Mapping forest windthrows using high spatial resolution multispectral satellite images

Wind disturbances represent the main source of damage in European forests, affecting them directly (windthrows) or indirectly due to secondary damages (insect outbreaks and forest fires). The assessment of windthrows damages is very important to establish adequate management plans and remote sensing can be very useful for this purpose. Many types of optical remote sensing data are available with different spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions, and many options are possible for data acquisition, i.e. immediately after the event or after a certain time. The objective of this study is to compare the windthrows mapping capabilities of two multispectral satellite constellations (i.e. Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope) characterized by very different spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions, and to evaluate the impact of the acquisition conditions on the mapping results. The analysed area, with an extent of 732 km², is located in the Trentino-South Tyrol region (Italy) which was affected by the Vaia storm on the 27th-30th of October 2018, causing serious forest damages. The change vector analysis technique was used to detect the windthrows. For each data source, two pairs of images were considered: 1) pre- and post- event images acquired as close as possible to the event; 2) pre- and post- event images acquired at optimal conditions, i.e. at similar phenological state and similar illumination conditions. The results obtained with the two satellite constellations are very similar despite their different resolutions. Data acquired in optimal conditions allowed having the best detection rate (accuracy above 80 %), while data acquired just after the event showed many limitations. Improved spatial resolution (PlanetScope data) allows for a better delineation of the borders of the windthrow areas and of the detection of smaller windthrow patches.     

Comparative spatio-spectral heterogeneity analysis using multispectral and hyperspectral airborne images

Knowledge of spatio-spectral heterogeneity within multisensor remote sensing images across visible, near-infrared and short wave infrared spectra is important. Till now, little comparative research on spatio-spectral heterogeneity has been conducted on real multisensor images, especially on both multispectral and hyperspectral airborne images. In this study, four airborne images, Airborne Thematic Mapper, Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager, Specim AISA Eagle and AISI Hawk hyperspectral airborne images of woodland and heath landscapes at Harwood, UK, were applied to quantify and evaluate the differences in spatial heterogeneity through semivariogram modelling. Results revealed that spatial heterogeneity of multisensor airborne images has a close relationship with spatial and spectral resolution and wavelength. Within the visible, near-infrared spectra and short wave infrared spectra, greater spatial heterogeneity is generally observed from the relatively longer wavelength in short wave infrared spectra. There are dramatic changes across the red and red edge spectra, and the peak value is generally examined in the red middle or red edge wavelength across the visible and near-infrared spectra for vegetation or non-vegetation landscape respectively. In all, for real multisensor airborne images, the change in spatial heterogeneity with spatial resolution will accord with the change of support theory depending on whether dramatic change exists across the corresponding wavelength. Besides, if with close spatial resolution, the spatial heterogeneity of multispectral images might be far from the overall integration of these bands from the hyperspectral images involved. A comparative assessment of spatio-spectral heterogeneity using real hyperspectral and multispectral airborne images provides practical guidance for designing the placement and width of a spectral band for different applications and also makes a contribution to the understanding of how to reconcile spatial patterns generated by multisensors.     

一种高光谱遥感图像快速谱聚类算法

为获得分类效果更优良的遥感图像分类方式并解决高光谱遥感图像分类运算速度缓慢的问题,集成Lanczos算法与谱聚类算法,探讨了高光谱遥感图像谱聚类算法应用于遥感图像分类的可行性,提出了一种面向高光谱遥感图像的快速谱聚类算法;通过对比美国圣地亚哥机场高光谱遥感图像K-均值算法与谱聚类算法的分类结果,发现面向高光谱遥感图像的谱聚类算法易于识别线性地物,且分类的速度能得到较大提升。     

Fusion of multispectral and panchromatic Satellite images using the curvelet transform

