Terrain correcting Australian gravity observations using the national digital elevation model and the fast Fourier transform

The release of a digital elevation model (DEM) for Australia on a 9″ (～250 m) grid has enabled the computation of gravimetric terrain corrections thus allowing the computation of complete Bouguer anomalies across the continent. The terrain correction was calculated through a two‐dimensional fast Fourier transform algorithm applied to a linear, planar approximation of the terrain‐correction formula, and with a constant topographic density of 2670 kg.m^‐3. The technique was applied to two datasets in order to test for instabilities in the terrain‐correction algorithm: the original 9″ DEM, and a 27″ DEM averaged from the 9″ data. The 27″ terrain corrections were compared with values supplied by the Australian Geological Survey Organisation in Tasmania: 86% of these data were found to agree within 3.91 μm.s^‐2; 98% agreed to within 5.32 μm.s^‐2 (1σ).     

Study of Colombian coals using photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Five of the most important Colombian coals were studied using Photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared (PA-FTIR) spectroscopy. The PA-FTIR spectra were used to obtain structural parameters and to determine the analytical potential of this technique. The molecular structural parameters, CH₂/CH₃, f_a, H_al/H_ar, and (R/C)_u were correlated with fixed carbon contained in the samples to determine aliphatic hydrogen, H_al, and the aromatic hydrogen, H_ar in coals studied here. These parameters enabled the determination of aromaticity, f_a, which was found to be between 0.66 and 0.98. The aliphatic and aromatic regions were considered between 3005–2760 cm^?1 and 912–670 cm^?1, respectively. Finally, using the molecular structural parameters, the grade of maturation (rank) of coal samples studied was determined.     

General joint conditional simulations using a fast fourier transform method

A procedure for generating joint statistically homogeneous random fields is examined. The method is based on the spectral representation theorem. It handles large fields easily and is both rapid and flexible. Algorithm development and examples are presented. The procedure is adapted further to include the possibility of generating fields that are jointly conditioned on data from two related fields.     

Prediction of rock burst classification using the technique of cloud models with attribution weight

Rock burst is one of the common failures in hard rock mining and civil construction. This study focuses on the prediction of rock burst classification with case instances using cloud models and attribution weight. First, cloud models are introduced briefly related to the rock burst classification problem. Then, the attribution weight method is presented to quantify the contribution of each rock burst indicator for classification. The approach is implemented to predict the classes of rock burst intensity for the 164 rock burst instances collected. The clustering figures are generated by cloud models for each rock burst class. The computed weight values of the indicators show that the stress ratio $ Ts = \sigma_{\theta } /\sigma_{c} $ Ts = σ θ / σ c is the most vulnerable parameter and the elastic strain energy storage index W _et and the brittleness factor $ B = \sigma_{c} /\sigma_{t} $ B = σ c / σ t take the second and third place, respectively, contributing to the rock burst classification. Besides, the predictive performance of the strategy introduced in this study is compared with that of some empirical methods, the regression analysis, the neural networks and support vector machines. The results turn out that cloud models perform better than the empirical methods and regression analysis and have superior generalization ability than the neural networks in modelling the rock burst cases. Hence, cloud models are feasible and applicable for prediction of rock burst classification. Finally, different models with varying indicators are investigated to validate the parameter sensitivity results obtained by cloud clustering analysis and regression analysis in context to rock burst classification.     

双曲Radon变换参数分析

为避免双曲Radon变换在消除多次波和提取速度差异的过程中出现假频现象,对地震资料处理造成一定的影响。笔者在时间域对最小二乘双曲Radon变换中的曲率参数和最小二乘迭代次数进行了研究,计算出平衡准确度和计算量的最佳参数选取范围为,曲率参数在30~40之间,迭代次数在6~10之间。理论模型测试和实际资料处理结果表明,适当的参数选取能够在保证准确度的同时极大减小计算量,有利于双曲Radon变换的实际应用。     

短时傅里叶变换在GPR数据解释中的应用

小波变换、经验模态分解、奇异值分解是提高探地雷达数据信噪比、突出深部异常的有效手段.笔者提出一种快速的短时傅里叶变换技术,对探地雷达噪声信号进行解译,利用雷达发射信号与噪声信号的频谱差异提高雷达数据的信噪比;并以数值算例进行验证,分别从单道波信号的频率能量差异,主频等值分布差异等方面详细分析了该方法与小波变换、经验模态分解方法的优势.结果表明,短时傅里叶分析技术能实现探地雷达数据的快速解译,为探地雷数据的反演成像提供更精确的约束条件.     

