光释光技术在我国海岸晚第四纪沉积测年中的应用

位于陆地与海洋交界的海岸系统,对环境变化反应敏感,海岸沉积是记录区域及全球环境变化的重要载体。但海岸沉积动力环境复杂,多存在沉积物的侵蚀、搬运与再沉积现象,或缺乏¹⁴C测年所需的有机质材料,因此年代问题是海岸第四纪地层研究的难点。光释光测年技术（OSL）主要通过石英或长石矿物的释光信号,确定沉积物的埋藏年龄,测年范围从近百年到几十万年。OSL的快速发展为海岸第四纪地层年代确定提供了有利条件,特别是单片再生剂量法的提出,提高了光释光测年结果的准确度和精度。OSL测年需要根据样品的年龄与性质,进行测年矿物、测量程序条件及粒级的选择。文章基于近年来石英和长石光释光测年技术的发展,结合我国海岸第四纪地层断代中已发表的500多个光释光年代数据,探讨光释光测年技术在海岸第四纪沉积物定年中遇到的常见问题及应对策略,包括测年矿物的选择（石英vs.长石）、样品的晒退、剂量率、石英信号的组分、长石包裹体等。对这些问题的认识有助于对光释光测年结果准确度的评估,可以更好地服务于海岸晚第四纪沉积研究。

     

基于光释光测年的东海嵊山岛风尘黄土环境敏感粒度组分研究

以东海岛屿嵊山岛约2.75 m厚的风尘黄土剖面为研究对象,基于光释光测年建立的时间标尺,通过沉积粒度和环境磁学等分析,与黄土高原典型黄土以及东部下蜀黄土进行对比,探讨该地区晚更新世古气候特征。光释光测年结果显示,嵊山岛黄土沉积始于约51 ka,对应于末次冰期。黄土沉积粒度参数和磁学参数分析结果显示,与西北黄土相比,嵊山岛黄土的频率分布曲线呈"三峰分布",磁化率值偏大,波动幅度也较大。进一步运用粒级-标准偏差法提取环境敏感粒级组分,即细颗粒组分（< 23 μm）和粗颗粒组分（>23 μm）,分别代表该地区两种主要的粉尘搬运与沉积风力系统,可用于指示黄土沉积的阶段性特征。黄土粗细粒级环境敏感组分及环境磁学的变化揭示约49~35 ka期间研究区逐渐干旱化的气候历史,记录了末次冰期以来该地区古气候环境的演变过程。     

现代珠江三角洲地区QZK4孔第四纪沉积年代

在地质环境变迁迅速的现代珠江三角洲地区,对于第四纪沉积的年代存在多种认识。结合南中国海的海平面变化记录,通过AMS14C和光释光测年发现,珠江三角洲腹地QZK4孔第四纪岩心底部最老年龄约为43.71ka BP。岩心记录的第四纪环境对南中国海海平面变化有着良好的响应:岩心下部陆相河流沉积和暴露风化层发育于末次冰期至早全新世的低海平面时期,上部滨海—河口湾沉积发育于早中全新世以来的高海平面时期。根据钻孔岩心的环境分析,推测现代珠江三角洲地区第四纪的底界可能较本钻孔记录的更老。     

帕米尔高原瓦恰盆地黄土的石英光释光测年

中亚黄土对研究亚洲内陆干旱化、亚洲粉尘来源、亚洲季风和西风环流变化以及两者在中亚相互作用历史均具有重要意义。中亚南部帕米尔高原不同地貌面上广泛发育有厚约1~2 m的风成黄土沉积,文章对高原东北部瓦恰盆地的两个黄土剖面进行了细颗粒石英光释光测年。结果表明,瓦恰盆地黄土样品石英光释光信号主要源于325℃热释光信号所对应陷阱电子,以快速组分为主。每个样品分别采用石英光释光信号标准生长曲线法（SGC）和全球石英光释光标准生长曲线法（gSGC）获得的等效剂量与其单测片再生剂量法（SAR）实测等效剂量值在误差范围内是一致的,说明SGC法与gSGC法适用于瓦恰盆地的黄土测年。两个剖面黄土样品石英SAR法光释光年龄界于4.7~14.3 ka,沉积速率由早期的0.11 mm/a加速至全新世的0.15~0.18 mm/a。据沉积速率估算剖面1黄土堆积于17.2 ka至2.7 ka之间,主要堆积于末次冰盛期末至全新世晚期,且远比其所在地貌面要年轻。本研究为进一步开展帕米尔高原黄土古环境研究提供了年代框架。

     