A useful technique in various applications of remote sensing involves the fusion of different types of satellite images, namely multispectral (MS) satellite images with a high spectral and low spatial resolution and panchromatic (Pan) satellite image with a low spectral and high spatial resolution. Recent studies show that wavelet-based image fusion provides high-quality spectral content in fused images. However, the results of most wavelet-based methods of image fusion have a spatial resolution that is less than that obtained via the Brovey, intensity-hue-saturation, and principal components analysis methods of image fusion. We introduce an improved method of image fusion which is based on the amelioration de la resolution spatiale par injection de structures (ARSIS) concept using the curvelet transform, because the curvelet transform represents edges better than wavelets. Because edges are fundamental in image representation, enhancing the edges is an effective means of enhancing spatial resolution. Curvelet-based image fusion has been used to merge a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus Pan and MS image. The proposed method simultaneously provides richer information in the spatial and spectral domains.     

顾及光谱特性的多光谱与全色影像HIS融合方法

应用CHIS(Generalized-Hue-Intensity-Saturation)变换融合多光谱影像与全色影像中存在的光谱扭曲问题,主要是由于变换后的I分量与全色影像之间差异过大.为此,本文提出了一种基于统计关系定权的I分量计算方法,从数据整体角度考虑,在不能获取I分量与多光谱影像准确函数关系情况下,通过各波段影...     

高光谱图像空间光谱维去相关噪声评估

高光谱图像噪声评估既是评价图像质量的重要内容,也是衡量传感器性能的重要指标。一般噪声评估方法通过对图像规则分割或利用某种距离准则对图像进行连续性分割,计算图像子块的局部标准差或多元线性回归的残差来实现对图像噪声的估计。但这些方法获取的图像子块并不是完全均匀的,图像子块中仍然会存在地物边界,导致图像噪声评估的结果不准确。为了有效提取图像中的均匀子块,本文提出了一种优化的空间光谱维去相关（OSSDC）方法,基于光谱角距离和欧氏距离双重判定,从光谱曲线的形状和数值上寻找相似像元,获取图像中的均匀子块,然后利用多元线性回归计算残差实现对图像噪声的估算。利用模拟图像和实际航空飞行实验获取的高光谱图像对优化算法进行检验,同时与几种常用噪声评估方法进行对比分析,结果表明优化后的算法计算结果更准确,稳定性和适用性优于其他方法。     

空间与谱间相关性分析的NMF高光谱解混

非负矩阵分解(NMF)技术是高光谱像元解混领域的研究热点。为了充分利用高光谱图像中丰富的空间与光谱相关性特征,改善基于NMF的高光谱解混算法性能,提出一种结合了空间与谱间相关性分析的NMF解混算法。算法针对NMF的通用性和局部极小问题,引入并结合高光谱图像两种典型的相关性特征,具体包括:基于马尔可夫随机场(MRF)模型,建立描述相邻像元空间相关特征的约束;通过复杂度映射技术,建立描述相邻波段谱间相关(光谱分段平滑)特征的约束;并将上述两种约束同时引入NMF解混目标函数中。实验结果表明,对于一般自然地物场景或人造地物场景,相对于分段平滑和稀疏约束的非负矩阵分解(PSNMFSC)、交互投影子梯度的非负矩阵分解(APSNMF)和最小体积约束的非负矩阵分解(MVCNMF)这3种代表性NMF解混参考算法,该算法可进一步提高高光谱解混精度;对于空间相关或谱间相关特征中某一种不显著的特殊场景,也具有更好的适应能力。通过将空间相关和谱间相关特征相结合,较全面地反映了高光谱数据与解混相关的重要特征,能够对绝大多数真实高光谱数据进行高精度解混,对高光谱解混及后续应用领域相关研究均具有参考价值。     

