广东三水盆地沉积体系研究

通过大量钻井和露头资料的沉积学研究,确认了白垩纪-古近纪三水盆地存在冲积扇、扇三角洲、河流(辫状河)、三角洲、湖泊五大沉积体系,并详细描述了它们的特征和时空分布规律.根据五大沉积体系在纵向上的叠置关系,把三水盆地分为①早白垩世底部粗碎屑进积阶段;②晚白垩世初始湖泛阶段;③古新世-早始新世湖泊细碎屑加积阶段:④中始新世-晚始新世顶部粗碎屑填积阶段.最后,根据沉积演化过程中的生储盖匹配关系,指出盆地西部宝月地区为最有利的油气勘探区块,最有利的层位为古近系怖心组,最有利的沉积体系为发育在怖心组大岗段之上的冲积扇、扇三角洲和三角洲.     

广东三水盆地沉积体系研究

通过大量钻井和露头资料的沉积学研究,确认了白垩纪—古近纪三水盆地存在冲积扇、扇三角洲、河流(辫状河)、三角洲、湖泊五大沉积体系,并详细描述了它们的特征和时空分布规律。根据五大沉积体系在纵向上的叠置关系,把三水盆地分为①早白垩世底部粗碎屑进积阶段;②晚白垩世初始湖泛阶段;③古新世—早始新世湖泊细碎屑加积阶段:④中始新世—晚始新世顶部粗碎屑填积阶段。最后,根据沉积演化过程中的生储盖匹配关系,指出盆地西部宝月地区为最有利的油气勘探区块,最有利的层位为古近系怖心组,最有利的沉积体系为发育在怖心组大岗段之上的冲积扇、扇三角洲和三角洲。     

江西信江盆地白垩系沉积体系及其与丹霞地貌的关系

根据野外沉积层序、岩石学特征、古生物资料和地貌景观特征,本文对江西信江盆地白垩系沉积相进行了初步分析,首次探讨了沉积体系与丹霞地貌发育特征之间的内在联系。信江盆地白垩系主要发育4种沉积体系,即冲（洪）积、三角洲、湖泊和扇三角洲。早白垩世主要发育半深湖-深湖、扇三角洲相沉积,晚白垩世从盆地南缘到北缘大致为洪冲积相→辫状河流→三角洲→滨浅湖→三角洲→辫状河流→洪冲积相的展布方式。研究表明,该区丹霞地貌形成的物质基础主要是上白垩统冲积扇、辫状河相沉积产物,丹霞地貌的空间分布与盆地冲积扇、辫状河沉积相的平面展布具有较好的一致性,同时,沉积亚相、微相类型对丹霞地貌的发育起到一定的控制作用。     

塔里木盆地早白垩世沉积相特征与古地理

根据大量的钻井和露头资料,对塔里木盆地早白垩世沉积相特征和古地理进行了研究。塔里木盆地下白垩统主要发育冲积扇-扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、氧化宽浅湖泊等3种沉积体系,包括陆相冲（洪）积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、滨浅湖等沉积相,分布于下白垩统不同层位。塔里木盆地早白垩世主要包括塔东北和塔西南两大沉积区,总体为干旱氧化的内陆拗陷分割盆地。在塔东北沉积大区,早白垩世早期卡普沙良群沉积物受周缘4大物源区控制,为多物源的氧化宽浅湖盆环境,古地势呈“南高北低、东高西低”,盆地边缘以冲（洪）积扇、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲相为主,盆地内部为滨浅湖亚相。早白垩世晚期巴什基奇克组沉积时期,塔里木盆地周缘进入一个新的构造活动期,古气候更加炎热干旱,氧化宽浅湖盆消失。在塔东北沉积大区,盆地受周缘4个主要物源区影响,以广泛分布的冲积扇-辫状河三角洲沉积体系占主体,盆地内部普遍为辫状河三角洲前缘-滨浅湖亚相沉积。在塔西南沉积大区,早白垩世克孜勒苏群沉积时期古地势呈“东高西低”,受北部喀什北山前和西南部古昆仑山2个物源区的控制,沉积物沿古昆仑山前呈狭长的条带状分布,沉积厚度自西向东减薄,主要是一套冲积扇-扇三角洲相和滨浅湖亚相沉积。     

冀北滦平中生代陆相断陷盆地九佛堂组沉积特征分析与探讨

冀北滦平中生代陆相断陷盆地中的早白垩世九佛堂组充填发育在盆地的最上部,为内陆温暖湿润气候条件下巨厚的灰绿—灰黄色碎屑岩沉积。宏观上可分为两大岩性组合段:一段底部的冲积扇沉积体系为断陷初期产物,因侵蚀遗存较少; 扇三角洲沉积体系分别构成一段的中下部及中上部,湖泊沉积体系夹持在扇三角洲沉积体系的中间; 二段为冲积扇沉积体系。盆地发育受控于西北部的岗子—红旗镇同生断裂,形成九佛堂期敞流型断陷湖。断裂具两个活动阶段,第一阶段由冲积扇体系向扇三角洲体系演化,发育时限短,形成的湖域狭小,堆积厚度小; 第二阶段由扇三角洲体系向冲积扇体系演化,直至盆地消失,发育时限长,形成的湖域广大,堆积厚度大。此外,对该盆地九佛堂组的沿革与确立作了简介。      