Optically stimulated luminescence ages of the Hengyu site and their implications for anthropogenic activities in the Fuzhou Basin,South China

The chronologies of few Neolithic sites in the lower reaches of the Min River of China have been well investigated for the middle to late Holocene. In this study, the Hengyu Neolithic site in Fujian Province, South China, which has significant archaeological remains, was dated using blue‐stimulated optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS¹⁴C) techniques. The results, comprising nine OSL and three AMS¹⁴C ages through the Neolithic sequence, provide new evidence towards understanding the relationship between environmental evolution and human activities in the middle to late Holocene in the Fuzhou Basin and coastal areas of South China. The ages of the site deposits vary from 6.83 to 1.67 ka and can be divided into two main phases: the Keqiutou–Tanshishan culture period and the Bronze culture period. In contrast, the persistent periods of ancient human activities at the Hengyu site seem to correspond to regional sea‐level changes and the East Asian winter monsoon as a secondary factor, which can affect human activities through sea‐level impacts. The warm and high sea level conditions provided a liveable environment for the ancient humans of Fujian and even South China. The ages of two building column bases are linked to the early stage of the Han dynasty, suggesting a potentially favourable habitation environment; that is, ancient humans occupied and settled this area for the long term within this time period, which is consistent with sea‐level changes and palynology records. Copyright © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雅鲁藏布江大峡谷的形成

通过对雅鲁藏布大峡谷流域地貌形成响应时间域的定量估算,大峡谷与上游河道特征的对比,以及大峡谷入口处河湖阶地的沉积分析和定年研究,结合构造研究的新进展和数值地貌分析成果,系统论证了雅鲁藏布大峡谷的形成。研究结果表明,现今的雅鲁藏布大峡谷与大峡谷上游的河道在大峡谷形成之前分属不同的河流体系,大约在距今30ka BP前后,原属于帕隆藏布江水系支流的扎曲—直白河段因溯源侵蚀,袭夺了位于现今直白河段上游的古雅鲁藏布江水系,使得此前向南经南伊沟（纳伊普曲）流出高原的古雅鲁藏布江与帕隆藏布江合二为一,雅鲁藏布大峡谷得以贯通和强烈的侵蚀下切,形成现今著名的大峡谷和大拐弯式样的流域结构。     

滇西怒江河谷潞江段泥石流灾害时空发育特征

通过对怒江河谷潞江段21条泥石流重点沟道堆积物的沉积特征、形成基本条件的野外调查,结合室内泥石流沟汇水面积、纵比降的数理统计,运用光释光(OSL)测年技术对洪积物的年龄进行测定,揭示了研究区泥石流的发育具有明显的区域性和分期性。结果表明以潞江为界,泥石流从西岸向东岸迁移;东岸泥石流的发育存在南北差异,具有从北向南发展的趋势而且期次明显,两岸泥石流发育分为3期。     

滇西怒江河谷潞江段泥石流灾害时空发育特征

通过对怒江河谷潞江段21条泥石流重点沟道堆积物的沉积特征、形成基本条件的野外调查,结合室内泥石流沟汇水面积、纵比降的数理统计,运用光释光(OSL)测年技术对洪积物的年龄进行测定,揭示了研究区泥石流的发育具有明显的区域性和分期性。结果表明以潞江为界,泥石流从西岸向东岸迁移;东岸泥石流的发育存在南北差异,具有从北向南发展的趋势而且期次明显,两岸泥石流发育分为3期。     

琼北老城剖面记录的马袅—铺前断裂西段晚更新世活动历史

马袅-铺前断裂为1605年海南琼山7.5级大地震的发震断裂之一,其活动历史研究对琼北地区地壳稳定性评价、防震减灾以及琼州海峡跨海大桥等重大工程建设有重要意义。地质地貌调查结果表明,马袅-铺前断裂西段由三条近东西向平行展布的北倾阶梯状正断层组成,并构成南北宽约2.5 km的断裂带。老城人工开挖南北宽达70 m的断裂带剖面揭露了该断裂晚更新世活动历史,道堂组光释光(OSL)年代学测试结果表明断裂在距今16~31 ka期间经历了两期活动:第一期表现为南、北相向倾斜的正断活动,累计垂直位移3.3 m;第二期为南倾的正断活动,活动强度较大。马袅-铺前断裂错断不同时代地层的位移量表明该断裂自上新世以来开始活动,第四纪活动强烈,现今仍是琼北控制地震活动的重要断裂。     

