http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115000808

It is quite evident that it is not anomalous metal transport,nor unique depositional conditions,nor any single factor at the deposit scale,that dictates whether a mineral deposit becomes a giant or not.A hierarchical approach thus is required to progressively examine controlling parameters at successively decreasing scales in the total mineral system to understand the location of giant gold deposits in non-arc environments.For giant orogenic,intrusion-related gold systems(IRGS) and Carlin-type gold deposits and iron oxide-copper-gold(IOCG) deposits,there are common factors among all of these at the lithospheric to crustal scale.All are sited in giant gold provinces controlled by complex fundamental fault or shear zones that follow craton margins or,in the case of most Phanerozoic orogenic giants,define the primary suture zones between tectonic terranes.Giant provinces of IRGS,IOCG,and Carlin-type deposits require melting of metasomatized lithosphere beneath craton margins with ascent of hybrid lamprophyric to granitic magmas and associated heat flux to generate the giant province.The IRGS and IOCG deposits require direct exsolution of volatile-rich magmatic-hydrothermal fluids,whereas the association of such melts with Carlin-type ores is more indirect and enigmatic.Giant orogenic gold provinces show no direct relationship to such magmatism.forming from metamorphic fluids,but show an indirect relationship to lamprophyres that reflect the mantle connectivity of controlling first-order structures.In contrast to their province scale similarities,the different giant gold deposit styles show contrasting critical controls at the district to deposit scale.For orogenic gold deposits,the giants appear to have formed by conjunction of a greater number of parameters to those that control smaller deposits,with resultant geometrical and lithostratigraphic complexity as a guide to their location.There are few giant IRGS due to their inferior fluid-flux systems relative to orogenic gold deposits,and those few giants are essentially preservational exceptions.Many Carlin-type deposits are giants due to the exceptional conjunction of both structural and lithological parameters that caused reactive and permeable rocks,enriched in syngenetic gold,to be located below an impermeable cap along antiformal "trends".Hydrocarbons probably played an important role in concentrating metal.The supergiant Post-Betze deposit has additional ore zones in strain heterogeneities surrounding the pre-gold Goldstrike stock.All unequivocal IOCG deposits are giant or near-giant deposits in terms of gold-equivalent resources,partly due to economic factors for this relatively poorly understood,low Cu-Au grade deposit type.The supergiant Olympic Dam deposit,the most shallowly formed deposit among the larger IOCGs,probably owes its origin to eruption of volatile-rich hybrid magma at surface,with formation of a large maar and intense and widespread brecciation,alteration and Cu-Au-U deposition in a huge rock volume.     

Metallogeny of accretionary orogens — The connection between lithospheric processes and metal endowment

Accretionary orogens throughout space and time represent extremely fertile settings for the formation and preservation of a wide variety of mineral deposit types. These range from those within active magmatic arcs, either in continental margin or intra-oceanic settings, to those that develop in a variety of arc-flanking environments, such as fore-arcs and back-arcs during deformation and exhumation of the continental margin. Deposit types also include those that form in more distal, far back-arc and foreland basin settings. The metallogenic signature and endowment of individual accretionary orogens are, at a fundamental level, controlled by the nature, composition and age of the sub-continental lithosphere, and a complex interplay between formational processes and preservational forces in an evolving Earth. Some deposit types, such as orogenic gold and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, have temporal patterns that mimic the major accretionary and crustal growth events in Earth history, whereas others, such as porphyry Cu–Au–Mo and epithermal Au–Ag deposits, have largely preservational patterns. The presence at c. 3.4 Ga of (rare) orogenic gold deposits, whose formation necessitates some form of subduction–accretion, provides strong evidence that accretionary processes operated then at the margins of continental nuclei, while the widespread distribution of orogenic gold and VMS deposits at c. 2.7–2.6 Ga reflects the global distribution of accretionary orogens by this time.     

