Chromite-bearing spessartites from Kasuga-mura,Japan, and their bearing on possible mantle origin andesite

An unusual association of chromite and hornblende was found in the spessartites of andesite composition, occurring as a dike swarm associated with a Cretaceous granite batholith. The spessartites are largely porphyritic with phenocrysts of either hornblende or augite. One dike, comprising a finegrained spessartite, exhibits distinct chilled selvages of aphanitic facies. The chromites in the fine-grained and augite-spessartites are significantly higher in Cr/ (Cr+Al) than those occurring rarely as inclusions in the phenocrystic hornblendes in the hornblende spessartite, although both are similar in Mg/ (Mg+Fe), Fe₂O₃, and TiO₂. The phenocrystic hornblendes are titaniferous pargasite with high Mg/ (Mg+Fe), and differ in their higher octahedral Al from the groundmass hornblendes including those in the fine-grained spessartite. The crystallization sequence in the phenocrystic hornblende-bearing spessartites is Al-rich chromite, phenocrystic hornblende, and plagioclase without pyroxene, suggesting a high water content in the magma and the start of the crystallization at relatively high pressures. The finegrained spessartite from which the porphyritic spessartites have been derived by fractionation of dominant mafic minerals, has the high Mg-value and Cr content equivalent to those in primitive, undifferentiated basalts, although still andesitic in SiO₂ content. Chemically similar magnesian andesites, although uncommon, found in some orogenic calc-alkalic suites may represent a magma composition in equilibrium with mantle peridotite under the condition of high water pressures.     

The Petrology and Geochemistry of Calc-Alkaline Andesites on Shodo-Shima Island, SW Japan

Petrographical and geochemical characteristics of calc-alkalineandesites on Shodo-Shima Island, SW Japan, having bulk compositionslargely identical to the continental crust, are presented. Thefollowing petrographic observations suggest a role for magmamixing in producing such andesite magmas: (1) two types of olivinephenocrysts and spinel inclusions, one with compositions identicalto those in high-Mg andesites and the other identical to thosein basalts, are recognized in terms of Ni–Mg and Cr–Al–Fe³⁺relations, respectively; (2) the presence of orthopyroxene phenocrystswith mg-number >90 suggests the contribution of an orthopyroxene-bearinghigh-Mg andesite magma to production of calc-alkaline andesites;(3) reversely zoned pyroxene phenocrysts may not be in equilibriumwith Mg-rich olivine, suggesting the involvement of a differentiatedandesite magma as an endmember component; (4) the presence ofvery Fe-rich orthopyroxene phenocrysts indicates the associationof an orthopyroxene-bearing rhyolitic magma. Contributions fromthe above at least five endmember magmas to the calc-alkalineandesite genesis can also provide a reasonable explanation ofthe Pb–Sr–Nd isotope compositions of such andesites. KEY WORDS: calc-alkaline andesites; high-Mg andesites; magma mixing; continental crust; SW Japan     

High-K diorites,their place in the calc-alkaline association and relationship to andesites

Modes, total rock chemistry (including a range of trace elements) and mineral analyses are presented for two selected rocks from the Yeoval (Australia) high-K diorite complex. This and other data show that the high-K diorites may definitely be grouped with calc-alkaline rocks and that the high-K diorites and low-Si diorites are almost identical in chemistry to their fine-grained equivalents. Comparisons of the data are made with other similar rock groups. Criticism is made of the presently used mineralogical classification of diorites and in particular of those diorites rich in potassium. A chemical classification of diorites identical to that used for andesites is proposed.     

Mineralogical relations and magma mixing in calc-alkaline andesites from lake Atitlán,Guatemala

