基于CT图像的花岗岩矿物组分与细观结构分析

获取准确的岩石矿物组分与细观结构特征,对从细观层面认识岩石宏观力学性质具有重要意义。CT扫描技术是研究岩石矿物细观结构的有力工具。本文采用高分辨率三维CT扫描系统,获得了花岗岩CT扫描图像;采用阈值分割的方法,综合X射线衍射试验结果确定合理的分割阈值,实现了对花岗岩CT灰度图像的三值化分析;最终获得了花岗岩的主要矿物含量与细观结构特征。研究结果表明:选择合理的分割阈值,可实现花岗岩主要矿物石英、长石、云母的自动识别和定量分析;基于三维重构模型,可获得不同矿物的形状、粒径和空间分布特征。本文方法对定量测试岩石矿物组分和认识其细观结构具有一定的参考意义和价值。     

承德钒钛磁铁矿钒和钛物相的联测分析方法

依据承德地区大庙式钒钛磁铁矿床特征,通过人工重砂分离及单矿物化学分析并结合电子探针、岩矿鉴定结果查明了承德钒钛磁铁矿石中的含钒矿物主要是钛磁铁矿和磁铁矿,次要矿物是钛铁矿和硅酸盐;含钛矿物主要是钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿,次要矿物是金红石、榍石。根据承德钒钛磁铁矿石钒和铁呈正比的关系,选取代表性试样进行了钒钛物相分析项目的确定及溶剂选择的实验,最终确定了钒和钛物相分析测定流程。钒物相分析测定项目为磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钒、钛铁矿中的钒、硅酸盐中的钒及总钒四项;钛物相分析测定项目为钛铁矿中的钛、磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钛、金红石中的钛、硅酸盐中的钛及总钛五项。通过本方法测定的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例与人工重砂分析定量计算的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例是相互吻合的。对110件钒钛磁铁矿石样品进行了4种含钛矿物及3种含钒矿物物相分析,结果与实际地质成矿组分符合。本方法实现了钒钛磁铁矿中钒矿物和钛矿物的定量分离,确定了钒和钛物相联测分析流程,可以同时测定钒和钛矿物的含量。     

哈密土墩矿区高光谱影像蚀变矿物识别初步研究

文章以哈密土墩矿区为例,利用航空高光谱HyMAP数据,从单矿物光谱与混合像元光谱之间的相似概率和模型化参数出发,发展了基于光谱混合组成的极大相关高光谱矿物识别方法,初步识别出该区与成矿关系密切的6种蚀变矿物及其空间分布趋势,并为野外地质工作与薄片鉴定所证实。该研究初步表明,高光谱遥感可为地质学中矿物的空间分布研究提供有用的新技术。     

用扫描电镜-图象分析方法研究某区稀土、铌矿石的元素赋存状态

某区西部矿区稀土,铌矿物是该区有意义的工业矿物。该类矿物的定量准确程度,将直接影响将来的工艺流程。该区稀土、铌矿物具有含量低、种类多、颗粒细,且某些矿物的光性近似、难于鉴定、矿石又遭受表生氧化等特点,故用传统的在显     

三轴压缩试验前后含气页岩微纳尺度裂隙空间分布特征研究

含气页岩受力后裂隙扩展分布方式与矿物之间的关系研究对页岩气勘探开采具有重要指示意义,但受制于前期仪器设备水平的不足,目前相关研究较少。本文以四川盆地志留纪龙马溪组页岩为例,分别选择三轴压缩试验前后的天然样和压缩样进行氩离子抛光,借助高性能场扫描电镜和能谱仪进行矿物晶体和微纳尺度的裂纹观察（分别设定扫描电镜像素大小10 nm和1 μm,观察面积设为1 mm）,结合空间统计分析技术,进行三轴压缩试验前后含气页岩微纳尺度裂隙空间分布特征及其与矿物组成的相关关系进行分析研究。研究表明,三轴压缩试验前后,样品内微纳尺度裂隙的空间分布均符合幂律分布,具有一定的自仿射性和层次结构性。但是不同矿物（石英、长石、碳酸盐、黏土等）在受压前后产生的微观裂隙分布特征值（D、logC）变化方式存在显著差异,反映了不同矿物的力学响应特征和机制的不同以及不同矿物对页岩压裂造缝的贡献作用的不同。脆性矿物中的长石、碳酸盐矿物组成以及脆性矿物与黏土矿物的相互作用可能对页岩缝网改造中起着较为重要的作用。不同矿物压缩前后的破坏模式总体存在从张性破坏到剪性破坏的转变过程,然而不同矿物类型在压缩前后裂隙展布形态特征及力学机制有很大不同,特别是碳酸盐类和黏土类矿物变化最为显著,容易形成较复杂的缝网,并存在复杂应力状态主导的多种不同力学机制裂纹共存的现象,在研究时需要考虑页岩复杂矿物构成和结构导致的破裂过程的不确定性等因素。     