融合多光谱影像的高光谱影像厚云去除方法

云遮挡对高光谱影像的应用造成了不可忽视的影响。现有云去除方法通常利用时域近邻的同源影像提供辅助信息。然而,高光谱影像(如GF-5和EO-1高光谱影像)较低的时间分辨率导致同源辅助影像中可能存在较大的地物覆盖变化。时间分辨率更高的多光谱影像(如Landsat 8 OLI影像)能提供时间上更接近于高光谱云影像的辅助信息,从而减少地物覆被变化带来的影响。为应对高光谱和多光谱波段之间差异较大的问题,本文基于空谱随机森林(spatial-spectral-based random forest,SSRF)方法,提出一种利用多光谱影像(Landsat 8 OLI影像)对高光谱影像进行厚云去除的方法,将其简记为SSRF_M。SSRF_M较强的非线性拟合能力使其能够综合利用多光谱影像所有波段的有效数据对各个高光谱波段进行重建。本文使用GF-5和EO-1高光谱影像进行模拟云去除试验,视觉和定量评价结果均表明,与利用时间间隔更长的同源辅助影像的方法相比,本文方法能获得更高精度的云下信息重建结果。     

全球30m分辨率多光谱影像数据自动化处理的实践与思考

全球地表覆盖遥感制图与关键技术研究项目要求对两个基准年度(2000年、2010年)全球30 m分辨率的多光谱遥感数据进行辐射处理和几何精纠正处理,为地表覆盖制图完成数据准备。数据以Landsat TM/ETM+为主,HJ-1A/B CCD数据为补充,共计2万多景影像需要进行辐射处理,有1000多景HJ-1A/B CCD影像需要几何精纠正。如此大规模的数据处理,自动化处理是必然的选择。本文介绍了HJ-1A/B CCD图像几何精纠正自动化实现中关键问题的解决方法和精度评价结果,Landsat TM/ETM+和HJ-1A/B CCD图像自动化辐射校正中关键问题的解决方法和精度评价结果,以及大规模的数据处理活动引发的一些思考。     

一种快速的全色和多光谱图像融合算法

针对非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)在全色和多光谱图像融合中计算复杂度较高的问题,文章提出了一种快速的基于NSCT和超维彩色空间变换(HCT)相结合的融合算法:采用HCT变换提取多光谱图像的亮度分量,使得任意波段的多光谱图像跟全色图像融合的计算复杂度降低;采用NSCT进行融合,使得融合结果的空间分辨率提高的同时,保留原光谱特性。基于Pleiades卫星图像的实验结果表明,跟NSCT变换相比,本文提出的融合算法的融合结果空间细节更加突出,光谱畸变更小,同时计算复杂度显著降低。     

Assessing soil salinity using WorldView-2 multispectral images in Timpaki,Crete, Greece

Salinization is one of the major soil degradation threats occurring worldwide. This study evaluates the feasibility of operational surface soil salinity mapping based on state-of-the-art Earth Observation (EO) products captured by sensors on-board WorldView-2 (WV2) and Landsat 8 satellites. The proposed methods are tested in Timpaki, south-central Crete,Greece, where brackish water irrigation puts soil health at risk of soil salinization. In all cases, EO products are calibrated against soil samples collected from bare soil locations. Results indicate a moderate correlation of observed EC_e values with the investigated remote sensing parameters. Regarding sensitivity to saline soil, the yellow band displays higher values. Comparison between methods used in the literature shows that those developed specifically for soil salinity, and especially index S5, perform better. The proposed ‘detection index’ and 3D PCA transformation methodology perform reasonably well in detecting areas with high EC_e values and provide a simple and effective operational alternative for saline topsoil detection and mapping.     