Metallogeny of accretionary orogens — The connection between lithospheric processes and metal endowment

Accretionary orogens throughout space and time represent extremely fertile settings for the formation and preservation of a wide variety of mineral deposit types. These range from those within active magmatic arcs, either in continental margin or intra-oceanic settings, to those that develop in a variety of arc-flanking environments, such as fore-arcs and back-arcs during deformation and exhumation of the continental margin. Deposit types also include those that form in more distal, far back-arc and foreland basin settings. The metallogenic signature and endowment of individual accretionary orogens are, at a fundamental level, controlled by the nature, composition and age of the sub-continental lithosphere, and a complex interplay between formational processes and preservational forces in an evolving Earth. Some deposit types, such as orogenic gold and volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, have temporal patterns that mimic the major accretionary and crustal growth events in Earth history, whereas others, such as porphyry Cu–Au–Mo and epithermal Au–Ag deposits, have largely preservational patterns. The presence at c. 3.4 Ga of (rare) orogenic gold deposits, whose formation necessitates some form of subduction–accretion, provides strong evidence that accretionary processes operated then at the margins of continental nuclei, while the widespread distribution of orogenic gold and VMS deposits at c. 2.7–2.6 Ga reflects the global distribution of accretionary orogens by this time.     

Metallogenic ‘factories’ and resultant highly anomalous mineral endowment on the craton margins of China

The current margins of the North China and Yangtze Cratons provide arguably the best examples globally of anomalously high mineral endowment within a 100 km buffer zone, hosting 66 diverse world-class to giant ore systems that help explain China’s premier position as a producer of multiple metal and mineral commodities. After the cratonization of these crustal blocks during the Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic, with incorporation of iron ores on assembled micro-block margins, the margins of the cratons experienced multiple convergence and rifting events leading to metasomatism and fertilization of their underlying sub-continental lithospheric mantle. The rifted margins with trans-lithosphere faults provided pathways for Cu-Au (Mo-W-Sn)-bearing felsic to Ni-Cu-bearing ultrabasic intrusions and REE-rich carbonatite magmas, and for the development of marginal sedimentary basins with both Cu-Pb-Zn-rich source units and reactive carbonate or carbonaceous host rocks. There was diachronous formation of hydrothermal orogenic gold, antimony, and bismuth systems in the narrow orogenic belts between the cratons. Complexity in the Mesozoic Paleo-Pacific subduction systems resulted in asthenosphere upwelling and lithosphere extension and thinning in the North China Craton, leading to anomalous heat flow and formation of orogenic gold deposits, including those of the giant Jiaodong gold province on its north-eastern margin. These gold deposits, many of which formed from fluids liberated by devolatilization of previously metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle, helped propel China to be the premier gold producer globally. The thick sub-continental lithospheric mantle of the cold buoyant cratons helped the preservation of some of the world’s oldest porphyry-skarn and epithermal mineral systems. Although craton margins globally control the formation and preservation of a diverse range of mineral deposits, China represents the premier example in terms of metal endowment due to the anomalous length of its craton margins combined with their abnormally complex tectonic history.     

Os, Pb, and Nd isotope geochemistry of the Permian Emeishan continental flood basalts: Insights into the source of a large igneous province

The nature of the source of continental flood basalts (CFB) is a highly debated topic. Proposed mantle sources for CFBs, including both high- and low-Ti basalts, include subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), asthenospheric mantle, and deep, plume-related mantle. Re-Os isotope systematics can offer important constraints on the sources of both ocean island basalts (OIB) and CFB, and may be applied to distinguish different possible melt sources. This paper reports the first Re-Os isotope data for the Late Permian Emeishan large igneous province (LIP) in Southwest China. Twenty one CFB samples including both low- and high-Ti basalts from five representative sites within the Emeishan LIP have been analyzed for Os, Nd, and Pb isotopic compositions. The obtained Os data demonstrate that crustal assimilation affected Os isotopic compositions of some Emeishan basalt samples with low Os concentrations but not all of the samples, and the Emeishan basalts with high Os contents likely experienced the least crustal contamination. The low and high-Ti basalts yield distinct Os signatures in terms of ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os and Os content. The low-Ti basalt with the highest Os concentration (400 ppt) has a radiogenic Os isotopic composition (γOs(t), +6.5), similar to that of plume-derived OIB. Because the Os isotopic composition of basalts with relatively high Os concentrations (typically >50 ppt) likely represents that of their mantle source, this result implies a plume-derived origin for the low-Ti basalts. On the other hand, the high-Ti basalts with high Os concentration (over 50 ppt) have unradiogenic Os isotopic signatures (γOs(t) values range from −0.8 to −1.4), suggesting that a subcontinental lithosphere mantle (SCLM) component most likely contributed to the generation of these magmas. Combining Pb and Nd isotopic tracers with the Os data, we demonstrate that the low-Ti basaltic magmas in the Emeishan CFB were mainly sourced from a mantle plume reservoir, whereas the high-Ti basaltic magmas were most likely derived from a SCLM reservoir or were contaminated by a significant amount of lithospheric mantle material during plume-related magma ascent through the SCLM.     

Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits: Implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits

With very few exceptions, orogenic gold deposits formed in subduction-related tectonic settings in accretionary to collisional orogenic belts from Archean to Tertiary times. Their genesis, including metal and fluid source, fluid pathways, depositional mechanisms, and timing relative to regional structural and metamorphic events, continues to be controversial. However, there is now general agreement that these deposits formed from metamorphic fluids, either from metamorphism of intra-basinal rock sequences or de-volatilization of a subducted sediment wedge, during a change from a compressional to transpressional, less commonly transtensional, stress regime, prior to orogenic collapse. In the case of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits, the formation of orogenic gold deposits was one of the last events prior to cratonization. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits within the structural evolution of the host orogen implies that any earlier structures may be mineralized and that the current structural geometry of the gold deposits is equivalent to that at the time of their formation provided that there has been no significant post-gold orogenic overprint. Within the host volcano-sedimentary sequences at the province scale, world-class orogenic gold deposits are most commonly located in second-order structures adjacent to crustal scale faults and shear zones, representing the first-order ore-forming fluid pathways, and whose deep lithospheric connection is marked by lamprophyre intrusions which, however, have no direct genetic association with gold deposition. More specifically, the gold deposits are located adjacent to ～10°-25° district-scale jogs in these crustal-scale faults. These jogs are commonly the site of arrays of ～70° cross faults that accommodate the bending of the more rigid components, for example volcanic rocks and intrusive sills, of the host belts. Rotation of blocks between these accommodation faults causes failure of more competent units and/or reactivation and dilation of pre-existing structures, leading to deposit-scale focussing of ore-fluid and gold deposition.Anticlinal or antiformal fold hinges, particularly those of 'locked-up' folds with ～30° apical angles and overturned back limbs, represent sites of brittle-ductile rock failure and provide one of the more robust parameters for location of orogenic gold deposits.In orogenic belts with abundant pre-gold granitic intrusions, particularly Precambrian granitegreenstone terranes, the boundaries between the rigid granitic bodies and more ductile greenstone sequences are commonly sites of heterogeneous stress and inhomogeneous strain. Thus, contacts between granitic intrusions and volcano-sedimentary sequences are common sites of ore-fluid infiltration and gold deposition. For orogenic gold deposits at deeper crustal levels, ore-forming fluids are commonly focused along strain gradients between more compressional zones where volcano-sedimentary sequences are thinned and relatively more extensional zones where they are thickened. World-class orogenic gold deposits are commonly located in the deformed volcano-sedimentary sequences in such strain gradients adjacent to triple-point junctions defined by the granitic intrusions, or along the zones of assembly of micro-blocks on a regional scale. These repetitive province to district-scale geometrical patterns of structures within the orogenic belts are clearly critical parameters in geology-based exploration targeting for orogenic gold deposits.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001125

<正>Greenstone belts of the eastern Dharwar Craton,India are reinterpreted as composite tectonostratigraphic terranes of accreted plume-derived and convergent margin-derived magmatic sequences based on new high-precision elemental data.The former are dominated by a komatiile plus Mg-tholeiitic basalt volcanic association,with deep water siliciclastic and banded iron formation(BIF) sedimentary rocks.Plumes melted at90 km under thin rifted continental lithosphere to preserve inlraoceanic and continental margin aspects.Associated alkaline basalts record subduction-recycling of Mesoarchean oceanic crust,incubated in the asthenosphere.and erupted coevally with Mg basalts from a heterogeneous mantle plume.Together.komaliites-Mg basalts-alkaline basalts plot along the Phanerozoic mantle array in Th/Yb versus Nb/Yb coordinate space,representing zoned plumes,establishing that these reservoirs were present in the Neoarchean mantle. Convergent margin magmatic associations are dominated by tholeiitic to calc-alkaline basalts eompositionally similar to recent intraoceanic arcs.As well,boninitic flows sourced in extremely depleted mantle are present,and the association of arc basalts with Mg-andesites-Nb enriched basalts-adakites documented from Cenozoic arcs characterized by subduction of young(20 Ma),hot,oceanic lithosphere. Consequently.Cenozoic style "hot" subduction was operating in the Neoarchean.These diverse volcanic associations were assembled to give composite terranes in a subduction-accretion orogen at～2.1 Ga,coevally with a global accretionary orogen at ~2.7 Ga,and associated orogenic gold mineralization. Archean lithospheric mantle,distinctive in being thick,refractory,and buoyant,formed complementary to the accreted plume and convergent margin terranes.as migrating arcs captured thick plumeplateaus. and the refractory,low density.residue of plume melting coupled with accreted imbricated plume-arc crust.     