Direct Fourier transform mass spectral analysis of natural waters with low dissolved organic matter

A major obstacle for characterizing dissolved organic matter (DOM) with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry has been its low concentrations in natural waters. Many previous mass spectrometric studies of both terrestrial and marine DOM typically have isolated and concentrated the DOM using solid phase C₁₈ extraction disks, ultrafiltration, or XAD resins, all of which are known to discriminate against many different classes of compounds. We have, for the first time, developed an approach to directly analyze natural water samples with less than 6 mg/l DOC (dissolved organic carbon), using electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS). We demonstrate the sensitivity and ability of sequential selective ion accumulation (SSIA) to detect the thousands of components in a single freshwater DOM sample without any significant pretreatment. By utilizing SSIA, the baseline noise decreases while signal to noise ratios of the peaks increase, allowing for approximately 40% more formulas to be assigned to peaks in the mass spectra.     

Fractal analysis based on the continuous wavelet transform and lithofacies classification from well-logs data using the self-organizing map neural network

The main goal of this paper is to show that the fractal analysis based on the continuous wavelet transform is not able to improve lithofacies classification using the self-organizing map (SOM) neural network model from well-logs data. The proposed idea consists to inject many inputs in SOM neural network machines and to choose the best map. These inputs are: data set 1: the five raw well-logs data which are: the gamma ray, density, neutron porosity, photoelectric absorption coefficient and sonic well-log; data set 2: the estimated Hölder exponents using the continuous wavelet transform of the data set 1; data set 3: data set 1 and the three radioactive elements concentrations; data set 4: the estimated Hölder exponents of the data set 1 and the Hölder exponents of the radioactive elements concentrations; data set 5: the estimated Hölder exponents of the data set 1 and the three radioactive elements concentrations logs. Application of the proposed idea at two boreholes located in the Algerian Sahara shows that the Hölder exponents estimated with the continuous wavelet transform as an input of the SOM neural network are not able to give geological details. However, the raw well-logs as an input give more details and precision especially when they are enhanced with the natural gamma ray spectrometry data.     

一种快速确定二维地震勘探最佳施工因素的方法

在二维地震勘探中,当地表遇到不能钻井放炮的障碍物时,如果要满足设计叠加次数,就必须采取变观激发的办法。变观激发时如何合理选择最大炮检距,保证区内浅、中、深目的层达到最大叠加次数,且在地层倾向未知的情况下,可通过变观激发试验,从监视记录上直接确定其下倾方向激发上倾接收的施工方法。     

基于二维小波变换的随机噪声压制方法在GPR数据中的应用

在探地雷达探测工作中,为了尽可能多的获取回波信息,通常采用宽频带记录,这就不可避免地将各种干扰波也记录下来,其中随机噪声由于其频带较宽,分布于整个数据剖面,常规滤波方法对随机噪声的压制效果往往不佳。由于小波变换具有较强的分频和局部分析能力,根据需要选择合适的小波基函数和去噪方法,可较好地压制随机噪声,提高信噪比。基于二维小波变换理论,提出了采用自适应分层阈值法对探地雷达数据进行压制随机噪声的方法。通过不同模型、不同信噪比下正演模拟数据的验证以及对实测数据的处理,并与中值滤波法和全局阈值法的去噪效果进行了对比分析,结果表明自适应分层阈值法去噪效果更好,实用性更强。     

Interpretation of gravity anomalies due to some two-dimensional structures: A Hilbert transform technique

An interpretation procedure is formulated using the Hilbert transform for analysing the gravity effect of (a) two-dimensional horizontal circular cylinder, (b) semi-infinite thin fault block, and (c) a geologic contact. In all three cases the abscissa of the point of intersection of the gravity anomaly curve or the horizontal derivative curve and its Hilbert transform yields directly the depth of the body. The proposed method is tested on theoretical models. Also, the method is applied to the field data of a geologic contact taken over the Himalayan foothills across the Brahmaputra valley.     

Molecular characterization of dissolved black nitrogen via electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Combustion produces a complex mixture of polycondensed aromatic compounds known as black carbon (BC). Such products can become remobilized from char and soil in the form of dissolved BC (DBC). Ultra-high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI–FT-ICRMS) analysis of a variety of soil and char leachates showed that a significant proportion of DBC compounds contained one or more nitrogen atoms. While the presence of black nitrogen (DBN) in dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been reported, its molecular features were uncharacterized. Here we present results of FT-ICRMS characterization of DBN, where assigned formulae were validated on the basis on their ¹³C isotope signatures and fragmentation patterns obtained via collision induced dissociation. Possible chemical structures were assigned for several DBN formulae and suggest that nitrogen was incorporated into the core ring system as a pyrrole-type moiety. Most DBN compounds existed as part of homologous series where homologs differed by a mass corresponding to CO₂, suggesting that they were polysubstituted with carboxylic acid groups. The environmental contribution of such novel, aromatic, combustion-derived nitrogen compounds with respect to global nitrogen cycling remains elusive. The biogeochemical implications of the input of such fire-derived products to aquatic ecosystems as part of climate change therefore need to be assessed.     

