谈功能矿物材料"电气石"的开发利用

功能矿物学是研究矿物的组成、结构、物理化学性能及其使用效能之间的相互关系，以及在光、电、磁、声、热和力等作用下所产生的功能性质。功能矿物材料的性能多样，研究涉及领域广泛。其中有早已为人们熟悉的云母的绝缘性、蒙脱石和海泡石的吸附性、水晶的压电性、与隐形技术相关的尖晶石型铁氧体对电磁波的吸收性。     

加强非金属矿产在水污染防治中的应用研究

利用部分非金属矿产的特有性能处理污水,往往能取得事半功倍的效果。工业化国家在这方面的研究比较广泛和深入,而我国比较落后。因此,需要广大的环保、地矿科技人员迅速行动起来,加强非金属矿产在污水处理中的应用研究,以保护我们的水环境,造福于人民。     

浅析非金属矿产与农业的利用

所谓非金属农利用矿物质一般是指无需复杂加工即可施用的地质矿产物质。可作为有机物来源的矿产：泥炭,蓝铁矿,腐泥,某些煤炭。可用作土壤改良的岩石：石灰岩,白云岩,石膏等。可用作人工土壤和改良土壤物理、化学性质的岩石和矿物：砾石一卵石岩和多孔岩石,蛭石,沸石等。用作矿物掺和料和填充料的演示和矿石：饲料掺和剂（食盐、纯灰岩物质）,农药填充料（滑石、膨润土）,以及防止肥料粘结的掺和剂。     

灰岩基缓释材料原位注入修复酸性矿山废水模拟研究

我国岩溶区分布面积广,生态环境脆弱。岩溶区大量矿山开采活动产生的酸性矿山废水(AMD)严重威胁着区域生态环境安全。以岩溶区广泛分布的碳酸盐岩和玉米棒(生物质炭)等为原料,通过改性、造粒、覆膜的方式制备了一种可用于原位注入修复的碱基缓释材料(ASRM),并在室内模拟开展了丰水和枯水交替作用下的原位注入修复实验,以验证和查明ASRM原位修复酸性矿井废水中重金属的能力及去除机制。研究结果表明,碱基缓释材料(ASRM)可有效提高水体pH值,酸性矿山废水(AMD)修复后pH值从2.8提高到5～7,并对Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺,Zn²⁺,Cu²⁺,Cd²⁺,Pb²⁺和Cr³⁺等多种有害重金属有良好去除效果。XRD和SEM分析证明,反应沉淀物主要以FeOOH的形式存在。重金属的去除机制主要包括：(1)部分金属离子被以反应产生的氢氧化物等沉淀的形式去除;(2)反应体系产生的大量FeOOH可以吸附去除重金属。本模拟实验研究为利用缓释材料原位高效处理岩溶山区矿...     

NdFeB永磁材料在钻探中的应用

通过对高性能钕铁硼(NdFeB)永磁材料功能特性和工作原理的介绍,分析了其制作钻探强磁打捞器的可行性和适宜性,并就所开发的强磁打捞器的结构、规格、使用方法及注意事项予以说明.强磁打捞器是各个行业钻孔施工中处理工装卡具等铁器物质掉入孔内事件的理想工具,它比传统的处理事故方法更省时、更安全,可以大大提高工作效率,因此,强磁打捞器在钻探施工中具有广泛的应用前景.     

沸石在造纸废水处理中的应用

介绍了沸石通过复合改性后制成造纸废水的净化材料———沸石净水剂的机理。用沸石净水剂处理造纸黑液整个过程无废弃物,可实现造纸废水的零排放。     

重金属在不同粒径PM10中的含量与形态

利用WYX 402A型原子吸收分光光度计和Tessler形态分类法研究了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As重金属在不同粒径PM10中的质量浓度与形态分布。结果表明Cu、Pb、Cd、As质量浓度随粒径增加而减少,Zn、Cr质量浓度在1.1~2.0μm粒径范围内有一峰值,总体上仍表现为随粒径增加而减少。重金属的形态分布表现出各自的特征,反映了其环境活性的不同。颗粒越细,Cu的活性越大;Pb的活性在各粒级中变化不大;Zn的活性随粒径增加而变大;Cd主要以碳酸盐结合态和氧化物结合态为主,且在小颗粒中活性较大;Cr以氧化物结合态和不溶物为主,在各粒级中含量较稳定,环境活性不大;As主要以前3种形态存在,在稳定环境下,其活性随粒径增加而减小。     