地壳生长及深部物质架构研究与问题:以中亚造山带（北疆地区）为例

岩浆岩区域多元同位素示踪填图是探索地球深部物质组成架构、研究地壳生长的重要途径.中亚造山带作为全球最大、最典型的显生宙增生型造山带,发育巨量岩浆岩,是研究造山带深部物质组成架构及地壳生长的天然实验室.介绍了在中亚造山带西段的北疆地区同位素示踪填图的成果,并探讨了存在和需要研究的新问题.阿尔泰-准噶尔-天山的花岗岩同位素廊带填图初步揭示,阿尔泰中部深部物质较老,准噶尔年轻,东天山-北山更老,这种物质组成结构是同造山水平生长和后造山垂向生长的结果.西天山及邻区Hf同位素填图揭示了同一微陆块内部复杂的新老地壳组成架构,提出周期性地壳生长/再循环模式.同位素填图揭示的深部物质组成类型——尤其是年轻地壳的组成类型——仍需进一步探索.需要探索多元同位素示踪、填图结果的异同、关联性及其影响因素,并与地球物理探测、岩石学实验模拟结果相结合,最终构建以岩石探针和同位素示踪填图为核心的,结合地球物理探测、深部钻探和深部过程模拟的岩石圈三维物质与结构探测的理论和技术方法体系.      

Spatial and temporal radiogenic isotopic trends of magmatism in Cordilleran orogens

An intrinsic feature of Cordillera-style orogenic systems is a spatial trend in the radiogenic isotopic composition of subduction-related magmatism. Magmatism is most isotopically juvenile near the trench and becomes increasingly evolved landward. A compilation of radiogenic isotopic data from the central Andes, U.S. Cordillera, and Tibet (the most well-studied examples of modern and ancient Cordilleran systems) demonstrate such spatial trends are long-lived and persist throughout the life of these continental subduction margins. The consistency of the isotopic trend through time in magmatic products is surprising considering the plethora of orogenic processes that might be expected to alter them. In addition to longevity, spatial isotopic trends encompass a broad spectrum of geochemical compositions that represent diverse petrogenetic and geodynamic processes. The two end-members of the spatial isotopic trends are represented by melts sourced within isotopically juvenile asthenospheric mantle and melts sourced from isotopically evolved continental lithospheric mantle and/or lower crust. Mantle lithosphere generally thins toward the magmatic arc and trench in Cordilleran orogens because sub-lithospheric processes such as delamination, subduction erosion, and subduction ablation, operate to thin or remove the continental mantle lithosphere. With time, magmatic additions may impart the isotopic composition of the mantle source on the lower crust, giving rise to an isotopically homogenous deep lithosphere. The results of this analysis have significant implications for interpreting temporal and spatial shifts in isotopic composition within Cordilleran orogens and suggest that the continental mantle lithosphere may be a significant source of magmatism in orogenic interiors.     

中国西北地区中亚型造山—成矿作用的研究意义和进展

地处欧亚大陆核心的中亚型造山带,由多条古生代缝合带与多个前寒武纪小陆块镶嵌,基此 形成 中新生代盆地—山脉耦合的构造格局,并具有独特的构造演化史和动力学机制。中亚型造山 作用造就了丰富的矿产资源,矿床类型多样,超大型矿床汇聚,是解决我国21世纪矿产资源 问题的关键地带。但目 前尚未查明其成矿规律、成矿机制和找矿方向,因而急需研究。     

Gold mineralization in China: Metallogenic provinces,deposit types and tectonic framework