Summary Quaternary calc-alkaline andesites erupted form three neighboring volcanoes along the Guatemalan volcanic front have mineralogic compositions and textures which show varying degrees of disequilibrium. Basaltic andesites and andesites (SiO₂ % = 50–59), erupted from Atitlán volcano located nearer to the trench, have the lowest degree of disequilibrium. These lavas contain an anhydrous phenocryst assemblage of mildly bimodal plagioclase, olivine, augite opx, and magnetite. Orthopyroxene occurs at the expense of olivine with increasing whole rock SiO₂. Most pyroxene phenocrysts show a trend of Fe enrichment.Andesites from Tolimán (SiO₂% = 53–62) and San Pedro (Si0₂% = 54–67) volcanoes, located further away from the trench, show comparatively high and moderate degrees of disequilibrium, respectively. Tolimán andesites have bimodal plagioclase compositions and textures. Olivine persists with increasing whole rock Si0₂ and lacks clear modal relations with coexisting orthopyroxene and hornblende phenocrysts. When compared to Atitlán andesites, Toliman olivines are more forsteritic and pyroxenes contain higher proportions of Mg-rich rims, though normal zoned phenocrysts occur within the same rock. Tolimán andesite also have lower proportions of phenocrysts to microphenocrysts, more calcic plagioclase groundmass compositions, and higher modal phenocrystic magnetite. San Pedro andesites have disequilibrium assemblages similar to Tolimán andesites but are not as striking.Magma mixing is proposed as the dominant cause for observed disequilibrium. Disequilibrium features are preserved best in Tolimán and San Pedro andesites because inferred durations between mixing and eruption are shortest, and consequently, these mixed andesites more clearly record mafic and silicic endmember compositions. The mafic component is a relatively high temperature, high-Al basalt containing phenocrysts of Mg-rich olivine (Fo = 78–80), calcic plagioclase (An 70–80), augite and titanomagnetite. The silicic component contains quartz, sodic plagioclase (An 40–50), Fe-rich orthopyroxene and titanomagnetite. Short durations between mixing and eruption produce petrographic features which, in part, mimic the effects of increasing PH₂0 in a fractionating magma. Inferred mixing durations for Atitlánn andesites are longer and involve a less-silicic composition. The intervolcano disequilibrium relations suggest that as Si0₂ in a silicic endmember increases, the duration and efficiency of mixing decreases.

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Mineral-Reaktionen und Magma-Mixing in Kalk-Alkali-Andesiten vom Atitlan See, Guatemala

Zusammenfassung Quartäre Kalk-Alkali-Andesite von drei benachbarten Vulkanen aus dem Guatemala Vulkan-Gürtel zeigen anhand ihrer mineralogischen Zusammensetzung und ihrer Textur variierende Bedingungen des Ungleichgewichts. Basalt-Andesite und Andesite (SiO₂% = 50–59), die aus dem dem Trench am nächsten gelegenen Vulkan Atitlan eruptierten, lassen den niedrigsten Grad an Ungleichgewicht erkennen. Diese Laven führen eine Phenokristall-Assoziation bestehend aus leicht bimodalem Plagioklas, Olivin, Augit, Orthopyroxen und Magnetit. In Gesteinen mit steigendem GesamtgesteinsSiO₂, tritt Orthopyroxen auf Kosten des Olivins auf. Die meisten Pyroxene zeigen einen Trend zur Fe-Anreicherung. Andesite vom Toliman (Si0₂% = 53–62) und vom Vulkan San Pedro (Si0₂% = 54-67), die beide weiter vom Trench entfernt liegen, zeigen hohen bzw. mittleren Grad an Ungleichgewicht. Die Toliman Andesite sind durch bimodale Zusammensetzung der Plagioklase und Textur gekennzeichnet. Olivin bleibt auch bei steigendem SiO₂-Gehalt bestehen, und zeigt hinsichlich seiner Zusammensetzung keine Verbindung mit koexistierenden Phenokristallen von Orthopyroxen und Hornblende. Im Vergleich zu den Atitlan Andesiten, weisen Toliman Olivine höheren Forsteritgehalt auf, die Pyroxene zeigen häufiger Mg-reiche Ränder, obwohl normal zonierte Phenokristalle auch im selben Gestein auftreten. Die Toliman Andesite sind durch ein kleineres Verhältnis von Phenokristalle/Mikrophenokristalle, höheren Ca-Gehalt der Matrix-Plagioklase und höheren Gehalt an Magnetit-Phenokristallen gekennzeichnet. Die San Pedro Andesite zeigen Ungleichgewichts-Paragenesen vergleichbar mit denen der Toliman Andesite, jedoch nicht so auffallend. Es ist zu vermuten, da\ Magma-Mixing vorwiegend für die UngleichgewichtsParagenesen verantwortlich ist. Die Toliman- und San Pedro Andesite zeigen die best erhaltenen Anzeichen für Ungleichgewicht, da vermutlich der Zeitraum zwischen Magma-Mixing und Eruption am kürzesten gewesen ist, weshalb diese Andesite die gemischten mafischen bzw. salischen Endglieder am besten widerspiegeln. Das mafische Endglied ist ein Al-reicher Hoch-Temperatur-Basalt, der sich aus Phenokristallen von Mg-reichem Olivin (Fo = 78–80), Ca-reichem Plagioklas (An 70–80), Fe-reichem Orthopyroxen und Titanomagnetit zusammensetzt. Das salische Endglied besteht aus Quarz, Na-reichem Plagioklas (An 40–50), Fe-reichem Orthopyroxen und Titanomagnetit. Aufgrund des kurzen Zeitabstandes zwischen Magma-Mixing und Eruption entstehen petrographische Strukturen, die den Effekt von steigendem PH₂0 in einem fraktionierenden Magma widerspiegeln. Es wird vermutet, da\ bei den Atitlan-Andesiten mehr Zeit zwischen Mixing und Eruption vergangen ist; dies manifestiert sich in einem geringeren Anteil der salischen Komponente. Die Zusammenhänge der Ungleichgewichts-Bedingungen innerhalb eines Vulkans lassen vermuten, daß die Dauer und Intensität des Mixing mit zunehmender salischer Komponente abnimmt.