大别杂岩中混合岩的矿物空间分布研究

介绍了矿物空间分布研究的基本原理及两种统计方法(接触频数法和线切法)。作者对混合岩矿物空间分布的研究表明:(1)前人提出的统计方法存在方法上的缺陷和应用上的局限性,作者推导出矿物接触类型的概率公式;(2)部分浅色体中矿物显示聚集分布的特征,而绝大部分的浅色体中矿物具有分散分布的特点。结合质量平衡和地球化学研究认为:大别杂岩中主体混合岩成因机制是重熔和交代作用。     

自动矿物分析技术在鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩型铀矿矿物鉴定和赋存状态研究中的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地是我国重要的砂岩型铀矿成矿区之一.铀矿物赋存状态研究对砂岩型铀矿的成因认识、找矿勘查及选冶开采具有重要意义,但其矿物组成复杂,铀矿物粒度细小、种类繁多且赋存状态多样,致使研究初始的鉴定阶段就存在难点.目前普遍使用放射性照相法和电子探针(EMPA)两种方法开展铀矿物鉴定分析工作.放射性照相可一次性得到光片中所...     

微生物还原铁氧化物矿物的电化学研究

微生物可以还原铁氧化物矿物。本文通过使用电化学方法对铁氧化物矿物在微生物还原作用下的氧化还原特性进行模拟与表征,补充了从新角度对微生物还原铁氧化物矿物的研究。研究结果显示,微生物可直接以铁氧化物矿物作为电子受体将其还原得到二价铁生成物。电化学实验显示,0.2 mA阴极恒电流条件下铁氧化物矿物可以接受电子,同时铁氧化物矿物中的Fe3+在0.89±0.01 V(相对于饱和甘汞电极)时发生还原反应,表明铁氧化物矿物满足被微生物还原的电化学条件。双室微生物-铁氧化物矿物体系研究证实,铁氧化物矿物可以作为阴极接受微生物提供的电子。     

Electron beam analytical instruments and the determination of modes,spatial variations of minerals and textural features of rocks in polished section

Point counts based on X-ray intensities collected with an automated electron beam analytical instrument can be used to estimate the accurate modes required by modern physical-chemical modelling of rock-forming processes. In addition, the spatial distributions of mineral species and mineral compositions can be extracted from the coordinates of the point counting grid. Statistical tests of whether the mineral and porosity distributions are uniform can be performed by comparing the results from subareas of the polished section. The separate and composite contributions of the mineral phases to the texture and structure of the rock can be visually represented with mineral distribution maps. Qualitative differences in grain size can be recognized because the nonzero, finite electron beam diameter can detect grain boundaries. Spots on the minerals are identified by comparing the ranking of X-ray intensities with the ranking of intensities on a set of standards. For example, this method identified more than 88% of the spots on the surface of a polished section of an alkali olivine basalt. A small additional number of spots, approximately 1%, were identified because their spectra were dominated by the X-ray intensities of two characteristic elements. This method was particularly efficient in identifying phases with a small grain size and simple chemistry, e.g. apatite. The modal amounts of an alkali olivine basalt obtained with a microprobe are within approximately one standard deviation of the results obtained by point counting the same areas of the polished section under reflected and transmitted light if the minerals are major constituents and occur only in the groundmass. Accessory and phenocryst phases agree to within approximately three standard deviations.     