We present a review of major gold mineralization events in China and a summary of metallogenic provinces, deposit types, metallogenic epochs and tectonic settings. Over 200 investigated gold deposits are grouped into 16 Au-metallogenic provinces within five tectonic units such as the Central Asian orogenic belt comprising provinces of Northeast China and Tianshan-Altay; North China Craton comprising the northern margin, Jiaodong, and Xiaoqinling; the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun orogenic belt consisting of the West Qingling, North Qilian, and East Kunlun; the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts consisting of Lhasa, Garzê-Litang, Ailaoshan, and Daduhe-Jinpingshan; and the South China block comprising Youjiang basin, Jiangnan orogenic belt, Middle and Lower Yangtze River, and SE coast. The gold deposits are classified as orogenic, Jiaodong-, porphyry–skarn, Carlin-like, and epithermal-types, among which the first three types are dominant.The orogenic gold deposits formed in various tectonic settings related to oceanic subduction and subsequent crustal extension in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun, Tianshan-Altay, northern margin of North China Craton, and Xiaoqinling, and related to the Eocene–Miocene continental collision in the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts. The tectonic periods such as from slab subduction to block amalgamation, from continental soft to hard collision, from intracontinental compression to shearing or extension, are important for the formation of the orogenic gold deposits. The orogenic gold deposits are the products of metamorphic fluids released during regional metamorphism associated with oceanic subduction or continental collision, or related to magma emplacement and associated hydrothermal activity during lithospheric extension after ocean closure. The Jiaodong-type, clustered around Jiaodong, Xiaoqinling, and the northern margin of the North China Craton, is characterized by the involvement of mantle-derived fluids and a temporal link to the remote subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate concomitant with the episodic destruction of North China Craton. The Carlin-like gold metallogenesis is related to the activity of connate fluid, metamorphic fluid, and meteoric water in different degrees in the Youjiang basin and West Qinling; the former Au province is temporally related to the remote subduction of the Tethyan oceanic plate and the later formed in a syn-collision setting. Porphyry–skarn Au deposits are distributed in the Tianshan-Altay, the Middle and Lower Yangtze River region, and Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts in both subduction and continental collision settings. The magma for the porphyry–skarn Au deposits commonly formed by melting of a thickened juvenile crust. The epithermal Au deposits, dominated by the low-sulfidation type, plus a few high-sulfidation ones, were produced during the Carboniferous oceaic plate subduction in Tianshan-Altay, during Early Cretaceous and Quaternary oceanic plate subduction in SEt coast of South China Block, and during the Pliocene continental collision in Tibet. The available data of different isotopic systems, especially fluid D–O isotopes and carbonate C–O systems, reveal that the isotopic compositions are largely overlapping for different genetic types and different for the same genetic type in different Au belts. The isotopic compositions are thus not good indicators of various genetic types of gold deposit, perhaps due to overprinting of post-ore alteration or the complex evolution of the fluids.Although gold metallogeny in China was initiated in Cambrian and lasted until Cenozoic, it is mainly concentrated in four main periods. The first is Carboniferous when the Central Asian orogenic belt formed by welding of micro-continental blocks and arcs in Tianshan-Altay, generating a series of porphyry–epithermal–orogenic deposits. The second period is from Triassic to Early Jurassic when the current tectonic mainframe of China started to take shape. In central and southern China, the North China Craton, South China Block and Simao block were amalgamated after the closure of Paleo-Tethys Ocean in Triassic, forming orogenic and Carlin-like gold deposits. The third period is Early Cretaceous when the subduction of the Pacific oceanic plate to the east and that of Neo-Tethyan oceanic plate to the west were taking place. The subduction in eastern China produced the Jiaodong-type deposits in the North China Craton, the skarn-type deposits in the northern margin (Middle to lower reaches of Yangtze River) and the epithermal-type deposits in the southeastern margin in the South China Block. The subduction in western China produced the Carlin-like gold deposits in the Youjiang basin and orogenic ones in the Garzê-Litang orogenic belt. The Cenozoic is the last major phase, during which southwestern China experienced continental collision, generating orogenic and porphyry–skarn gold deposits in the Tibetan and Sanjiang orogenic belts. Due to the spatial overlap of the second and third periods in a single gold province, the Xiaoqinling, West Qinling, and northern margin of the North China Craton have two or more episodes of gold metallogeny.     