四川龙门山南段青衣江河流阶地形成时代及其构造地貌意义

地表调查发现,横穿龙门山南段的青衣江具有上游以发育深切峡谷为主,而中下游段阶地发育较完整的特点。采用光释光测年方法对现今青衣江低阶地进行年代学测试分析,获得了低阶地的形成年代,并结合对前人资料的对比和对青衣江河流阶地已有年代学数据的分析,基本确定青衣江中下游地区的T1~T7阶地主要形成于距今7.7~9.0ka,40~50ka,75~85ka,129ka,149ka,270~300ka,740ka。结合地表调查结果进一步推断,现今青衣江主河道在中更新世及之前已经存在。因此,现今的青衣江究竟是因断块整体倾斜式改道还是后期河流袭夺而形成需进一步研究。另外,据青衣江低阶地地貌面的年龄数据估算,龙门山南段青衣江流域不同段落的晚第四纪河流下切速率不同,中更新世以来,芦山至大岗顶段的河流下切速率明显较大,很可能是芦山地震发震构造(盲逆断层)在晚第四纪期间存在持续活动的地貌响应。     

Geomorphological investigations and luminescence dating in the southern part of the Khangay and the Valley of the Gobi Lakes (Central Mongolia)

Geomorphological investigations in the catchment area of the Baydragiyn river along the southern slope of the Khangay and in the Valley of the Gobi Lakes in western Mongolia provide evidence for Late Quaternary glaciations and lake‐level changes. Thermoluminescence (TL) and infrared optically stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating of aeolian and colluvial sediments from the central Khangay place the sediments that overlie fluvial and glaciofluvial terraces in the Holocene. An age of 21 ka is determined for a sand deposit overlying the terrace that is related to the last glacial ice‐margin. Lacustrine sediments from higher beach lines in the Valley of the Gobi Lakes provide evidence for a slightly more humid period around 1.5 ka, and a larger extent of the lakes in the Early Holocene at about 8.5 ka, as also reported from other parts of Central Asia. Remnants of lacustrine sediments buried by alluvial gravel, and indicating a huge palaeolake in the basin of the Orog Nuur, however, date to the early stage of the last glaciation around 70 ka. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北京平谷山前河流阶地发育序列、形成时代及地质意义

河流阶地是研究河流演化、构造运动的良好载体, 虽然北京地区第四纪地质研究程度较高, 但北京东部地区对河流阶地的相关研究资料较少。本文以北京平谷燕山山前发育的泃河、黄松峪石河、将军关石河为研究对象, 通过野外地质调查、光释光测年技术（OSL）详细划分了上述河流阶地的发育序列, 在此基础上讨论了部分河流阶地的形成时代、阶地成因及河流阶地对燕山隆升的响应等地质问题, 认为泃河南岸发育有3级阶地, 北岸发育2级阶地;黄松峪石河最多发育有6级阶地;将军关石河发育有5级阶地。将军关石河至晚形成于中更新世晚期（161. 7±7. 7 ka BP）, 黄松峪石河至晚形成于晚更新世早期（121. 2±5. 4~100. 3±4. 1 ka BP）, 泃河至晚形成于晚更新世中期（79. 4±3. 3~70. 8±3. 4 ka BP）。泃河、黄松峪石河、将军关石河各级阶地的形成受到了古气候变化和燕山隆升的双重影响, 平谷地区燕山在中更新世晚期以来, 一直处于隆升的状态, 晚更新世早期时隆升速率达到最大, 可达0. 24~0. 34 mm/a, 晚更新世中期时隆升速率降低, 0. 18~0. 24 mm/a。以上成果对研究北京东部河流阶地发育特征、形成时代具有重要参考价值, 也为中更新世晚期以来燕山的隆升提供了新的证据。     

晋陕峡谷苏家岭和清水川口旧石器地点黄土地层释光年代与古环境

在黄河中游晋陕峡谷地区发现了多处旧石器遗存,但是,这些重要的遗址点大多缺乏年代约束。新发现的苏家岭和清水川口旧石器地点位于陕西一侧黄河二、三级阶地上,黄土堆积中出土的石器类型以"石核-石片技术"组合为主要特征。本研究采集了苏家岭（黄土堆积厚度17.1 m）和清水川口（黄土堆积厚度4.7 m）共14个光释光样品,采用石英单片再生剂量法（SAR-OSL）和钾长石红外后释光法（pIR200IR290）测定了两个遗址点黄土序列的年代,同时测试了沉积物样品的粒度和磁化率。结果表明,两处沉积物主体均为典型的风成黄土。石英SAR-OSL年龄与钾长石pIR200IR290年龄在25~50 ka有很好的对应关系,钾长石年龄与S1古土壤的预期年龄（MIS5）相一致。苏家岭出土的石器所在地层年代范围为25~76 ka,洪积层的石核年代在76~95 ka间;清水川口出土的石器年代范围为31~42 ka。地层特征、磁化率和粒度证据表明,在晚更新世间冰阶和末次间冰期末期,晋陕峡谷地区相对暖湿的气候条件利于远古人类生存;同时,黄土高原南部苏家岭与北部清水川口的古环境存在区域的差异。苏家岭和清水川口地点出土的"石核-石片技术"组合表明,晚更新世古人类在中国北方广阔的区域活动,中国中部是晚更新世人类栖居的良好场所。     