基于光谱和空域信息的城区变化检测方法研究

目前的变化检测研究主要集中在利用中、小比例尺遥感图像进行自然环境等方面的变化检测,如草场的季节性变化、灾害检测、植被分布变化、土地使用规划等。然而随着城市的快速发展,为了满足城区管理规划中对道路、房屋等变化细节进行分析的需求,并由于高分辨率卫星诸如Ikonos,Quickbird等的出现,我们有必要并且有可能开发出一套实用、有效的、可靠的城区自动变化检测系统。针对城市区域的复杂性及其高分辨率卫星影像的配准误差问题,本文提出一种通过模糊逻辑结合光谱特征和空域特征的城区变化检测方法,以期望减小图像整体及局部配准误差对变化检测精度的影响。     

基于不同空间信息源的地物光谱反射率模拟图像分析

本文利用ERDAS Imaging软件中的Modeler模块,开发了地物光谱反射率图像的模拟技术。以野外实测地物光谱反射率数据为依据,用土地利用类型图和高分辨率遥感影像图作为地物空间分布的信息源,以陆地资源卫星TM1-4波段为例,模拟了4个波段的地物光谱反射率图像,合成了真彩色和标准假彩色图像。对基于不同空间信息源的地物光谱反射率模拟图像进行了对比分析,指出了进一步研究的方向。     

Spatial database updating using active contours for multispectral images: application with Landsat 7

This paper presents a fully automated approach for area detection and delineation based on multispectral images and features from a topographic database. The vectors residing in the database are refined using active contours (snakes) according to updated information provided by the multispectral images. The conventional methods of defining the external energy guiding the deformation of the snake based on: (1) statistical measures; or (2) gradient-based boundary finding is often corrupted by poor image quality. Here a method to integrate the two approaches is proposed using an estimation of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) segmentation in an effort to form a unified approach that is robust to noise and poor edges. We further propose to improve the accuracy of the resulting boundary location and update of the snake topology. A number of experiments are performed on both synthetic and LANDSAT 7 images to evaluate the approach.     

“全域-局部”不透水面信息遥感分步提取模型

提出"全域-局部"遥感信息分布提取模型,通过计算和整合影像局部范围内的空间和光谱特征来优化全域上光谱混淆较大像元的提取精度。模型分为两个主要计算步骤:"全域"前分类与"局部"后分类;"全域"前分类将仅划分出满足一定精度阈值标准的像元,而"局部"后分类则在此部分分类结果基础上,进一步发掘和计算已分类像元所蕴含的信息来辅助对全域未分类像元的提取。在不透水面专题提取过程中,采用支持向量机SVM作为前分类器,通过控制精度阈值所对应的分类后验概率产生部分分类结果;采用调节最小距离分类器作为后分类器,根据一定的权重整合像元局部范围内的空间与光谱信息,代替了传统的全域光谱信息来优化分类。实验采用TM5影像以及所对应的NLCD(National Land Cover Data)标准不透水面产品作为测试集,"全域-局部"模型对应单一SVM模型的提取精度由80.31%提高为82.73%,局部后分类器精度较单一SVM模型由54.27%提高到59.94%。实验证明该模型具有较明显的精度提升且能够较好地解决不透水面与裸土混淆的问题,并得到空间形态上更为完善的不透水面提取结果。     

Object-based habitat mapping using very high spatial resolution multispectral and hyperspectral imagery with LiDAR data

This study investigated the combined use of multispectral/hyperspectral imagery and LiDAR data for habitat mapping across parts of south Cumbria, North West England. The methodology adopted in this study integrated spectral information contained in pansharp QuickBird multispectral/AISA Eagle hyperspectral imagery and LiDAR-derived measures with object-based machine learning classifiers and ensemble analysis techniques. Using the LiDAR point cloud data, elevation models (such as the Digital Surface Model and Digital Terrain Model raster) and intensity features were extracted directly. The LiDAR-derived measures exploited in this study included Canopy Height Model, intensity and topographic information (i.e. mean, maximum and standard deviation). These three LiDAR measures were combined with spectral information contained in the pansharp QuickBird and Eagle MNF transformed imagery for image classification experiments. A fusion of pansharp QuickBird multispectral and Eagle MNF hyperspectral imagery with all LiDAR-derived measures generated the best classification accuracies, 89.8 and 92.6% respectively. These results were generated with the Support Vector Machine and Random Forest machine learning algorithms respectively. The ensemble analysis of all three learning machine classifiers for the pansharp QuickBird and Eagle MNF fused data outputs did not significantly increase the overall classification accuracy. Results of the study demonstrate the potential of combining either very high spatial resolution multispectral or hyperspectral imagery with LiDAR data for habitat mapping.     