松辽盆地十屋断陷沉积特征与油气前景

十屋断陷沉积特征表现为近物源、粗碎屑快速沉积,冲积扇、扇三角洲、湖底扇与深水湖组合构成了特有的"扇-湖"沉积面貌,正常三角洲缺乏.断陷沉积发展经历了早期充填、中期扩张、晚期萎缩3个阶段:早期充填阶段发育有冲积扇、辫状河及成煤沼泽;中期扩张阶段沉积特征为深水湖泊与湖底扇、扇三角洲组合;晚期萎缩阶段为浅湖与三角洲、湖岸洪泛平原组合.良好的沉积盆地类型决定了丰富的生油气物质基础,众多的沉积体系构成了多样化的复合圈闭,因此十屋断陷具有良好的找油气前景.     

江苏盐阜拗陷晚白垩世浦口组沉积相与沉积演化

为系统探讨区内晚白垩世浦口组沉积相类型、沉积特征,深入研究了浦口组各亚段沉积相平面分布及盆地沉积演化规律。研究表明,浦口组主要发育冲积扇、扇三角洲和湖泊三种主要沉积相类型。从盆地边缘到盆地中心,沉积相由冲积扇沉积逐渐变为扇三角洲或滨湖、浅湖、半深湖或盐湖相沉积;自下而上由冲积扇沉积逐渐变为扇三角洲或滨湖,至浅湖、半深湖或盐湖相,再到浅湖相沉积。晚白垩世浦口组沉积时期,盆地演化过程可划分为初、早、中和晚四个时期。不同时期、不同地区的沉积特征表现各异,但总体表现出拗陷具有由小到大,再缩小的发育特点。     

松辽盆地白垩纪沉积特征

松辽盆地晚侏罗世岩石圈破裂后,玄武岩浆喷溢,在白垩纪,盆地经历了裂前成穹、拉张破裂、断陷、断陷转向坳陷、坳陷和萎缩等6个地质演化阶段(图10),盆地中充填了厚近万米的陆相沉积。各演化阶段具有不同的沉积序列。早白垩世沙河子组至营城组时期,为断陷盆地发育阶段,形成火山岩-冲积扇-扇三角洲-湖泊(夹阵发型浊积岩)-沼泽相的序列;早白垩世登娄库组时期,盆地为从断陷向坳陷转化阶段,形成冲泛平原-湖泊相为主的序列;早白垩世泉头组-晚白垩世嫩江组时期,盆地为坳陷活动阶段,形成了冲泛平原-三角洲-湖泊(夹稳定型浊积岩)相;而晚白垩世四方台组-明水组时期,盆地进入萎缩阶段,再度出现以冲泛平原-冲积扇及小型残存湖泊沉积为主的沉积序列。这一垂向上的沉积序列,充分显示出夭折大陆裂谷的沉积特征。有许多事实说明在盆地发展的坳陷阶段发生过两次大的湖侵,且与全球海平面上升同步,导致湖与海沟通。     

大别山北缘早白垩世黑石渡组沉积体系研究

分布于大别山北缘晓天-磨子潭断裂以北和金寨-响洪甸-西汤池断裂以南呈东西向延伸的早白垩世黑石渡组,厚达千米,岩相主要有角砾岩、砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩等,包括冲积扇、河流、扇三角洲和湖泊沉积体系,其中河流沉积主要由洪泛平原和决口扇组成。黑石渡组属于向上变细层序,早期为冲积扇沉积,中期为洪泛平原、决口扇和扇三角洲沉积,晚期为深湖浊流沉积。冲积扇和湖相浊流沉积主要发育于盆地东段舒城晓天地区,洪泛平原和决口扇沉积主要发育于盆地西段霍山地区,扇三角洲在两地都比较发育。这是一个不对称的断陷盆地,晓天-磨子潭断裂可能对盆地的发育具有控制作用。     

松辽盆地十层断陷沉积特征与油气前景

十屋断陷沉积特征表现为近物源、粗碎屑快速沉积、冲积扇、扇三角洲、湖底扇与深水湖组合构成了特有的“扇－湖”沉积面貌，正常三角洲缺乏。断陷沉积发展经历了早期充填、中期扩张、晚期萎缩3个阶段：早期充填阶段发育有冲积扇、辫状河及成煤沼泽；中期扩张阶段沉积特征为深水湖泊与湖底扇、扇三角洲组合；晚期萎缩阶段为浅湖与三角洲、湖岸洪泛平原组合。良好的沉积盆地类型决定了丰富的生油气物质基础，众多的沉积体系构成了多样化的复合圈闭，因此十屋断陷具有良好的找油气前景。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

海南长塘岭矿区大坡岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其含矿性初探

海南大坡岩体位于五指山褶皱带内,主要受昌江—琼海构造带、琼西构造带与潭爷断陷构造带控制.岩石地球化学及岩石学研究表明,大坡岩体形成于海西-印支晚期,岩性单一,主要为中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩.岩体显示为Ⅰ型花岗岩与S型花岗岩的混合,主体以地壳物质部分熔融为主,形成过程有少量地幔物质加入.元素对的比值及稀土元素配分特征说明岩体钨锡等多金属含矿性可能较差.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.