Study of Wetland Ecosystem Vegetation Using Satellite Data

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used to estimate the aboveground net production (ANP) of wetland ecosystems for the key area at the South Taiga zone of West Siberia. The vegetation index and aboveground production are related by linear dependence and are specific for each wetland ecosystem. The NDVI grows with an increase in the ANP at wooded oligotrophic ecosystems. Open oligotrophic bogs and eutrophic wetlands are characterized by an opposite relation. Maps of aboveground production for wetland ecosystems are constructed for each study year and for the whole period of studies. The average aboveground production for all wetland ecosystems of the key area, which was estimated with consideration for the area they occupy and using the data of satellite measurements of the vegetation index, is 305 g C/m²/yr. The total annual carbon accumulation in aboveground wetland vegetation in the key area is 794600 t.     

基于植被物候特征的互花米草提取方法研究——以长三角湿地为例

互花米草自1979年引进我国以来迅速增长,呈现外来物种入侵势态,严重影响了滨海湿地生态系统平衡。通过遥感手段监测可以获取互花米草的时空扩展规律,为互花米草治理提供参考和依据。本文选取长三角地区3个主要湿地区域为研究区,依托Google Earth Engine (GEE)平台选取了2014—2019年Landsat 8 OLI时间序列数据,提出了一种基于物候特征的互花米草提取方法。首先,通过归一化差异湿度指数(NDMI)、归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)和归一化差异水体指数(NDWI)提取互花米草生长的高湿度区域;然后,通过植被指数构建表征植被物候特征的时间序列曲线,确定互花米草与其他植被的物候特征差异时相;最后,基于物候特征差异时相数据构建决策树提取互花米草。通过与现有的互花米草决策树提取方法和支持向量机(SVM)方法对比发现,本文方法在3个研究区的提取结果均为最优提取结果,表明本文的方法对提取互花米草具有较好的适用性。     

城市热岛效应的卫星遥感分析

利用MODIS资料研究了2004年4月南京城市热岛特征及其影响因子,结合地表覆盖类型分析了植被归一化指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）、地表温度（Ts）、地表反照率（α）的城乡差异及其相互关系,探讨了城市热岛（Urban Heat Island,UHI）效应形成的机制。结果表明：南京城区存在着明显的城市热岛效应;城市平均Ts比乡村高约10．83％;城市NDVI和α分别比乡村低约为62％和18.75％;NDVI与Ts呈负相关,相关系数为-0．73,而NDVI与α之间关系与波段有关;城乡植被覆盖差异是造成UHI的主要原因,其次是地表反照率,通过提高植被覆盖率和地表反照率可以减小城市热岛效应。     

1982—1999年珠江流域归一化植被指数与降水年际变化分析

利用1982—1999年月平均归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)和降水资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)方法分别研究了珠江流域的NDVI和降水在年和年际尺度上的异常关系,并分析了NDVI与降水及其他一些气象因子的相关关系。研究发现流域NDVI和降水在年内异常上具有较好的空间一致性,在时间上具有1—2个月的滞后;年际尺度上两者异常空间差异明显,流域东部(下游)异常为负相关,西部(上游)异常为正相关。NDVI和各气候因子的相关关系存在明显的空间和季节差异:流域东部NDVI和降水负相关明显,和温度及太阳短波辐射正相关明显;流域西部NDVI和降水滞后正相关明显,和温度相关不明显;NDVI在夏季和降水呈显著负相关,在春、秋季节滞后于降水,呈明显正相关,且滞后3个月正相关最为明显。     

The Relationship between the Seasonal Dynamics of Surface Temperature and NDVI in Urbanized Areas of an Arid Zone. The Case of the Volgograd Agglomeration

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Land surface temperatures and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were determined throughout the Volgograd agglomeration using data of...     

