解释游客支付意愿和支付额度的主要影响因素。但是,模型分析结果给出的显著性和重要性排序显示,游客对有害藻华的科学认知会显著影响其支付意愿,但对支付额度的影响有限。本文通过研究受访者对生态灾害的环境态度及其对支付意愿和支付额度的影响,以期为准确评估海...     

Building resilience through interlocal relations: Case studies of polar bear and walrus management in the Bering Strait

Arctic coastal communities in the Bering Strait region of Alaska (USA) and Chukotka (Russia) share a close relationship with their natural environments that can be characterized as a social–ecological system. This system is complex, featuring changing ecosystem conditions, multiple jurisdictions, migratory animal populations, and several cultures. We argue that linkages between communities in both countries enhance the effectiveness of transborder polar bear and walrus conservation. We find that locally embedded bilateral institutions can provide effective management venues that persist despite slow or lacking processes of international law because they provide a better fit between rules for managing and the true system state.     

Estimating present and future profits within the Namibian hake industry: a bio-economic analysis

Namibia's fishing industry is managed using a system of fishing rights and individual fishing quotas. This property rights system was intended to encourage the local fishing industry to exploit the resource responsibly. Unfortunately, unintended perverse incentives have promoted induced overcapacity and inefficient use of vessels. In combination with inconsistent quota allocations, the result has been persistent pressure on the already depleted biological resource. This paper uses a bio-economic model to estimate actual and potential profits in Namibia's hake fishery. N$300 million annual profit was not realised due to the depressed state of the resource. Mean annual profits for the years 2007–2009 were N$80 million, which provides the fishing industry, as a whole, only about 36% of the potential normal profit. Theoretically this implies that the fishing industry would probably receive better returns with less risk if they invested their money elsewhere. This study demonstrates that by rationalising quotas and improving management, better efficiency and higher profits for the fishers and government could be obtained.