     

Crystallization of oxidized, moderately hydrous arc basalt at mid- to lower-crustal pressures: implications for andesite genesis

This study focuses on the production of convergent margin calc-alkaline andesites by crystallization–differentiation of basaltic magmas in the lower to middle crust. Previous experimental studies show that dry, reduced, subalkaline basalts differentiate to tholeiitic (high Fe/Mg) daughter liquids, but the influences of H₂O and oxidation on differentiation are less well established. Accordingly, we performed crystallization experiments at controlled oxidized fO₂ (Re–ReO₂ ≈ ΔNi–NiO + 2) on a relatively magnesian basalt (8.7 wt% MgO) typical of mafic magmas erupted in the Cascades near Mount Rainier, Washington. The basalt was synthesized with 2 wt% H₂O and run at 900, 700, and 400 MPa and 1,200 to 950 °C. A broadly clinopyroxenitic crystallization interval dominates near the liquidus at 900 and 700 MPa, consisting of augite + olivine + orthopyroxene + Cr-spinel (in decreasing abundance). With decreasing temperature, plagioclase crystallizes, Fe–Ti-oxide replaces spinel, olivine dissolves, and finally amphibole appears, producing gabbroic and then amphibole gabbroic crystallization stages. Enhanced plagioclase stability at lower pressure narrows the clinopyroxenitic interval and brings the gabbroic interval toward the liquidus. Liquids at 900 MPa track along Miyashiro’s (Am J Sci 274(4):321–355, 1974) tholeiitic versus calc-alkaline boundary, whereas those at 700 and 400 MPa become calc-alkaline at silica contents ≥56 wt%. This difference is chiefly due to higher temperature appearance of magnetite (versus spinel) at lower pressures. Although the evolved liquids are similar in many respects to common calc-alkaline andesites, the 900 and 700 MPa liquids differ in having low CaO concentrations due to early and abundant crystallization of augite, with the result that those liquids become peraluminous (ASI: molar Al/(Na + K + 2Ca) > 1) at ≥61 wt% SiO₂, similar to liquids reported in other studies of the high-pressure crystallization of hydrous basalts (Müntener and Ulmer in Geophys Res Lett 33(21):L21308, 2006). The lower-pressure liquids (400 MPa) have this same trait, but to a lesser extent due to more abundant near-liquidus plagioclase crystallization. A compilation of >6,500 analyses of igneous rocks from the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada batholith, representative of convergent margin (arc) magmas, shows that ASI increases continuously and linearly with SiO₂ from basalts to rhyolites or granites and that arc magmas are not commonly peraluminous until SiO₂ exceeds 69 wt%. These relations are consistent with plagioclase accompanying mafic silicates over nearly all the range of crystallization (or remelting). The scarcity of natural peraluminous andesites shows that progressive crystallization–differentiation of primitive basalts in the deep crust, producing early clinopyroxenitic cumulates and evolved liquids, does not dominate the creation of intermediate arc magmas or of the continental crust. Instead, mid- to upper-crustal differentiation and/or open-system processes are critical to the production of intermediate arc magmas. Primary among the open-system processes may be extraction of highly evolved (granitic, rhyolitic) liquids at advanced degrees of basalt solidification (or incipient partial melting of predecessor gabbroic intrusions) and mixing of such liquids into replenishing basalts. Furthermore, if the andesitic-composition continents derived from basaltic sources, the arc ASI–SiO₂ relation shows that the mafic component returned to the mantle was gabbroic in composition, not pyroxenitic.     