基于HY-1C CZI影像光谱指数重构数据MNF变换的红树林提取

本文基于广西山口国家红树林生态自然保护区的HY-1C卫星的海岸带成像仪(Coastal Zone Imager,CZI)影像,分析了红树林与一般陆地植被的光谱特征及其光谱指数的相关性,采用归一化差值植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)、归一化差异水分指数(Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI)、大气阻抗植被指数(Atmospheric Impedance Vegetation Index,ARVI)及利用CZI波段构建的光谱斜率比(CZI Visible Spectrum Slope Ratio,CVSSR)4个指数替代CZI原始波段形成重构数据,基于重构数据的最小噪声分离变换(Minimum Noise Fraction Rotation,MNF)结果分量,建立决策树并实现了红树林信息的自动提取。研究结果表明:结合本文所选光谱指数重构数据及MNF变换方法,能够有效增强CZI影像上红树林与一般陆地植被的光谱差异,基于MNF变换分量建立的决策树可有效提取红树林信息,经与专家解译结果比对,本文方法面积准确率达90%以上;经随机样本点验证,总体检测精度为88%。     

根、茎、叶定量概化植物模型沿程不规则波消减实验

在理论分析的基础上利用根、茎、叶均可量化的植物模型,开展波浪水槽实验。通过改变实验水深、入射波高、植物分布密度等因素,研究不规则波在植物群传播时沿程波高衰减特性,利用快速傅里叶变换对不规则波频谱变化情况进行分析。结果表明,各植物模型消波效果较好,但很少出现植物消波的边界效应,不规则波沿植物群的波高变化情况多数时与Mendez理论曲线不一致,植物群各部分的波能衰减情况并无固定的变化规律。此外,波能衰减集中在谱峰频率处,且入射波高越大,透射波与入射波之间的谱峰值差值越大,但透射波的频谱宽度与入射波相比无明显变化。本研究可为采用近岸植物消波护岸提供一定的理论依据。     

侵蚀浪条件下沉水植被对沙坝-潟湖海岸的冲淤影响研究

全球海岸生态系统正遭受气候变化及人类活动带来的威胁, 本文基于沙坝-潟湖系统海岸典型剖面形态, 通过设计实施动床波浪水槽试验, 定量研究了侵蚀浪条件下沉水植被对该系统海岸冲淤的影响。结果表明: 沉水植被明显削弱了沙坝前坡波浪破碎区前缘的波高增大幅度, 并使坝后波高衰减; 植被作用使波浪反射和透射系数减小、耗散系数增大; 侵蚀浪作用下, 沙坝坝顶冲刷较明显, 潟湖内呈淤积趋势, 海岸前丘受波浪冲刷呈陡坎形态。植被影响下沙坝和前丘区域最大侵蚀厚度均减小; 植被可减少沙坝净侵蚀量、潟湖内淤积量及离岸输沙量, 对海岸前丘有较好的保护作用。     

沿程非均匀分布植物区对海啸波消减的数值研究

为研究近岸植物的非均匀分布对海啸波的消减作用,采用非静压单相流模型计算了5种不同密度分布植物与孤立波的相互作用,分析不同密度分布植物对海啸的消波特性。结果表明在植物总株数相同时,具有不同分布密度植物的消波效果相近,透射波波高差小于3%、最大流速差小于5.4%,但是不同植物密度分布情况下植物区前的反射系数有所不同,反射系数最大差为80.2%。此外,所有分布的植物区对波高和流速的透射系数随着波高和植物区长度变化的趋势是一样的,在不同入射波高和植物区长度情况下5种分布均呈现出相似的沿程衰减机制。     

The influence of the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover and surface topography on vertical CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fluxes within the atmospheric surface layer

The influence of the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation cover and topography on CO₂ fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer is estimated using a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model of turbulent exchange. A ~4.5-km-long profile that crossed a hilly area with a mosaic vegetation cover in Tula region was selected for model experiments. During the first experiment, a wind field and vertical fluxes were calculated by the 2D model for the entire selected profile with respect to the horizontal heterogeneity of the vegetation cover and surface topography. In the second experiment, the profile was considered an assemblage of elementary independent homogeneous segments; for each of them, vertical fluxes were calculated by the 2D model with the assumption of ‘zero’ horizontal advection, i.e., the required functions are independent of the horizontal coordinates. The influences of any boundary effects that appear at the interface between the different vegetation communities and at topographical irregularities on the turbulent regime are ignored in this case. For the profile selected, ignoring the horizontal advection, disturbances in the wind field that appeared at surface topography irregularities, and boundaries between different vegetation communities can lead to a 26% underestimation of the total CО₂ absorption by the ground surface on a clear sunny day under summer weather conditions.     