结合地物空间特性的高光谱图像分类方法研究

以往的高光谱或多光谱图像分类与识别,往往只关注像元光谱维上的特性,其一切特征统计也只在光谱及波段维上展开。但是自然界的复杂性、混合像元问题的存在,仅靠像元的光谱特性是不够的,常会出现"麻点"现象。针对这一问题,本文提出一种结合地物空间特性的高光谱图像分类方法,其分类过程可以分为两个阶段,第一阶段是基于像元光谱特性的图像分类,获得影像分类图;第二阶段是针对第一阶段的分类结果,结合地物空间特性进行空间后分类处理。试验研究结果表明,该方法能够保持地块的连续性和均一性,同时克服了"麻点"现象,大大提高分类的精度。     

A GIHS-based spectral preservation fusion method for remote sensing images using edge restored spectral modulation

High spatial resolution and spectral fidelity are basic standards for evaluating an image fusion algorithm. Numerous fusion methods for remote sensing images have been developed. Some of these methods are based on the intensity–hue–saturation (IHS) transform and the generalized IHS (GIHS), which may cause serious spectral distortion. Spectral distortion in the GIHS is proven to result from changes in saturation during fusion. Therefore, reducing such changes can achieve high spectral fidelity. A GIHS-based spectral preservation fusion method that can theoretically reduce spectral distortion is proposed in this study. The proposed algorithm consists of two steps. The first step is spectral modulation (SM), which uses the Gaussian function to extract spatial details and conduct SM of multispectral (MS) images. This method yields a desirable visual effect without requiring histogram matching between the panchromatic image and the intensity of the MS image. The second step uses the Gaussian convolution function to restore lost edge details during SM. The proposed method is proven effective and shown to provide better results compared with other GIHS-based methods.     

结合变化向量分析和直觉模糊聚类的遥感影像变化检测方法

针对多时相遥感影像变化检测存在数据不确定性、检测精度不高等问题,提出了一种结合变化向量分析（CVA）和直觉模糊C均值聚类算法（IFCM）的多时相遥感影像变化检测方法. 首先通过CVA构建两个时相遥感影像的差异影像;然后采用直觉模糊C均值聚类算法对差异影像进行聚类得出变化区域和未变化区域;最后对变化检测结果进行二值化处理并进行精度评价. 选取两个时相的高分一号遥感影像和Szada数据集影像作为实验数据. 实验结果表明,采用提出的方法可有效解决传统方法存在的数据不确定性问题,变化检测精度达到了95.92%和92.70%,是一种可行的遥感影像变化检测方法. 研究结果可用于森林动态变化监测、土地复垦利用规划变化分析以及灾损评估.      

Object based building footprint detection from high resolution multispectral satellite image using K-means clustering algorithm and shape parameters

Object-based image analysis (OBIA) has been a new area of research in satellite image processing applications, since it improves the quality of information acquisition about geospatial objects and also enables to add spatial and contextual information to the objects of interest. The extraction of buildings from High Resolution Satellite (HRS) image in an urban scenario has been an intricate problem due to their different size, shape, varying rooftop textures and low contrast between building and surrounding region. In this study, a new object-based automatic building extraction technique has been proposed to extract building footprints from HRS pan sharpened IKONOS multispectral image. The study is mainly emphasizing on obtaining optimal values for segmentation parameters, shape parameters, and defining rule set to extract buildings and eliminate misclassified other urban features. The suitability of the technique has been judged using different indicators, such as, completeness, correctness and quality.