滇西南那邦变质基性岩地球化学与俯冲板片裂离

中缅边界那邦麻粒岩相变质基性岩地球化学特征表明其原岩是岩浆岩,并具有ＭＯＲＢ的特性,其岩石化学具有以下特征：岩石的ＴＦｅ／ＭｇＯ值低（１．１０～２．１７）,ＡＦＭ图解上显示拉斑玄武岩演化趋势;ＴｉＯ２含量（１．１４％～１．８１％）高稀土亏损、重稀土较有富集的配分形式,稀土元素和总量（∑ＲＥＥ）值十倍于球粒陨石（２４～５０μｇ／ｇ）,（Ｌａ／Ｓｍ）Ｎ＝０．４３～０．７５（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ＝０．４５～０     

The influence of amphibole fractionation on the evolution of calc-alkaline andesite and dacite tephra from the central Aleutians,Alaska

Petrologic studies of tephra from Kanaga, Adak, and Great Sitkin Islands indicate that amphibole fractionation and magma mixing are important processes controlling the composition of calc-alkaline andesite and dacite magmas in the central Aleutians. Amphibole is ubiquitous in tephra from Kanaga and Adak Islands, whereas it is present only in a basaltic-andesite pumice from Great Sitkin. Dacitic tephra from Great Sitkin do not contain amphibole. Hornblende dacite tephra contain HB+PLAG+OX±OPX±CPX phenocrysts with simple zoning patterns, suggesting that the dacites evolved in isolated magma chambers. Andesitic tephra from Adak contain two pyroxene and hornbelende populations, and reversely zoned plagioclase, indicating a more complex history involving mixing and fractional crystallization. Mass balance calculations suggest that the andesitic tephra may represent the complements of amphibole-bearing cumulate xenoliths, both formed during the evolution of high-Al basalts. The presence of amphibole in andesitic and dacitic tephra implies that Aleutian cale-alkaline magmas evolve in the mid to lower crust under hydrous (>4 wt.% H₂O) and oxidizing (Ni–NiO) conditions. Amphibole-bearing andesites and pyroxene-bearing dacites from Great Sitkin indicates fractionation at several levels within the arc crust. Despite its absence in many calc-alkaline andesite and dacite lavas, open system behavior involving amphibole fractionation can explain the trace element characteristies of lavas found on Adak Island. Neither open nor closed system fractionation involving a pyroxene-bearing assemblage is capable of explaining the trace element concentrations or ratios found in the Adak suite. We envision a scenario where amphibole was initially a liquidus phase in many calc-alkaline magmas, but was later replaced by pyroxenes as the magmas rose to shallow levels within the crust. The mineral assemblage in these evolved lavas reflects shallow level equilibration of the magma, whereas the trace element chemistry provides evidence for a earlier, amphibole-bearing, mineral assemblage.     

Petrology of andesites from the Yamato central rise,Sea of Japan

The composition of andesites from the Yamato central submarine rise and adjacent structures (Sea of Japan) points to the presence of a Late Cretaceous shortened and Oligocene-Miocene extended calc-alkaline series. With the general similarity of mineral assemblages of andesites, they are distinct in composition of minerals, which testifies to different formation conditions. The andesites of the extended type are the products of crystallization differentiation, whereas those of the shortened type are characterized by nonequilibrium composition of minerals, which reflects the heterogeneous primary melt, the composition of which discretely varied (probably repeatedly) during crystallization.     

The Petrology and Geochemistry of Oto-Zan Composite Lava Flow on Shodo-Shima Island, SW Japan: Remelting of a Solidified High-Mg Andesite Magma