从地壳上地幔构造看大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解

本篇讨论大陆岩石圈拆沉、伸展与裂解作用过程。由于大陆岩石圈厚度大而且很不均匀,产生裂谷的机制比较复杂。大陆碰撞远程效应的触发,岩石圈拆沉,以及板块运动的不规则性和地球应力场方向转折,都可能产生岩石圈断裂和大陆裂谷。岩石圈拆沉为在重力作用下"去陆根"的作用过程,演化过程可分为大陆根拆离、地壳伸展和岩石圈地幔整体破裂三个阶段。大陆碰撞带、俯冲的大陆和大洋板块、克拉通区域岩石圈,都可能产生岩石圈拆沉。大陆岩石圈调查表明,拉张区可见地壳伸展、岩石圈拆离、软流圈上拱和热沉降;它们是大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解早期的主要表现。从初始拉张的盆岭省到成熟的张裂省,拆离后地壳伸展成复式地堑,下地壳幔源玄武岩浆侵位,断裂带贯通并切穿整个岩石圈,表明地壳伸展进入成熟阶段。中国东北松辽盆地和西欧北海盆地曾处于成熟的张裂省。岩石圈破裂为岩浆侵位提供了阻力很小的通道网。岩浆侵位作用伴随岩石圈破裂和热流体上涌,成熟的张裂省可发展成大陆裂谷。多数的大陆裂谷带并没有发展成威尔逊裂谷带和洋中脊,普通的大陆裂谷要演化为威尔逊裂谷带,必须有来自软流圈的长期和持续的热流和玄武质岩浆的供应。威尔逊裂谷带岩石圈地幔和软流圈为地震低速带,其根源可能与来自地幔底部的地幔热羽流有关。     

Within-plate (intracontinental) and postorogenic magmatism of the East European Craton as reflection of the evolution of continental lithosphere

A comparative analysis of within-plate (intracontinental) and orogenic magmatic series formed during various evolution stages of the East European Craton (EEC) was performed using geological-petrological, geochemical, and isotopic data. The example of Baltic shield indicates that the compositions and tectonic settings of mantle melts in the Early Precambrian (Archean and Early Paleoproterozoic) significantly differed from those in the Phanerozoic. The Early Precambrian magmas were dominated by high-Mg low-Ti melts of the komatiite-basaltic and boninite-like series; this tectonomagmatic activity was determined by the ascent of mantle superplumes of the first generation, which originated in the depleted mantle. In the interval of 2.3–2.0 Ga, high-Mg mantle melts gradually gave place to the Fe-Ti picrites and basalts that are typical of within-plate Phanerozoic magmatism; at ～2 Ga, plume tectonics of the Early Precambrian gave way to plate tectonics. This is considered to be linked to the activity of mantle superplumes of the second generation (thermochemical), which originated from the liquid metallic core/mantle interface. Owing to the presence of fluid components, these superplumes reached much higher levels, where spreading of their head portions led to the active interaction with overlaying thinned rigid lithosphere. Sm-Nd isotopic studies showed that orogenic Neoarchean and Middle Paleoproterozoic magmatism of the Baltic shield was connected to the melting of the lithospheric mantle and crust; the melting of crustal sources gave rise to felsic members of the considered complexes. The systematic geochemical variations observed in these rocks with time presumably reflect a general trend toward an increase of the thickness of the continental crust serving as the basement for orogens. Beginning at ～2 Ga, the Meso, Neoproterozoic, and Phanerozoic including, no systematic variations were observed in the isotopic-geochemical characteristics of within-plate magmatism. All considered age sections demonstrate that isotopic-geochemical characteristics of parental mantle melts were strongly modified by crustal contamination. Mesoproterozoic magmatism of EEC was unique in the development of giant anorthosite-rapakivi granite complexes. Kimberlites and lamproites were repeatedly formed within EEC in the time interval from 1.8 to 0.36 Ga; their maximal development was noted in the Late Devonian. It was shown that only kimberlites derived from weakly enriched mantle are diamondiferous in the Arkhangelsk province; in the classic diamond provinces (Africa and Yakutia), diamondiferous kimberlites were derived from both depleted and enriched mantle.     

中国东部中生代浅成热液金矿的类型、特征及其地球动力学背景

中国东部中生代浅成热液金矿可以划分为与花岗岩和与碱性岩有关的两种类型；也可以分为高硫型和低硫型两大类，而且以后一种为主。这些金矿的形成和分布受区域构造制约，具体地说是受破火山口、火山角砾岩筒以及与火山机构有关的断裂控制。成矿围岩为火山岩类及同源花岗质岩石和周围地层。主要的蚀变组合为冰长石一玉髓一绢云母或明矾石一高岭石一石英(玉髓)。成矿年龄分布在180～188Ma，135～144Ma，127～115Ma和94～105Ma四个区间，前三组年龄分别响应于中生代华北板块与扬子克拉通的造山碰撞后陆内造山的伸展过程、构造体制大转折以及岩石圈大减薄，后一组为华南地区岩石圈再一次强烈伸展期间的产物。虽然这些矿床的形成时间有差异，但都是发育于大陆伸展环境中。     