矿物结晶过程中的声子波浪及其作用

采用 Bose量子统计方法 ,对矿物结晶过程中声子波浪的作用进行了详细讨论 ,得到了晶体生长的动力学数学模型 ,并指出外界能源的供给对晶体生长和构型有着重要的影响。讨论结果表明 ,纵声子波浪起主导作用 ,它会产生相应的化学波浪     

矿物和岩石在我省农业生产中的作用

我省是一个农业大省,作为全国最大的商品粮生产基地,粮食生产在全省、全国的经济地位十分重要,经过全省几代人的努力,把昔日的“北大荒”变成了今日的“北大仓”。但是随着几十年的种植,土壤结构、自然地力都产生了不同程度退化,在某种程度上制约了农业生产的可持续性发展,为了实现粮食的稳产增产,另辟蹊径,研究矿物、岩石在农业生产中的作用意义重大。     

铁载体在环境污染与资源利用中的应用研究进展

Fe在地表环境中的生物利用率极低,为了适应低铁环境,微生物和植物会分泌一种低分子量有机化合物——铁载体来螯合环境中的Fe(Ⅲ),以满足自身生命活动需求。铁载体在地表环境中普遍存在,并广泛参与微生物、植物和环境中Fe的迁移和转化。系统总结了铁载体的类型、检测方法以及其在矿物溶解、污染修复、植物促生和生物防治等领域的作用研究进展。结果表明：细菌、真菌、蓝细菌和植物均能产生不同类型铁载体,通过螯合作用从环境中摄取和竞争Fe;依据铁载体中特定的官能团,可采用生物方法和化学方法对其进行定性和定量检测;铁载体可以加速铁硅酸盐矿物和铁氧化物/氢氧化物矿物溶解,推动地表环境中不同相态Fe的生物地球化学循环;铁载体能够螯合多种重金属离子并促进有机污染物降解,修复重金属和有机物污染的土壤,维持土壤良好的生态功能和农业生产能力;铁载体还可以捕获植物所需的营养元素并抑制植物病原菌的繁殖,促进植物生长与产量提高,有效进行生物防治。最后,在综述研究的基础上展望了铁载体的未来研究方向,以期为推动铁载体在环境地学领域的研究发挥积极作用。     

A review of heavy metal adsorption by marine algae

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｈａｓｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｔｒｉｇｇｅｒｅｄａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｔｕｄｉｅｓａｉｍｉｎｇａｔｔｈｅｒｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｍｅｔａｌｉｏｎｓｆｒｏｍａｑｕｅｏｕｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ (ＦｏｕｒｅｓｔａｎｄＶｏｌｅｓｋｙ ,1 997;ＦｅｈｒｍａｎｎａｎｄＰｏｈｌ,1 993 ;ＫｕｙｕｃａｋａｎｄＶｏｌｅｓｋｙ,1 989) .Ｉｔｗａｓｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａ…     

Evaluation on environmental quality for heavy metal elements of Xihe soil

According to "Environmental quality standard for soil" and using As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn elements as evaluation index, the author evaluated soil environmental quality in Xihe area of Shenyang. The results show that the soil in Xihe area is polluted rifely by heavy metal elements. The polluted areas are mainly distributed near the upstreams of Xihe River, Shenxin River and Shenliao irrigation canal. There exist large distinctions among the heavy metal elements to the pollution degree. Cd pollution area is the biggest and the most serious in pollution degree.     

Evaluation on environmental quality for heavy metal elements of Xihe soil

According to ＂Environmental quality standard for soil＂ and using As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn elements as evaluation index, the author evaluated soil environmental quality in Xihe area of Shenyang. The results show that the soil in Xihe area is polluted rifely by heavy metal elements. The polluted areas are mainly distributed near the upstreams of Xihe River, Shenxin River and Shenliao irrigation canal. There exist large distinctions among the heavy metal elements to the pollution degree. Cd pollution area is the biggest and the most serious in pollution degree.     