The Oto-Zan lava in the Setouchi volcanic belt is composed ofphenocryst-poor, sparsely plagioclase-phyric andesites (sanukitoids)and forms a composite lava flow. The phenocryst assemblagesand element abundances change but Sr–Nd–Pb isotopiccompositions are constant throughout the lava flow. The sanukitoidat the base is a high-Mg andesite (HMA) and contains Mg- andNi-rich olivine and Cr-rich chromite, suggesting the emplacementof a mantle-derived hydrous (7 wt % H₂O) HMA magma. However,Oto-Zan sanukitoids contain little H₂O and are phenocryst-poor.The liquid lines of descent obtained for an Oto-Zan HMA at 0·3GPa in the presence of 0·7–2·1 wt % H₂Osuggest that mixing of an HMA magma with a differentiated felsicmelt can reasonably explain the petrographical and chemicalcharacteristics of Oto-Zan sanukitoids. We propose a model wherebya hydrous HMA magma crystallizes extensively within the crust,resulting in the formation of an HMA pluton and causing liberationof H₂O from the magma system. The HMA pluton, in which interstitialrhyolitic melts still remain, is then heated from the base byintrusion of a high-T basalt magma, forming an H₂O-deficientHMA magma at the base of the pluton. During ascent, this secondaryHMA magma entrains the overlying interstitial rhyolitic melt,resulting in variable self-mixing and formation of a zoned magmareservoir, comprising more felsic magmas upwards. More effectiveupwelling of more mafic, and hence less viscous, magmas througha propagated vent finally results in the emplacement of thecomposite lava flow. KEY WORDS: high-Mg andesite; sanukitoid; composite lava; solidification; remelting     

High-Mg diorites derived from sanukitic HMA magmas, Kyushu Island, southwest Japan arc: evidence from clinopyroxene and whole rock compositions

High-Mg diorites that have similar whole rock composition to high-Mg andesites (HMAs) should not be simply interpreted as rocks solidified from the HMA magmas, because the high-Mg diorites may be mafic cumulates derived from a different magma from the HMAs.

The HMAs contain unique clinopyroxenes with higher Mg# and Si than those of other sub-alkaline series igneous rocks. The Mg# and Si are controlled by the source magma composition rather than its crystallized conditions such as pressure and temperature. The chemical composition of clinopyroxenes would present important information for the investigation of the source of high-Mg diorites.

We considered the source of Early Cretaceous high-Mg diorites on Kyushu Island, southwest Japan arc, based on their clinopyroxene and whole rock compositions. The clinopyroxenes have similar chemical characteristics to those in HMAs rather than those in other sub-alkaline rocks. Moreover, the whole rock compositions are equivalent to the sanukitic HMA and do not show features of mafic cumulates. This indicates that the high-Mg diorites solidified from sanukitic HMA magmas. It is generally believed that the sanukitic HMA magmas involve the subduction of a young and/or hot oceanic slab was situated in their genesis. Therefore, the occurrence of the high-Mg diorites suggests that Kyushu was situated in the tectonic setting of young and/or hot slab subduction in the Early Cretaceous.     

Difference of Ti,Zr, Y and P content in calc-alkaline andesites from island arcs and continental margin (Central Andes)

Ti, Zr, Y and P, known to be chemically immobile elements during alteration and metamorphism, have been ploted in a set of diagrams in order to discriminative between calc-alkaline andesites from island arcs and continental margin. This method may be an appropiate procedure to help in the discrimination between ancient volcanics of both groups.     

An experimental investigation of high-temperature interactions between seawater and rhyolite,andesite, basalt and peridotite

Natural seawater was allowed to react with rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and peridotite at 200°–500° C, and 1,000 bars at water/rock mass ratios of 5 and 50 in order to investigate the effects of rock type, water/rock ratio, and temperature on solution chemistry and alteration mineralogy. The results indicate that interactions of seawater with various igneous rocks are similar in the production of a hydrous Mg-silicate and anhydrite as major alteration products. Fluids involved in the interactions lose Mg to alteration phases while leaching Fe, Mn, and Si from the rocks. The pH of the solutions is primarily controlled by Mg-OH-silicate formation and therefore varies with Mg and Si concentration of the system. Other reactions which involve Mg (such as Mg-Ca exchange) or which produce free H⁺, cause major differences in fluid chemistry between different seawater/ rock systems. High water/rock ratio systems (50/1) are generally more acidic and more efficient in leaching than low ratio systems (5/1), due to relatively more seawater Mg available for Mgsilicate production. The experiments show that large-scale seawater/rock interaction could exert considerable control on the chemistry of seawater, as well as producing large bodies of altered rock with associated ore-deposits.Active plate margins of convergence or divergence are suitable environments for hydrothermal systems due to the concurrence of igneous activity, tectonism, and a nearby water reservoir (seawater or connate water). The experimental data indicate that seawater interactions with igneous host rocks could generate many of the features of ore-deposits such as the Kuroko deposits of Japan, the Raul Mine of Peru, the Bleida deposit of Morocco, and deposits associated with ophiolites. Serpentinization of peridotite and alteration of igneous complexes associated with plate margins can also be explained by seawater interaction with the cooling rock. Geothermal energy production could benefit from experimental investigations of hot water/rock systems by development of chemical, temperature, and pressure control systems to maximize the lifetime of hydrothermal flow.     