俯冲带蛇纹岩的变质过程

俯冲带蛇纹岩是俯冲带流体的重要来源,特别是其深部脱水作用对地幔动力学影响深远,是研究俯冲带约80~200km深度范围的地球动力学的关键,因此研究蛇纹岩的变质作用过程及其相关特征矿物(组合)的温压稳定范围具有重要意义。蛇纹岩具有简单的矿物(组合):蛇纹石类、硅镁石类、磁铁矿、氢氧镁石、绿泥石、橄榄石、透辉石、角闪石、滑石等,并且这些矿物(组合)对温压变化不敏感从而很难用来判定蛇纹岩所经历的变质演化轨迹。近几十年来,研究者通过实验岩石学和野外地质观察,主要研究了蛇纹石类矿物和硅镁石类矿物的温压稳定范围,并且试图使用这些特征矿物(组合)来判定俯冲带蛇纹岩的峰期变质条件。本文总结了蛇纹岩中这些主要矿物的温压稳定范围和相关变质反应,并且以中国西南天山蛇纹岩为例,展示使用特征矿物(组合)和叶蛇纹石Al等值线判定蛇纹岩峰期温压条件在实际岩石中的应用。另外,早期对叶蛇纹石的研究表明:随着温压条件的变化,叶蛇纹石的晶体结构会发生相应的调整。表现为单位晶胞内硅氧四面体的个数(m值)发生变化:温度升高,m值变小;压力升高,m值变大,这个发现在高压实验和天然样品中得到了一定程度的验证。本文利用已知峰期温压范围的叶蛇纹石样品分别采用粉末制样法和离子减薄制样法,进行透射电镜测试(TEM)样品的m值,并通过统计的方法获得叶蛇纹石的m值的峰值。结果显示叶蛇纹石的m值的峰值在一定程度上可以用以指示温压条件。本文提出可以用矿物组合、叶蛇纹石Al等值线和叶蛇纹石m值峰值相结合的方法确定蛇纹岩的变质温压条件和P-T轨迹。     

自然伽马能谱测井资料在确定粘土矿物含量中的应用

由于自然伽马能谱测井(NGS)的放射性元素U、Th、K的含量与粘土矿物有着密切的关系,所以可利用NGS定性或定量确定油气储层粘土矿物含量。阐述了自然伽马能谱测井资料在确定粘土矿物含量中的地质依据,建立了研究地层粘土矿物含量的计算模型。由研究油田的NGS测井资料计算并对比了粘土矿物的含量,最终得到很好的效果。     

Quantitative mineralogical and chemical assessment of the Nkout iron ore deposit,Southern Cameroon

The Nkout deposit is part of an emerging iron ore province in West and Central Africa. The deposit is an oxide facies iron formation comprising fresh magnetite banded iron formation (BIF) at depth, which weathers and oxidises towards the surface forming caps of high grade hematite/martite–goethite ores. The mineral species, compositions, mineral associations, and liberation have been studied using automated mineralogy (QEMSCAN^®) combined with whole rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry and mineralogical techniques. Drill cores (saprolitic, lateritic, BIF), grab and outcrop samples were studied and divided into 4 main groups based on whole rock Fe content and a weathering index. The groups are; enriched material (EM), weathered magnetite itabirite (WMI), transitional magnetite itabirite (TMI) and magnetite itabirite (MI). The main iron minerals are the iron oxides (magnetite, hematite, and goethite) and chamosite. The iron oxides are closely associated in the high grade cap and liberation of them individually is poor. Liberation increases when they are grouped together as iron oxides. Chamosite significantly lowers the liberation of the iron oxides. Automated mineralogy by QEMSCAN^® (or other similar techniques) can distinguish between Fe oxides if set up and calibrated carefully using the backscattered electron signal. Electron beam techniques have the advantage over other quantitative mineralogy techniques of being able to determine mineral chemical variants of ore and gangue minerals, although reflected light optical microscopy remains the most sensitive method of distinguishing closely related iron oxide minerals. Both optical and electron beam automated mineralogical methods have distinct advantages over quantitative XRD in that they can determine mineral associations, liberation, amorphous phases and trace phases.     

岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法研究

数值计算中利用随机分布对各单元赋予不同的物理力学参数来考虑岩石的非均质性,赋值过程是纯随机的,并没有考虑岩石矿物组成的结构特征。故提出一种新的岩石非均质参数赋值方法--岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法,基于岩石矿物种类及其含量定义细胞元类别判定区间,利用Monte Carlo方法对各个细胞元进行矿物类别判定,并进行相应的参数赋值,通过各矿物细胞元的随机混合体来描述岩石的非均质性。该方法既考虑了组成岩石的矿物种类及其含量（结构特征）,又考虑了组成矿物在岩石中的随机分布特征。针对矿物分布的随机特征,利用两矿物细胞元混合模型和三矿物细胞元混合模型进行数值试验,研究了矿物细胞元随机分布特征对岩石宏观力学参数的影响。研究结果表明,岩石矿物细胞元随机性参数赋值方法具有结构性和随机性的双重特性,其随机性不依赖于随机参数,岩石宏观力学参数受细胞元随机性特征的影响很小。     

硅硼镁铝矿复杂（高次）孪晶的微结构研究

本文用透射电子显微技术研究了硅硼镁铝矿的显微结构特征。研究结果表明:该矿物发育复杂(高次)生长孪晶,即(202)孪晶,(280)(202)二次孪晶,(04I)(280)(202)三次孪晶和(443)四次孪晶。并阐明了矿物高次孪晶的相互结构关系。同时,在TEM明场象中观察到了该矿物复杂孪晶对应的结晶形态。笔者还总结了低对称复杂孪晶显微结构的分析方法。     