海南岛周边近海表层沉积中的孢粉及其与周边植被的关系

对海南岛周边近海海底180个表层沉积样品作了孢粉、藻类分析,根据孢粉分布规律及孢粉浓度特点,将研究区划分为3个孢粉分区:1区为松属-凤尾蕨科-水龙骨科-里白科-常绿栎 蕈树属 杨梅属孢粉区;2区为松属-凤尾蕨科-水龙骨科-里白科-铁线蕨属 鳞盖蕨属孢粉区;3区为松属-水龙骨科-凤尾蕨科-里白科孢粉区。研究区沉积中的孢粉组合与该区陆缘植被特征基本一致,两者特征的相关性为研究陆缘地区的古植被、古气候以及海相地层的划分和对比提供了理论依据。     

基于规范变换的海水水质普适指数公式

为了建立形式简洁、计算简便和普适通用的海水水质的普适指数公式,基于海水水质标准(GB3097-1997),只要适当设置海水水质各指标"参照值"和指标值的规范变换式,并对各指标的标准值进行规范变换,使所有27项指标的各级标准值的规范值都处于陆地3类水体72项指标的同级标准值的规范值范围内,从而适用于陆地水体72项指标规范值的6个水质普适指数公式也适用于27项指标规范值的海水水质评价。以厦门近海海域和长江口近海海域的海水水质评价作实例,对指数公式的实用性进行了效果检验,并与其他方法的评价结果进行了比较。结果表明:不仅6个指数公式使陆地水体水质评价和海水水质评价得到普适、统一、规范和简化,而且规范变换的思想和方法对水资源及水安全系统的研究亦有借鉴作用。     

Predictive modeling of plant productivity in the Russian Arctic using satellite data

The NOAA satellite data for 1982–2012 are used to analyze current changes in plant productivity of the Russian boreal and tundra zones. Trends in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are calculated separately for the vegetation zones in the European, West Siberian, East Siberian, and Far East sectors of the Russian Arctic and are compared with each other. This index is the normalized difference in reflectance between the red and infrared regions of the spectrum and is widely used as an indicator of the photosynthetically active biomass amount. Multifactorial statistical analysis is used to analyze the link between the plant productivity characterized by NDVI and predictive climatic indices characterizing the temperature regime and precipitation. A statistical model is developed on the basis of the resulting set of regression equations and is used with a climatic projection to predict plant productivity changes across the zonal gradient from northern tundra to boreal forests. According to our results, the current increase in plant productivity, which is observed in all vegetation zones in the Arctic, will continue in the coming decades. By the mid-21st century, productivity may increase by as much as 30% of its current value in selected zones of arctic vegetation.     

面向国产高分辨率卫星的浒苔绿潮遥感监测算法对比

利用高空间分辨率卫星影像准确监测浒苔绿潮对灾害早期发现、动态跟踪以及沿岸防御具有重要应用价值。目前面向高分辨率遥感影像已有多种浒苔提取方法,但不同遥感算法受到海水背景(浑浊和清澈海水)和外界观测环境(如云层、太阳耀斑、观测几何条件)等干扰,其监测效果可能受到不同程度影响。为此,以国产高分辨率GF-WFV和HJ-CCD影像为例,充分对比了归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、漂浮藻类高度虚拟基线指数(virtual baseline floating macroalgae height,VB-FAH)和绿度指数(tasseled cap greenness,TCG)在常见多种环境背景下提取浒苔的优势和不足。研究结果表明:在清澈海水、浑浊海水和弱太阳耀斑背景下,NDVI、VB-FAH和TCG三种算法均有较好的浒苔识别能力,其精度评价指标F1-score和总体分类精度(overall accuracy, OA)分别超过95.6%和95.2%。对于几何观测条件,VB-FAH和TCG算法对观测几何角度的变化不敏感并表现较高的稳定性,要优于NDVI方法。在云层覆盖和强太阳耀斑背景下,TCG算法的浒苔判识能力最好,并可有效排除云覆盖和强太阳耀斑的干扰,其精度评价指标F1-score和OA分别超过95.2%和95.0%。     