Volatile contents and ferric-ferrous ratios of basalt,ferrobasalt, andesite and rhyodacite glasses from the Galapagos 95.5°W propagating rift

Volatiles and major elements in abyssal glasses ranging in composition from basalt, ferrobasalt, andesite to rhyodacite from the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) near 95°W were analyzed using electron microprobe and high temperature mass spectrometry. Total volatile content ranged from 0.32 wt.% to 2.74 wt.%. Volatile abundances of MORB glasses from the 95.5°W propagating rift are similar to those from the adjacent normal rift (avg. 0.34 wt.%) and lower than those of N-type MORB from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (avg. 0.49 wt.%). Although both propagating and non-propagating rift glasses contain trace amounts of methane (<0.01 wt.%) and carbon monoxide (0.04 wt.%), significantly higher 100 $\text{Fe}{}_2\text{O}{}_3\text{FeO}\text{+ Fe}{}_2\text{O}{}_3$ ratios are observed for the primitive propagating rift glasses. Water contents of the most primitive GSC glasses are ~0.09 wt.% suggesting a water content for the mantle source of ~0.02 wt.% which indicates that source masses with very low water content can be involved in the generation of MORB.In fractionated ferrobasalt, andesite and rhyodacite glasses from the 95.5°W propagating rift, increasing abundances of H₂O, Cl and F indicate highly incompatible behavior, whereas CO₂ and reduced carbon species appear to decrease in abundance with increasing differentiation. Ferric-ferrous ratios increase from basalt to andesite and reduce to near zero in the rhyodacite. These values are not distinguishable from those previously reported for similar fractionated glasses from the Galapagos 85°W propagating rift, despite the apparent suppression of oxide precipitation in the 85°W suite.     

From basalt to dacite: origin and evolution of the calc-alkaline series of Salina, Aeolian Arc, Italy

The island of Salina comprises one of the most distinct calc-alkaline series of the Aeolian arc (Italy), in which calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline, shoshonitic and leucite-shoshonitic magma series are developed. Detailed petrological, geochemical and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Pb, O) data are reported for a stratigraphically well-established sequence of lavas and pyroclastic rocks from the Middle Pleistocene volcanic cycle (430–127 ka) of Salina, which is characterized by an early period of basaltic volcanism (Corvo; Capo; Rivi; Fossa delle Felci, group 1) and a sequence of basaltic andesites, and andesites and dacites in the final stages of activity (Fossa delle Felci, groups 2–8). Major and trace element compositional trends, rare earth element (REE) abundances and mineralogy reveal the importance of crystal fractionation of plagioclase + clinopyroxene + olivine/ orthopyroxene ± titanomagnetite ± amphibole ± apatite in generating the more evolved magma types from parental basaltic magmas, and plagioclase accumulation in producing the high Al₂O₃ contents of some of the more evolved basalts. Sr isotope ratios range from 0.70410 to 0.70463 throughout the suite and show a well-defined negative correlation with ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd (0.51275–0.51279). Pb isotope compositions are distinctly radiogenic with relatively large variations in ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (19.30–19.66), fairly constant ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (15.68–15.76) and minor variations in ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (39.15–39.51). Whole-rock δ¹⁸O values range from +6.4 to +8.5‰ and correlate positively with Sr isotope ratios. Overall, the isotopic variations are correlated with the degree of differentiation of the rocks, indicating that only small degrees of crustal assimilation are overprinting the dominant evolution by crystal–liquid fractionation (AFC-type processes). The radiogenic and oxygen isotope composition of the Salina basalts suggests derivation from primary magmas from a depleted mantle source contaminated by slab-derived fluids and subducted sediments with an isotopic signature of typical upper continental crust. These magmas then evolved further to andesitic and dacitic compositions through the prevailing process of low-pressure fractional crystallization in a shallow magma reservoir, accompanied by minor assimilation of crustal lithologies similar to those of the Calabrian lower crust. Received: 29 November 1999 / Accepted: 16 April 2000     

Generation of andesite through partial melting of basaltic metasomatites in the mantle wedge:Insight from quantitative study of Andean andesites

Continental crust in average exhibits a similar composition in both major and trace elements to andesites along ac-tive continental margins. For this reason, an...     