胶东和小秦岭:两类不同构造环境中的造山型金矿省

胶东和小秦岭是我国排名前两位的金矿产地,根据对这两个地区的实地野外考察、室内研究及对已有大量研究成果的总结,我们认为胶东与小秦岭地区的金矿床均可归入造山型金矿的范畴,它们分别形成于增生型造山体制和碰撞型造山体制.胶东金矿床形成于早白垩世(130～120Ma左右)与洋壳俯冲(增生)造山相关的活动大陆边缘环境,矿床主要产于中生代花岗岩岩体中,严格受断裂带(NNE向或NE向为主)控制,成矿流体具有低盐度高CO_2含量的特征,He-Ar同位素研究显示成矿过程有幔源物质的加入.综合金矿床及中生代岩浆岩(特别是与成矿近同时的早白垩世郭家岭花岗岩及基性岩脉)的地质地球化学特征与成岩成矿动力学,我们提出在俯冲的太平洋板块后退的背景下,胶东地区增厚地壳中的榴辉岩相下地壳及下伏岩石圈地幔发生两阶段拆沉,强烈的壳幔相互作用最终导致了早白垩世普遍的岩浆活动及金的爆发成矿的模式.小秦岭地区金矿床主要以大型含金石英脉的形式产出于太华群变质基底的脆性-韧性剪切带(EW向为主)中,而与区域内燕山期大型花岗岩岩基没有直接联系,矿床地质特征(如低盐度高CO_2,以变质流体为主的成矿热液)与造山型金矿吻合,He-Ar同位素特征表明金矿床形成时有幔源物质的加入.小秦岭地区脉状Au-Mo矿床印支期成矿年龄(215～256Ma,辉钼矿Re-Os)表明印支期是小秦岭地区金成矿的主要时期,小秦岭金矿属于陆陆(华北与扬子)碰撞造山过程中形成的造山型金矿.     

The giant Jiaodong gold province: The key to a unified model for orogenic gold deposits?

Although the term orogenic gold deposit has been widely accepted for all gold-only lode-gold deposits,with the exception of Carlin-type deposits and rare intrusion-related gold systems,there has been continuing debate on their genesis.Early syngenetic models and hydrothermal models dominated by meteoric fluids are now clearly unacceptable.Magmatic-hydrothermal models fail to explain the genesis of orogenic gold deposits because of the lack of consistent spatially- associated granitic intrusions and inconsistent temporal relationships.The most plausible,and widely accepted,models involve metamorphic fluids,but the source of these fluids is hotly debated.Sources within deeper segments of the supracrustal successions hosting the deposits,the underlying continental crust,and subducted oceanic lithosphere and its overlying sediment wedge all have their proponents.The orogenic gold deposits of the giant Jiaodong gold province of China,in the delaminated North China Craton,contain ca.120 Ma gold deposits in Precambrian crust that was metamorphosed over 2000 million years prior to gold mineralization.The only realistic source of fluid and gold is a subducted oceanic slab with its overlying sulfide-rich sedimentary package,or the associated mantle wedge.This could be viewed as an exception to a general metamorphic model where orogenic gold has been derived during greenschist- to amphibolite-facies metamorphism of supracrustal rocks:basaltic rocks in the Precambrian and sedimentary rocks in the Phanerozoic.Alternatively,if a holistic view is taken,Jiaodong can be considered the key orogenic gold province for a unified model in which gold is derived from late-orogenic metamorphic devolatilization of stalled subduction slabs and oceanic sediments throughout Earth history.The latter model satisfies all geological,geochronological,isotopic and geochemical constraints but the precise mechanisms of auriferous fluid release,like many other subduction-related processes,are model-driven and remain uncertain.     