Climate-Forced Changes of Bioproductivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems in Belarus

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The spatial and temporal particularities of changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the territory of Belarus in the current...     

长江口南汇湿地植被的光谱吸收特征研究

植被的光谱吸收特征与植被生长状况密切相关,同时也受土壤湿度等外界因素影响。本文以长江口南汇湿地典型植被芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草为研究对象,在计算其光谱特征参数的基础上,分析了这3种植被的光谱吸收特征形变PSDI值。最后结合实测的土壤湿度,分析了3种植被的PSDI值和土壤湿度的相关性。研究结果发现:互花米草的PSDI值最大,海三棱藨草的PSDI值最小,芦苇介于两者之间,表明互花米草受外界的环境影响较大;互花米草的PSDI值与土壤湿度的相关性最大,芦苇的PSDI值与土壤湿度的相关性最小,海三棱藨草介于两者之间,表明互花米草适应湿地环境能力较强。     

Climate-Related Changes in the Vegetation Cover of the Taiga and Tundra of West Siberia over the Period of 1982–2015 Based on Satellite Data

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - This paper presents the results of a trend and correlation analysis of the air temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)...     

中国陆地与海岛植被分类研究综述与展望

为了对海岛植被进行分类,确定海岛植被型,本文首先较为全面地回顾了中国陆地植被分类和区划的研究历程,在分析植被分类理论和方法的基础上,以东海浙闽海岛(平潭岛以北)所在海域为例,提出探索海岛植被分类与气候控制因子关系、进而研究海岛植被型及其空间分布的思路与方法;其次,依据陆地植被分类的理论方法和研究结果,探讨了东海浙闽海岛的可能植被型,认为海岛植被型n应在陆地植被型范畴内,其数量是陆地植被型m中的若干(n/m);最后,由于海岛所处海域的气候与毗邻陆地不同,因此对海洋气候的控制因子进行了分析,提出尝试通过控制因子的特征和演变规律分析,进而推演海岛植被型及分布,同时结合植被调查经验和方法进行验证的海岛植被分类方法。     

Analysis of coastal damage of a beach profile under the protection of emergent vegetation

The primary objective of the study was to experimentally explore the protection performance of the emergent vegetation on the morphological changes of a coastal zone. The experiments were conducted under both regular and irregular waves in two different wave flumes. A dimensionless number was derived to characterize the beach profile response under the protection of emergent vegetation. Accordingly, empirical relations were derived that explained the pattern exhibited by the experimental data. The list of wave parameters and beach erosion related functions were incorporated in relation to vegetation intensity in order to define coastal zone response. The relationships of these functions followed good trends with the derived dimensionless number. The findings showed that fall speed parameter is not necessarily involved whereas depth parameter is an important factor while defining the damage. The damage parameter is also considered to formulate the limits of dynamic and static stability of beach profiles under the protection of emergent vegetation.     

Transportation of water,particulate and dissolved organic and inorganic matter between a salt marsh and the Ems-Dollard estuary,The Netherlands

Transport processes were studied in a gully between a salt marsh and an estuary. After storm tides, ebb currents in the gully reached high values. It is concluded that particulate matter (both organic and inorganic) are imported into the marsh. Coarse organic debris is exported during storm tides, but this amount is low when compared with the primary production on the marsh. Exports are shown for dissolved organic carbon, ammonia, phosphate and silica, while nitrate and possibly nitrite are imported. Organic matter derived from in situ production and net import is buried and partly mineralized in the marsh.