大兴安岭中段晚中生代安山岩年代学和地球化学特征及成因分析

本文通过大兴安岭中段安山岩基质40At/39Ar和SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学的测定,表明安山岩形成于122～125Ms和114～115Ma两个时期,即为早白垩世的两期喷发.主量元素分析表明,安山岩SiO2含量为59.18%～60.89%,Al2O3含量为15.19%～17.23%,全碱(K2O Na2O)介于6.16%～7.26%之间,MgO含量为1.55%～3.77%和Mg#值为33～54;微量元素分析表明,安山岩轻稀土元素(LREE)富集、轻重稀土元素(HREE)分馏较强、略具负Eu异常(δEu=0.74～0.92)、富集大离子亲石元素(LINE),而亏损高场强元素(HFSE),尤其强烈亏损Nb和Ta.Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成表明,安山岩(87Sr/86Sr)i变化范围为0.70454～0.70483;εNd(t)变化范围为0.97～3.17;初始206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb组成变化范围分别为18.17～18.28、15.50～15.60和38.02～38.29.岩石学和地球化学综合研究表明,大兴安岭早白垩世安山岩的岩性主要为钙碱性系列-钾玄岩系列,安山质岩浆来源于富集LILE和水的岩石圈地幔.结合前人资料及本文研究成果,初步认为研究区安山岩形成于板内伸展环境,在岩石圈伸展和减薄背景下,软流圈地幔的上涌和地温梯度增高导致上覆岩石圈地幔中的低熔组分(水和LILE富集的交代地幔)发生部分熔融而形成.     

Metasomatism in mantle xenoliths from Gees,West Eifel,Germany: evidence for the genesis of calc-alkaline glasses and metasomatic Ca-enrichment

 We have investigated new samples from the Gees mantle xenolith suite (West Eifel), for which metasomatism by carbonatite melt has been suggested. The major metasomatic change is transformation of harzburgites into phlogopite-rich wehrlites. Silicate glasses are associated with all stages of transformation, and can be resolved into two major groups: a strongly undersaturated alkaline basanite similar to the host magma which infiltrated the xenoliths during ascent, and Si-Al-enriched, variably alkaline glass present exclusively within the xenoliths. Si-Al-rich glasses (up to 72 wt% SiO₂ when associated with orthopyroxene (Opx) are usually interpreted in mantle xenoliths as products of decompressional breakdown of hydrous phases like amphibole. In the Gees suite, however, amphibole is not present, nor can the glass be related to phlogopite breakdown. The Si-Al-rich glass is compositionally similar to glasses occurring in many other xenolith suites including those related to carbonatite metasomatism. Petrographically the silicate glass is intimately associated with the metasomatic reactions in Gees, mainly conversion of harzburgite orthopyroxene to olivine + clinopyroxene. Both phases crystallize as microlites from the glass. The chemical composition of the Si-Al-enriched glass shows that it cannot be derived from decompressional melting of the Gees xenoliths, but must have been present prior to their entrainment in the host magma. Simple mass-balance calculations, based on modal analyses, yield a possible composition of the melt prior to ascent of the xenoliths, during which glass + microlite patches were modified by dissolution of olivine, orthopyroxene and spinel. This parental melt is a calc-alkaline andesite (55–60 wt% SiO₂), characterized by high Al₂O₃ (ca. 18 wt%). The obtained composition is very similar to high-alumina, calc-alkaline melts that should form by AFC-type reactions between basalt and harzburgite wall rock according to the model of Kelemen (1990). Thus, we suggest that the Si-Al-enriched glasses of Gees, and possibly of other suites as well, are remnants of upper mantle hybrid melts, and that the Gees suite was metasomatized by silicate and not carbonatite melts. High-Mg, high-Ca composition of metasomatic olivine and clinopyroxene in mantle xenoliths have been explained by carbonatite metasomatism. As these features are also present in the Gees suite, we have calculated the equilibrium Ca contents of olivine and clinopyroxene using the QUI1F thermodynamical model, to show that they are a simple function of silica activity. High-Ca compositions are attained at low a SiO₂ and can thus be produced during metasomatism by any melt that is Opx-undersaturated, irrespective of whether it is a carbonatite or a silicate melt. Such low a SiO₂ is recorded by the microlites in the Gees Si-Al-rich glasses. Our results imply that xenolith suites cannot confidently be related to carbonatite metasomatism if the significance of silicate glasses, when present, is not investigated. Received: 2 March 1995 / Accepted: 12 June 1995     