RPIM求解点源二维变分问题的最优形状参数

径向基点插值法( RPIM)作为一种高精度的无网格方法,其形函数采用与径向基函数结合的插值方法构造,边界条件可直接加载. 将RPIM用于点源二维变分问题的求解,介绍了RPIM的近似原理;推导了点源二维问题的RPIM总体矩阵表达式,简述了背景网格积分技术,研究了高斯点数目对RPIM计算精度的影响;最后通过数值试验得出了支持域无量纲尺寸α最优选择区间与RPIM形状参数最优值. 研究结果表明:RPIM求解点源二维变分问题具有较好的鲁棒性,α最优区间为1.0~1.2.     

Studies on the solid acidity of heated and cation-exchanged montmorillonite using n-butylamine titration in non-aqueous system and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy

The effects of heating and cation exchange on the solid acidity of montmorillonite were investigated using n-butylamine titration in non-aqueous system and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The number of total, Brønsted, and Lewis acid sites showed the same modulation tendency with increasing heating temperature, reaching a maximum at 120 °C and subsequently decreasing until it reaches a minimum at 600 °C. The Lewis acid sites result from unsaturated Al³⁺ cations, and their number increased with the heating temperature due to the dehydration and dehydroxylation of montmorillonite. The generation and evolution of Brønsted acidity were mainly related to interlayer-polarized water molecules. Water adsorbed on the unsaturated Al³⁺ ions also acted as a Brønsted acid. The acid strength of the Brønsted acid sites was dependent on the polarization ability of the exchangeable cation, the amount of interlayer water, and the degree of dissociation of the interlayer water coordinated to exchangeable cations. All cation-exchanged montmorillonites exhibited different numbers of acid sites and various distributions of acid strength. Brønsted acidity was predominant in Al³⁺-exchanged montmorillonite, whereas the Na⁺- and K⁺-exchanged montmorillonites showed predominantly Lewis acidity. Moreover, Mg²⁺- and Li⁺-exchanged montmorillonites exhibited approximately equal numbers of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. The Brønsted acidity of cation-exchanged montmorillonite was positively correlated with the charge-to-radius ratios of the cations, whereas the Lewis acidity was highly dependent on the electronegativity of the cations. The acid strengths of Al³⁺- and Mg²⁺-exchanged montmorillonites were remarkably higher than those of monovalent cation-exchanged montmorillonites, showing the highest acid strength (H ₀ ≤ ?3.0). Li⁺- and Na⁺-exchanged montmorillonites exhibited an acid strength distribution of ?3.0 < H ₀ ≤ 4.8, with the acid strength ranging primarily from 1.5 to 3.3 in Li⁺-exchanged montmorillonite, whereas only weaker-strength acid sites (1.5 < H ₀ ≤ 4.8) were present in K⁺-exchanged montmorillonite. The results of the catalysis experiments indicated that montmorillonite promoted the thermal decomposition of the model organic. The catalytic activity showed a positive correlation with the solid acidity of montmorillonite and was affected by cation exchange, which occurs naturally in geological processes.     

Radon变换多次波压制方法及应用研究

多次波在地震资料中是普遍存在的。Radon变换是现行商业地震资料多次波压制处理软件应用最多的模块之一。这里在详细阐述Radon变换基本原理和离散采样计算的基础上,给出了理论模拟地震数据的多次波压制算法和计算结果。进而将Radon变换多次波压制方法应用于松辽盆地地震资料处理中,在对实际的CRP道集合理设计滤波切除函数后,应用本文的Radon变换算法,得到多次波压制的地震剖面。对比多次波压制前、后的叠前时间偏移地震剖面,压制多次波后地震剖面的信噪比很高,地质构造特征清晰,可应用于后续的地质构造解释,地震属性提取和油气储层预测。该方法的计算效率较高,算法易于实现。理论和实际地震数据的多次波压制结果表明,该算法具有高精度和实用性强的特点。     

基于DCT有限元二维重力张量的正演

介绍了国内、外张量测量技术及数据处理技术的发展情况。把离散余弦变换与有限单元方法结合起来,进行重力张量的正演计算。首先,利用有限单元法求解重力场的一阶导数,然后利用离散余弦变换求解重力张量分量。这样既保留了有限单元法对复杂模型的正演优势,又避免了利用有限元法直接求解重力张量时,因多次插值引起的数据量过大的问题。模型试验证明,用基于DCT的有限元法进行重力张量的正演,不但具有很高的计算精度,而且相对于利用有限单元法直接正演,其计算速度得到了显著的提高。     

A note on the relationship between dip-slip fault parameters and plate parameters in the two-dimensional modelling of preseismic deformation

Preseismic lithospheric deformation at a subduction zone can be modelled as dip-slip dislocation on an inclined fault or as flexure of a thin plate. Both these models predict a region of positive topography known as forebulge or outer rise. By matching the location and the magnitude of the forebulge, we derive useful relations between the dip-slip fault parameters and the plate parameters. In particular, we determine the width of a long dip-slip fault of given dip corresponding to a semi-infinite plate of given thickness. The displacement profiles of the two models are also compared.