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in estuarine surface sediments of Tangxi River in Chaohu Lake Basin

A total of 30 surface sediments samples from the estuary wetland of the Tangxi River, Chaohu Lake Basin were obtained and tested. Enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I_(geo)) as well as multivariate statistical analysis methods including Factor Analysis (FA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were applied for the assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments. The results of EF values show that the pollution of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) occurs in the estuarine sediments, and that zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and chrome (Cr) may originate from crustal materials or natural weathering process. The mean EF values of the five heavy metals are in the decreasing order: Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb>Cr. Based on the I_(geo) of target heavy metals, the surface sediments collected from the study area can be approximately categorized as unpolluted with Zn, Pb and Cr, and moderately polluted with Cu and Cd. The degree of heavy metal pollution decreases in the order of Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb>Cr. Three groups of pollution factors are presented from FA: Zn-TOC, Cu-Cd and Cr-Pb, which respectively accounte for 27.22%, 25.20% and 21.05% of variance. By means of HCA, a total number of seven groups are distinguished from 30 sampling sites. Results indicate that Cu and Cd are the prior controlled pollutants in the estuarine sediments of the Tangxi River.     

Spatial distribution and changes of heavy metals of agricultural lands in typical pregrading coast in Dongtai City,Jiangsu Province,China

According to the historical changes of coastal lines, seven soil sampling districts, from land to sea, were arranged in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province to sample soils from surface and profile. Concentrations of seven major heavy metals （HMs）, granularity, pH, organic matters and C/N of the soil samples were analyzed. Results show that concentrations of heavy metals in agricultural land present a certain spatial variance, decreasing from land to sea. Pollution assessment indicates that the agricultural soils were not polluted by HMs, but the potential pollution of Cu and Hg needs to be alerted. Different HMs accumulate in the surface and sub-surface of the soil profiles, and concentrations of Hg and Pb decrease significantly with the increment of soil depth. Concentrations of HMs exhibit a significantly negative correlation to pH, but have no significant relation with organic matters in soil. Principle component analysis show that the concentrations of HMs relate to the land use history. Concentrations of Hg, Ni and Cr in soil are closely related with land use history, and concentrations of Pb, Cu and Cr are affected by land use history as well as other factors. However, there is no significant relation between concentration of As and land use history.     

模糊PID控制器在水压机控制系统中的应用

介绍了模糊控制中的设计思想及方法，并采用模糊控制的方法来改进实际生产中PID控制的一些控制难点。将改进方法应用在一大型水压机控制系统中并在实际生产中取得了理想效果。     

湛江港海水中铜、锌、铅、镉的周年变化与水质评价

于2008年3月至2009年1月用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对湛江港海水中的铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)进行调查。分析结果表明:2008年湛江港湾海水中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量较低,年平均含量分别为4.46×10-3mg/L、14.2×10-3mg/L、0.795×10-3mg/L、0.588×10-3mg/L,总体上表层海水中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量均略低于底层海水。各季度海水中重金属含量的比较结果为:Cu的含量秋季>春季>夏季>冬季,Zn的含量夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,Pb的含量秋季>夏季>春季>冬季,Cd的含量冬季>夏季>秋季>春季。湛江港湾的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的含量均在中部水域湛江港码头核心作业区最高,港湾外较低;Zn、Cd在港湾内的含量较高。按照单因子污染指数法评价,湛江港湾海水中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均低于国家二类海水水质标准规定的限值,水质较好。     

Removal of eutrophication factors and heavy metal from a closed cultivation system using the macroalgae, Gracilaria sp. (Rhodophyta)

In this study,the ability of macroalgae Gracilaria sp.of removing eutrophication factors and toxic heavy metals Al,Cr,and Zn in a closed cultivation system is reported.The results show that the concentration of the three heavy metals decreased significantly during the experimental period in an algal biomass dependent manner.The biofiltration capacity of the alga for Al,Cr,and Zn is 10.1%-72.6%,52.5%-83.4% and 36.5%-91.7%,respectively.Using more materials resulted in stronger heavy metal removal.Additionally...     

THE RESEARCH ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND FORMS OF HEAVY METALS IN THE XIANGJIANG RIVER SEDIMENTS

In this paper, the contents and various forms of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in the sediments of the Xiangjiang River have been investigated. The presentation of this paper focuses on the various forms and characteristics of the heavy metals in the column sediments at Xiawan Port of Zhuzhou, which has been severely polluted by a metallurgical plant.The forms of the heavy metals discussed in this paper are: The concentration of the exchangeable forms of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb, in the forms of carbonates and Fe/ Mn oxide in water, the combination of Cu with organic matter and form, and the proportion of the residue form at each section have been studied.