Geobarometry for Peridotites: Experiments in Simple and Natural Systems from 6 to 10 GPa

Experiments with peridotite minerals in simple (MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂,CaO–MgO–SiO₂ and CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂)and natural systems were conducted at 1300–1500°Cand 6–10 GPa using a multi-anvil apparatus. The experimentsin simple systems demonstrated consistency with previous lowerpressure experiments in belt and piston–cylinder set-ups.The analysis of spatial variations in pyroxene compositionswithin experimental samples was used to demonstrate that pressureand temperature variations within the samples were less than0·4 GPa and 50°C. Olivine capsules were used in natural-systemexperiments with two mineral mixtures: SC1 (olivine + high-Alorthopyroxene + high-Al clinopyroxene + spinel) and J4 (olivine+ low-Al orthopyroxene + low-Al clinopyroxene + garnet). Theexperiments produced olivine + orthopyroxene + garnet ±clinopyroxene assemblages, occasionally with magnesite and carbonate-richmelt. Equilibrium compositions were derived by the analysisof grain rims and evaluation of mineral zoning. They were comparedwith our previous experiments with the same starting mixturesat 2·8–6·0 GPa and the results from simplesystems. The compositions of minerals from experiments withnatural mixtures show smooth pressure and temperature dependencesup to a pressure of 8 GPa. The experiments at 9 and 10 GPa producedandradite-rich garnets and pyroxene compositions deviating fromthe trends defined by the lower pressure experiments (e.g. higherAl in orthopyroxene and Ca in clinopyroxene). This discrepancyis attributed to a higher degree of oxidation in the high-pressureexperiments and an orthopyroxene–high-P clinopyroxenephase transition at 9 GPa. Based on new and previous resultsin simple and natural systems, a new version of the Al-in-orthopyroxenebarometer is presented. The new barometer adequately reproducesexperimental pressures up to 8 GPa. KEY WORDS: garnet; mineral equilibrium; multi-anvil apparatus; orthopyroxene; geobarometry     

基于深度学习的智能矿物识别方法研究

矿物识别在许多研究领域都有着重要作用,基于深度学习技术的智能矿物识别为这些领域带来了新的发展方向,不仅能有效节省人工成本,还能减小识别错误。针对石英、角闪石、黑云母、石榴石和橄榄石共5种矿物进行实验,提出了一种准确高效的智能矿物识别方法。实验采用图像分析常用的卷积神经网络建立模型,设计出一套基于残差神经网络的矿物识别方法。本实验独立采集了5种矿物的偏光显微图像数据集,用于模型的训练、验证和测试,并通过合理的数据增强策略来扩充训练数据集。在卷积神经网络的结构设计上,选取了ResNet-18作为框架,最终于模型测试中取得89%的准确率,成功训练出一个较为精准的矿物识别模型,实现了基于深度学习的智能矿物识别方法。     

松辽盆地西南部DL铀矿带铀赋存状态及矿物组成特征

DL铀矿带是松辽盆地近年找矿的新发现。文章利用扫描电镜、电子探针和自动矿物参数定量分析系统等测试手段对该区矿石样品进行了铀赋存状态研究,结果表明:研究区铀主要以沥青铀矿、含锆铀矿物、含钛铀矿物等独立铀矿物以及黏土吸附、有机质吸附、锐钛矿吸附等吸附铀形式存在,铀矿物呈微粒状、细脉状、块状和团块状产出,空间上与磷灰石、硒铅矿、黄铁矿、有机质和碳酸盐等关系密切,与周边铀矿床的铀存在形式略有差别,其中含锆铀矿物在砂岩型铀矿中属首次发现。矿物组成以石英、长石、黏土矿物和碳酸盐为主,此外还有一定量的钛铁氧化物、重晶石、铁氧化物和少量独居石、磷钇矿、硒铅矿等副矿物。利用电子探针的铀定量分析数据和自动矿物参数定量分析系统的铀矿物定量分析数据,首次定量计算了不同存在形式铀的分布率,结果显示:独立铀矿物中沥青铀矿和含锆铀矿物的分布率最高,吸附铀以黏土矿物吸附占优势,有机质和锐钛矿吸附次之。铀赋存状态及矿物组成的精细厘定对矿床成因与选冶工艺研究等具有重要意义。     

