Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: Automation and calibration

An automated instrument for the coulometric detection of total carbon dioxide (TCO₂) was developed from the manual prototype of Johnson et al. Pure CO₂ was used to calibrate the detector, the whole analytical procedure was controlled by a microcomputer, and the unit was compact enough for field and shipboard use. Some 67 samples from the Askö field station on the Baltic Sea (salinity = 6; TCO₂ ranging from 1224.3 to 1276.1 μmol l⁻¹ with a mean of 1245.6 μmol l⁻¹) and 31 samples from Swedish lakes (TCO₂ ranging from 19.5 to 252.3 μmol l⁻¹ with a mean of 72.9 μmol l⁻¹) were analyzed. The pooled standard deviation of these analyses was ± 1.0 μmol l⁻¹ (% CV of 0.08 and 1.3%, respectively). Precisions of < 0.1% were routine for waters exceeding 1000 μmol l⁻¹ TCO₂. At Askö on the Baltic Sea, the mean absolute difference between coulometric and pH-alkalinity determinations of TCO₂ on 22 parallel samples was 6.7 μmol kg⁻¹ or 0.5% of the mean. Community metabolism studies gave maximum rates of net production (TCO₂ uptake) and respiration (TCO₂ production) of 0.9-1.2 and 0.3-0.5 μmol l⁻¹ b⁻¹, respectively. The results of this study provide solutions to the problems observed with the earlier manual prototype.     

Shipboard calibration of an infrared absorption gas analyser for total carbon dioxide determination in sea water

A new method for shipboard calibration of an infrared absorption carbon dioxide analyser was devised, utilizing the oxidative decomposition reaction of oxalic acid by permanganate in acid solution. With the present method, shipboard analysis of total carbon dioxide in 2 ml of sea water can be carried out with an error of less than 0.5 %. Some improvements in the analyser system are also presented.     

Calibration and evaluation of a carbonate microsensor for studies of the marine inorganic carbon system

Accurate and rapid determination of inorganic carbon constituents in ocean environments is important for understanding the carbon cycle, especially in the context of ocean-acidification research. A microsensor capable of directly measuring carbonate ion (CO₃ ^2–) concentrations would be desirable. In this study, a carbonate microsensor with a polymeric liquid membrane was fabricated, and two calibration methods were used to evaluate its performance. The first method was based on continuous titration. Small increments of HCl were added to seawater or Na₂CO₃ solution to adjust the total alkalinity and pH values and thus obtain a series of carbonate concentrations. The second method used a series of discrete standards. Varying amounts of HCl or NaOH were added to separate seawater aliquots, and the CO₃ ^2– concentration of each standard was calculated from the resulting total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon. Both methods were found to be adequate for achieving accurate calibration of the CO₃ ^2– sensor, and both are suitable for field work. The discrete standards method, however, is more convenient and may provide a better linear range at low CO₃ ^2– concentrations (detection range: 2–300 μmol/kg) than the continuous titration method in seawater (detection range: 10–250 μmol/kg). This CO₃ ^2– microsensor can be used for 5–7 d and detects changes in carbonate concentration as low as 2 μmol/kg in the inorganic carbon constituents of the environments where marine calcareous organisms grow. The CO₃ ^2– microelectrode was further assessed by applying it to the measurement of pore-water CO₃ ^2– concentration profiles in a marine sediment core.     

Application of an automated method for dissolved sulphate analysis to marine and brackish waters

A fully automated method for the analysis of dissolved sulphate was tested for saline and brackish waters. A small sample volume of ? 2 ml is required, making the method very suitable for analysis of interstitial waters. The method was calibrated for samples from natural waters in the Dutch delta region, containing up to 2500 mg l^?1 of sulphate, and with a salinity of 30‰.     

元素分析仪快速测定海洋沉积物TOC和TN的条件优化

报道了在优化样品前处理、燃烧温度、最小加氧量和最佳称样量的基础上,综合构建优化了直接固体进样varioMACRO cube元素分析仪同时测定海洋沉积物样品中总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)的条件,即准确称取20~30 mg沉积物样品用1 mol/L盐酸除去无机碳后,直接进样在燃烧管温度960℃,次级燃烧管温度830℃,还原管温度900℃,氦气压力0.12 MPa,流量600 mL/min,氧气压力0.20 MPa,加氧量22.5 mL仪器条件下,用标准曲线法峰面积获取TOC和TN浓度。结果表明,海洋沉积物中TOC和TN测定的检出限分别为0.0508%和0.0146%,回收率分别为97.7%~100.9%和97.2%~101.1%,对4个实际外海沉积物样测定总有机碳和总氮结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.83%~3.06%和1.33%~3.49%(n=12)。该方法操作简便快速、灵敏度高,具有较好的精密度和准确度,可准确可靠地用于海洋沉积物中总有机碳和总氮含量的测定。     

海洋管理办公自动化系统的功能及发展趋势

本文较为系统地分析了海洋管理办公自动化系统的功能和发展趋势。主要介绍了海洋管理办公系统的主要功能、办公自动化系统的发展过程以及海洋管理办公自动化所处阶段及其发展趋势。     