European Phanerozoic metallogenesis

Phanerozoic metallogenesis in Europe displays divergent characteristics which may be related to the variable nature of the three great European Phanerozoic orogens: Caledonian, Variscan and Alpine. These reflect different geodynamic processes. The Caledonian orogen resulted from the interaction of essentially oceanic with continental lithosphere, whilst the Variscan and Alpine orogens evolved mainly from continent-continent collisions with the involvement of a series of smaller oceanic basins. Each major stage of the orogenic processes is characterised by a typical metallogeny. The occurrence of subduction-related processes in the Caledonian orogeny gave rise to extensive VHMS deposition with characteristic Zn:Cu ratio signatures. The relative lack of abundance of metal-rich, Andean-type porphyry-type mineralisation remains unexplained, unless present erosional levels have prevented the preservation of such deposits. Continent-continent collisions do not appear to result in extensive mineralisation unless elevated heat flows result, possibly as a result of lithospheric delamination at the peak collisional stage. The development of late stage and peri-orogenic sedimentary basins are characterised by extensive Pb-Zn-Ba-F mineralisation as expressions of basinal fluid flow of regional dimensions.     

碰撞带热结构与碰撞成矿系统

造山带热结构对大陆碰撞带的形态大小、构造式样、岩浆活动和变质作用具有重要控制作用。然而,热结构对碰撞成矿作用的控制还不清楚。本文概述比利牛斯、阿尔卑斯、加里东、扎格罗斯、青藏高原和华力西等全球主要碰撞带的热结构与成矿系统发育特征,对比各个造山带内不同矿床类型成矿温度变化,探讨热结构对碰撞成矿的控制作用。研究表明,碰撞带主要发育盆地流体有关的密西西比河谷型铅锌矿床、变质流体有关的造山型金矿床和岩浆热液有关矿床(斑岩铜矿床、云英岩型钨锡矿床和岩浆热液有关的铌钽锂铍矿床等)。其中,前两者在大多数碰撞带内均有发育,代表了大陆碰撞成矿作用的基本类型。这些矿床的成矿温度在热碰撞带比较高而在冷碰撞带则偏低。岩浆热液有关矿床一般只出现在比较热的碰撞带内,这些热碰撞带的温度压力条件有很大区域在湿固相线以内,热扰动能够造就地壳发生部分熔融形成含矿岩浆。     

大陆板片-地幔相互作用:来自大别造山带碰撞后安山质火山岩的地球化学证据

俯冲到地幔深度的地壳物质不可避免地在板片-地幔界面与地幔楔发生相互作用,由此形成的超镁铁质交代岩就是造山带镁铁质火成岩的地幔源区.因此,造山带镁铁质火成岩为研究俯冲地壳物质再循环和壳-幔相互作用提供了重要研究对象.为了揭示俯冲陆壳物质再循环的机制和过程,对大别造山带碰撞后安山质火山岩开展了元素和同位素地球化学研究.这些安山质火山岩的SIMS锆石U-Pb年龄为124±3~130±2 Ma,表明其形成于早白垩世.此外,残留锆石的U-Pb年龄为中新元古代和三叠纪,分别对应于大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变火成岩的原岩年龄和变质年龄.它们具有岛弧型微量元素特征、富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成,以及变化的且大多不同于正常地幔的锆石δ18O值.这些元素和同位素特征指示,这些安山质火山岩是交代富集的造山带岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物.在三叠纪华南陆块俯冲于华北陆块之下的过程中,俯冲华南陆壳来源的长英质熔体交代了上覆华北岩石圈地幔楔橄榄岩,大陆俯冲隧道内的熔体-橄榄岩反应产生了富沃、富集的镁铁质地幔交代岩.这种地幔交代岩在早白垩世发生部分熔融,就形成了所观察到的安山质火山岩.因此,碰撞造山带镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区是通过大陆俯冲隧道内板片-地幔相互作用形成的,而加入地幔楔中长英质熔体的比例决定了这些镁铁质岩浆岩的岩石化学和地球化学成分.      

造山型矿床、成矿模式及找矿潜力

矿床新类型的识别往往导致大批矿床和成矿省的发现，预测和识别矿床新类型是矿床研究的重要任务之一。造山型金矿的普遍性和重要性已被世界范围的大量研究所证明，但其他矿种的造山型矿床却很少被涉及。笔者提出了造山型矿床的概念及其变质流体成矿的实质，建立了矿床、矿田和成矿省等不同尺度的造山型矿床成矿模式及其随时间演化的3阶段模式。强调会聚造山作用的挤压伸展转变期是大规模成矿时间。同造山成矿系统的特点是成矿年龄滞后于造山作用时间。通过矿床实例研究证明了造山型银矿床、铅锌矿床、铜矿床和钼矿床的客观存在．阐明了中国巨大的造山型矿床的勘查潜力，例证了运用矿田尺度成矿模式进行成矿预测的有效性和重要意义。