微生物影响硅酸盐矿物风化作用的模拟试验

研究了硅酸盐细菌对矿物的风化作用。选用土壤中常见的钾长石、伊利石等矿物作为细菌风化作用的对象,通过在含有矿物颗粒的无氮培养基中培养硅酸盐细菌,使其在培养液中与矿物颗粒发生相互作用,再取样并处理后进行电镜观察和X-射线衍射分析。电镜观察结果表明细菌对矿物试样表面确实发生了溶蚀作用,被细菌作用后的矿粉,颗粒浑圆,边缘模糊不清,表面呈凹凸不平状,矿物颗粒被大量的菌体物质所覆盖。用X-射线衍射分析检测到细菌对具不同晶体结构矿物的“选择性”破坏作用,在有多种矿物同时存在的情况下,细菌对较易分解的矿物破坏作用速度较快。结合矿物学与微生物学相关知识,初步分析了细菌培养液中细菌与矿物界面之间的相互作用以及土壤生态系统中矿物的生物风化作用过程。     

X射线荧光光谱微区分析在铜矿物类质同象鉴定中的应用

铜矿物种类繁多,赋存状态各异,成分复杂,由于共生矿物和伴生矿物的存在,增加了传统岩矿鉴定工作的难度。特别是铜矿物间存在的类质同象现象(黝铜矿和砷黝铜矿)和铜矿物与其他矿物间(磁黄铁矿和方黄铜矿)存在镜下光学特征相似的现象,应用偏光或反光显微镜难以给铜矿物准确定名。本文应用具有微区分析功能的X射线荧光光谱仪扫描铜矿物标本谱图,通过选择测量条件、测量方式和干扰校正模型(谱线重叠和基体效应)建立了类质同象物相的鉴定方法。该方法具有较高的精密度和准确度,对黄铜矿标本进行12次测定,S、Fe、Cu的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.74%、0.86%、0.18%;对铜矿物标准样品进行单次测定,待测元素的测量结果与推荐值的相对误差均小于6%。该方法可准确甄别出黝铜矿与含银砷黝铜矿、磁黄铁矿与方黄铜矿;测量效率高,能够提供主量元素和主要伴生元素的二维或三维图像,直观地呈现矿物的分布情况,为铜矿物的准确定名和矿物的综合利用提供了有价值的信息。     

Biogenic iron oxyhydroxide formation at mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vents: Juan de Fuca Ridge

Here we examine Fe speciation within Fe-encrusted biofilms formed during 2-month seafloor incubations of sulfide mineral assemblages at the Main Endeavor Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The biofilms were distributed heterogeneously across the surface of the incubated sulfide and composed primarily of particles with a twisted stalk morphology resembling those produced by some aerobic Fe-oxidizing microorganisms. Our objectives were to determine the form of biofilm-associated Fe, and identify the sulfide minerals associated with microbial growth. We used micro-focused synchrotron-radiation X-ray fluorescence mapping (μXRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (μΕXAFS), and X-ray diffraction (μXRD) in conjunction with focused ion beam (FIB) sectioning, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The chemical and mineralogical composition of an Fe-encrusted biofilm was queried at different spatial scales, and the spatial relationship between primary sulfide and secondary oxyhydroxide minerals was resolved. The Fe-encrusted biofilms formed preferentially at pyrrhotite-rich (Fe_1−xS, 0 ? x ? 0.2) regions of the incubated chimney sulfide. At the nanometer spatial scale, particles within the biofilm exhibiting lattice fringing and diffraction patterns consistent with 2-line ferrihydrite were identified infrequently. At the micron spatial scale, Fe μEXAFS spectroscopy and μXRD measurements indicate that the dominant form of biofilm Fe is a short-range ordered Fe oxyhydroxide characterized by pervasive edge-sharing Fe-O₆ octahedral linkages. Double corner-sharing Fe-O₆ linkages, which are common to Fe oxyhydroxide mineral structures of 2-line ferrihydrite, 6-line ferrihydrite, and goethite, were not detected in the biogenic iron oxyhydroxide (BIO). The suspended development of the BIO mineral structure is consistent with Fe(III) hydrolysis and polymerization in the presence of high concentrations of Fe-complexing ligands. We hypothesize that microbiologically produced Fe-complexing ligands may play critical roles in both the delivery of Fe(II) to oxidases, and the limited Fe(III) oxyhydroxide crystallinity observed within the biofilm. Our research provides insight into the structure and formation of naturally occurring, microbiologically produced Fe oxyhydroxide minerals in the deep-sea. We describe the initiation of microbial seafloor weathering, and the morphological and mineralogical signals that result from that process. Our observations provide a starting point from which progressively older and more extensively weathered seafloor sulfide minerals may be examined, with the ultimate goal of improved interpretation of ancient microbial processes and associated biological signatures.