金矿勘查中的伽玛能谱测量--以黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿外围柳树河区为例

金成矿受岩性、构造及蚀变控制,蚀变使含矿构造破碎带与围岩出现放射性差异,因此可应用伽玛能谱测量进行金矿勘查.为了提高黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿外围柳树河区的金矿勘查效果,利用伽玛能谱对该异常区进行了扫面测量.通过该项研究表明了含矿构造破碎带的存在及成矿流体中低温矿化的特点;在矿化带上方钾及总道显示高值异常,而铀道显示低值异常:证明应用该方法找金的有效性.需要指出的是,不同地区和不同类型矿床伽玛能谱的特征参数是不同的.     

西双版纳勐海西定破碎带蚀变岩型金矿

金矿体赋存于澜沧群惠民组上段中下部F2断层破碎带中,构造角砾岩、碎裂岩、碎斑岩是主要含金岩类.氧化矿石,金包裹于褐铁矿及绢云母中、少量自然金,属中低温破碎带蚀变岩型金矿.     

贵州黔东南坑头蚀变岩型金矿的发现及意义

坑头金矿位于贵州黔东南金矿带,前人对该金矿带石英脉型金矿进行了广泛研究,认为深部可能有蚀变岩型金矿存在,但都未证实。近期经综合研究,在坑头金矿施工钻孔发现坑头金矿的深部存在蚀变岩型矿体,含金量最高达6. 65 g/t。蚀变岩型金矿矿石中金的赋存状态以裂隙金为主,主要载金矿物为毒砂。硅化蚀变及断层与金矿化关系密切,金矿体位于硅化蚀变发育的构造破碎带中。目前,黔东南金矿的开采目标多为300 m以浅的石英脉型金矿体,因此该发现对黔东南地区金矿深部勘查工作具有重要意义。     

黑龙江省宝兴沟金矿成矿地质条件及成因探讨

宝兴沟金矿位于黑龙江省塔河县东北,区内主要发现两条金矿（化）体,分别为Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号金矿体.矿体产于中侏罗统二十二站组、额木尔河组陆相碎屑岩中及蚀变闪长岩、蚀变闪长玢岩脉（与砂岩接触带）中,矿石类型主要为蚀变砂岩型、构造破碎蚀变岩型.通过对宝兴沟金矿床野外地质条件的调查和对成矿地质条件的研究,认为燕山晚期的岩浆活动使围岩中的金元素活化、迁移,在陆相碎屑岩与脉岩接触带、构造破碎带富集,最终形成金矿床.燕山晚期的岩浆作用为金矿床的形成提供了一定的空间、热源及流体,同时也提供了一部分成矿物质.     

河台金矿伽马能谱K异常成因探讨

河台金矿是一个典型的与韧性剪切带有关的金矿床,也是目前粤西、桂东南已发现的最大的金矿床。为了给深边部的找矿提供科学依据,本文对河台金矿伽马能谱K异常进行了研究。河台金矿动力变质分异期、热液期与表生期生成的富钾矿物只有绢云母,表明本区引起伽马能谱K高异常的应为绢云母。这些绢云母可能成因于糜棱岩化过程与金-黄铁矿-石英热液蚀变过程中斜长石的绢云母化。其中,糜棱岩化过程引起的K高异常具有异常宽度小的特点,且具有指示糜棱岩带与矿体位置的意义。金-黄铁矿-石英阶段引起的K高异常具有异常宽度大的特点,且主要发育于糜棱带与不同岩性的接触带。伽马能谱K低异常则可能成因于热液成矿期中金-石英-多金属硫化物阶段的热液蚀变作用及低钾花岗伟晶岩脉的侵入。     

云南巍山县扎村金矿地质特征及矿床成因

云南巍山县扎村金矿矿体呈似层状、透镜状,赋存于近南北向推覆断裂F_(24)构造破碎带中,矿体近矿围岩均为具有碎裂岩化和角砾岩化构造碎屑岩;矿体的蚀变类型为石英-白云石-黄铁矿型;矿体中的金主要以单矿物自然金的形式存在;扎村金矿属构造破碎带控矿的中-低温混合热液型金矿床。     

陕西山阳夏家店金矿控矿因素及深部延伸趋势

发现五个金矿体一个钒矿体,金矿受岩石建造及构造破碎蚀变带控制.可以划分出沉积成岩预富集期、构造热液改造期和表生氧化一次生富集成矿期三阶段,属热水沉积—构造热液再造层控矿床,矿体有向深部侧伏延伸趋势.     

四川巴塘扎瓦拉金矿控矿因素及成因类型浅析

根据成矿地质地球化学背景、矿体分布特征及稀土元素的分配模式,扎瓦拉金矿主要赋存于岩体外接触带二叠系～三叠系大理岩中,近南北向压扭性断裂破碎蚀变带是金的主要赋矿构造,金矿形成于印支期岩浆活动后期的断裂活动阶段,与矽卡岩化成矿作用没有直接的成因及时空联系,首次认为扎瓦拉金矿属中低温构造热液蚀变岩型,在岩体边缘近南北向断裂构造蚀变带中有形成中大型矿床的找矿远景。     

缅甸曼德勒省水莫岩金矿地质特征及找矿标志

缅甸曼德勒省水莫岩金矿矿体总体呈脉状,扁豆状、透镜状赋存于北北西-南南东向断层构造破碎带中,含矿岩石为石炭系(C)的构造蚀变碎屑岩和脉石英为主,硅化、黄铁矿化等围岩蚀变与金矿化关系密切。矿床成因类型以构造蚀变岩型矿床为主。     

云南大姚县秀水河金铜矿特征及找矿标志

大姚县秀水河金铜矿矿体呈似层状、脉状,均赋存于断层构造破碎带中。目前发现的金矿为氧化矿,铜矿为硫化矿,两者的含矿岩石为褐铁矿化、硅化之构造角砾岩。属断裂构造控制的蚀变热液型金铜矿,特殊的构造破碎带部位及褐铁矿化、硅化带是最直接的找矿标志     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.