断层崩积楔单片再生法光释光测年:以山西忻定盆地西田探槽为例

为了研究断层崩积楔各部位沉积物光释光信号晒退情况及崩积楔形成年龄,利用中颗粒石英(63~90μm)单片再生法(SAR)对山西忻定盆地西田探槽断层崩积楔3个部位的4个样品进行光释光(OSL)定年。选择一代表性样品(08-OSL-22)进行等效剂量(DE)、LN/TN、循环比率、回授率与预热温度的关系分析,结果表明预热温度260℃、预热时间10 s为样品最佳预热条件。4个样品的测片循环比率基本在0.9~1.1之间,回授率均小于5%,表明所采用的中颗粒SAR法流程可以很好地校正测量过程中产生的释光感量变化,其等效剂量可信。利用等效剂量分布直方图和累积频率图,发现古地形面和坡积物的样品晒退均匀,崩积层样品则较差。对于晒退较差的样品利用累积频率法得到其等效剂量,从而得到崩积楔的近似年龄。最后获得该期崩积楔的形成年龄为(27.09±0.71)ka。     

Is X‐ray core scanning non‐destructive? Assessing the implications for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is widely used to date clastic deposits, including those collected by coring. X‐ray scanning of cores has become popular because of the rapidly acquired, high‐resolution information it gives about optical, radiographic and elemental variations. Additionally, X‐ray scanning is widely viewed as a non‐destructive method. However, such instruments use an intense X‐ray beam that irradiates the split core to enable both X‐radiographic and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. This irradiation will influence the optically stimulated luminescence signal in the sediments. This study determines the radiation dose delivered to sediments in a core during an X‐ray scan, and assesses the implications for studies wishing to combine X‐ray scanning and OSL dating. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Chronology of the Dehenglong Landslide from Longyang Gorge to Liujia Gorge along Upper Yellow River, China

Giant landslides are common along the upper Yellow River from Longyang Gorge to Liujia Gorge, and some of them even blocked and dammed the upper Yellow River. Chronology is inevitable in studying the mechanism of giant landslides. Controversy exists about the chronology of those giant landslides, and some have not yet dated. The Dehenglong landslide is the largest one among them. In this study, OSL samples were collected from lacustrine silty sediments and loess directly overlying the landslide sediments, as well as fault sediments related to the landslide. This landslide yielded an age of 89 ± 8 ka, which is identical with the fault age of 73 ± 5 ka at two sigma errors. The agreement of a topographic analysis and the absolute age of landslides imply that the formation of the Dehenglong landslide is strongly correlated with the tectonic activity.     

The stratigraphy and chronology of the fluvial sediments at Warsash,UK: implications for the Palaeolithic archaeology of the River Test

This paper reports new fieldwork at Warsash which clarifies the terrace stratigraphic framework of the Palaeolithic archaeology of the region. Sections were recorded in former gravel pits and at coastal locations, supplemented by the use of ground penetrating radar and luminescence dating techniques. The region’s extensive borehole archive was also analysed to produce a revised terrace stratigraphy at Warsash and for the Test valley as a whole. At Warsash, some of the sediments previously identified as the Mottisfont/Lower Warsash Terrace are reassigned to the Hamble, Belbin/Upper Warsash and Ganger Wood/Mallards Moor Terraces. A luminescence dating programme, using test procedures not utilised in earlier dating studies in the region, yielded age estimates for the Hamble and Mottisfont/Lower Warsash Terraces at Warsash and also highlighted the complicated nature of the fluvial sediments of the River Test, suggesting that published luminescence ages for these deposits should be treated with some caution. This study indicates that the data used to construct terrace stratigraphies also requires careful assessment. The use of bedrock height and sediment thickness data produces more coherent long profile correlations than those produced by terrace surface data alone. The revised terrace stratigraphy provides the framework for the Palaeolithic archaeology at Warsash and clarifies correlations within and between archaeologically important sediments of the Test Valley, enabling it to contribute to discussions on the Lower-Middle Pleistocene settlement history of southern Britain.