On the origin of andesite in the northern Mariana Island Arc: Implications from Agrigan

Magmatic evolution on the active volcano of Agrigan in the northern Mariana Island Arc is interpreted as resulting in the production of calc-alkaline andesites by the fractional crystallization of high-alumina basalt. Basaltic products predominate, but the ratio of andesites to basalts increases with time up to an event of voluminous andesitic pyroclastic ejection accompanied by caldera-collapse; post-collapse lavas are entirely basaltic. Moderate iron-enrichment is demonstrated for the volcanic suite, with indications of a progressive, pre-caldera decrease in iron-enrichment; post-caldera lavas display a return to moderate Fe-enrichment. Overall, the lavas are enriched in the LIL elements (K, Rb, Ba, Sr) and depleted in Ti, Mg, Cr, and Ni. From the oldest to the youngest pre-caldera volcanic sequence, the LIL elements increase 3-6X while Ca and Mg decrease by 50% or more. Approximately constant K/ Rb (430±60) and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7032–0.7034) indicate consanguinity of the basalts and the andesites. Cumulate plutonic xenoliths, common in the lavas, are composed of mineral phases also encountered as phenocrysts. The following order of crystallization is indicated: olivine; anorthite-bytownite; clinopyroxene; orthopyroxene and titanomagnetite. Co-existing xenolithic olivines (Fo_74–83) and plagioclase (An_88–96) are typical of calc-alkaline island-arc assemblages and contrast with assemblages in the tholeiites from the Mariana Trough to the west. The relatively fayalitic composition and low abundances of Ni in olivines and Cr in clinopyroxenes indicate equilibrium with an already-fractionated liquid. These data, along with structural evidence, high Ca in the olivines, and comparison of the observed assemblages with experimental studies, suggests that these xenoliths formed as crystal cumulates at the floor of a shallow ( 7 km) crustal magma chamber.Major element modeling studies using the separation of observed xenocrystic and phenocrystic phases from assumed parental liquids reproduce the observed temporal and geochemical variations in the lavas. Trace element modeling parallels this evolution with the exception of Cr and Ni in the andesites. An extensive (16.3 km³) gabbroic body is required by this modeling to be present beneath Agrigan to produce the inferred volumes of the various lithologies preserved in the volcano's evolution. The sum of stratigraphic, geochemical, and isotopic evidence on Agrigan supports the derivation of calc-alkaline andesite by the removal of about 75% solids from a high-alumina basalt accompanied by a process of K and Rb enrichment, such as volatile-transfer. Considerations of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, and ³He/⁴He isotopic data indicate that the source region of these parental liquids lies in the mantle, not subducted crust. In the northern Marianas, the model of a shallow-crustal origin for andesite is preferred over one requiring andesite generation in the deeper mantle and/or subducted slab.     

川南杏仁状玄武岩中沥青与铜矿物的矿物学特征及其成因

川南普格杏仁状玄武岩中普遍产出沥青和铜矿物。沥青主要产于玄武岩气孔、晶洞和裂隙中,少量产于水晶晶体的锥状体部位。铜矿物主要有自然铜、赤铜矿、黑铜矿、硅孔雀石和孔雀石等。自然铜可形成完整晶体,分布于水晶菱面体的锥体顶部,也可呈它形粒状或片状,分布于杏仁体、脉状体沥青的裂隙中和铜球粒核部;赤铜矿主要与板状自然铜一起分布于石英或玉髓脉的裂隙中;黑铜矿常与自然铜一起产出于裂隙或铜球粒中;硅孔雀石呈脉状、浸染状、网状分布在沥青中及其裂隙中,部分硅孔雀石呈皮壳状赋存在自然铜、水晶晶体表面和铜球粒表面;而孔雀石主要分布于铜球粒的最外圈。沥青与铜矿物形成次序为:沥青→自然铜→赤铜矿→黑铜矿→硅孔雀石→孔雀石。沥青和自然铜形成于水晶结晶作用晚期,自然铜形成于沥青之后。碳同位素研究显示沥青为生物成因,可能来源于下二叠统(P13)的碳酸盐岩中的生油层;沥青的红外光谱及螺旋生长纹与气孔构造也证实沥青是由成矿热液中的原油受热裂解为固相;成矿溶液中的有机质成熟度越髙,成矿溶液析出的自然铜越多;铜矿物的演化(Cu→Cu2+)与含有机质的成矿溶液的氧化还原条件及成分变化密切相关。