海?气界面气体交换速率与二氧化碳气体通量的估算

海?气界面CO₂通量的估算采用块体公式,其等于气体交换速率、CO₂溶解度以及海水与大气的CO₂分压差的乘积,其中的气体交换速率通常与风速相联系,不同作者提出了气体交换速率为风速不同幂次多项式的参数化方案。本文对比了气体交换速率为风速函数的主要研究结果,发现与风速多项式的依赖关系相比,观测数据所基于的观测方法对于气体交换速率的影响更大。在此基础上,本文用多种不同的气体交换速率参数化公式计算了1982?2018年全球的CO₂通量,海洋整体上是大气CO₂的汇,赤道海区是源,南北半球40°附近的海域构成沿纬向的强吸收带。37 a间,海洋CO₂通量的年平均值(以碳计)为(?1.53±0.15) Pg/a, 1999年前,海洋吸收量逐年减小,1999年达到最小值,之后海洋吸收量开始增大,海洋吸收量的增大主要发生在南大洋。     

Development and assessment of an analytical system for the accurate and continual measurement of total dissolved inorganic carbon

An automated coulometric titration system based on that described by Johnson, Sieburth, Williams and Brandstrom (1987, Mar. Chem., 21: 117–133) has been evolved for the accurate and continual measurement of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO₂). The instrument achieves an analytical precision (1 SD) of ±0.5–1.0 μmol kg⁻¹ (0.025–0.05%). The accuracy of the system has been examined by a limited comparison with other coulometric-based titrators and with a manometric-based system; agreement was to 1 μmol kg⁻¹. The capability for automatic continual analysis allows surface mapping of TCO₂; a sample rate of 10 analyses h⁻¹ gives a mapping resolution of 1–2 km. Provision for frequent standardization with a liquid substandard has been included in the development. The ability to achieve high-density analyses while maintaining interlaboratory consistency and standardization constitutes a vital contribution to surveys of ocean carbon chemistry (e.g. Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, World Ocean Circulation Experiment).     

基于模型试验的海洋核动力平台定位系统解脱作业关键指标分析

海洋核动力平台定位系统采用软刚臂单点系泊方式,属于多铰连接的单点系泊装置。定位系统在长期海上运营过程中,会面临结构维护、改造、更换等作业,解脱作业的安全性是定位系统乃至核动力平台安全的重要组成。借鉴国内外海洋石油平台解脱作业的成功案例,首先给出了核动力平台定位系统解脱作业的流程,并结合解脱作业故障树的风险传递路径给出关键风险指标;然后基于相似理论搭建了定位系统1∶9缩尺比模型试验平台,真实模拟了定位系统全流程解脱作业,验证了定位系统解脱作业的可行性与有效性;基于实时测量数据分析提升缆绳在限位状态与解脱作业时的张力响应、法兰解脱时系泊腿下部万向节振动响应、系泊刚臂下放姿态等关键指标。研究结果表明物理试验模拟方法可以准确表征解脱作业过程的关键节点,并为量化作业指标、优化作业流程提供数据支持,同时相关试验分析方法可以为其他海洋装备的解脱、安装等提供参考。     

Spatial autocorrelation in the response of soft-bottom marine benthos to gas extraction activities: The case of amphipods in the Ionian Sea

The spatial distributions of marine fauna and of pollution are both highly structured, and thus the resulting high levels of autocorrelation may invalidate conclusions based on classical statistical approaches. Here we analyse the close correlation observed between proxies for the disturbance associated with gas extraction activities and amphipod distribution patterns around four hydrocarbon platforms. We quantified the amount of variation independently accounted for by natural environmental variables, proxies for the disturbance caused by platforms, and spatial autocorrelation. This allowed us to demonstrate how each of these three factors significantly affects the community structure of amphipods. Sophisticated statistical techniques are required when taking into account spatial autocorrelation; nevertheless our data demonstrate that this approach not only enables the formulation of robust statistical inferences but also provides a much deeper understanding of the subtle interactions between human disturbance and natural factors affecting the structure of marine invertebrates communities.     

海洋绞车主动升沉补偿控制系统建模与仿真分析

针对海洋绞车主动升沉补偿系统的控制要求,通过对主动升沉补偿系统的控制机理进行分析,于Simulink软件中搭建海洋绞车主动升沉补偿控制系统的仿真模型。根据负载所处不同海况,设置相应仿真参数,得出负载在不同海况下主动升沉补偿控制系统的补偿特性,绘制了负载在升沉补偿作用下的位移响应曲线及补偿时电机转速响应曲线,并与无升沉补偿作用下的仿真结果进行对比。仿真结果表明,该主动升沉补偿控制系统具备理想的补偿精度。将主动升沉补偿控制系统应用于海洋绞车进行模拟试验,得到了电驱动海洋绞车主动升沉补偿控制系统在四级模拟海况下的试验数据。试验结果表明该主动升沉补偿控制系统满足补偿能力设计要求。研究可为海洋绞车主动升沉补偿控制系统补偿性能的改进与完善提供参考。     

Comparison of pelagic and nepheloid layer marine snow: implications for carbon cycling

Marine snow from upper and mid-water (i.e., pelagic) depths on the California margin is texturally and compositionally different from that traveling in the nepheloid layer. Transmission electron microscopy shows that pelagic marine snow consists primarily of bioclasts (e.g., diatom frustules, foram tests), organic matter, and microbes. These components are entrained as discrete particles or small aggregates μm in diameter) in a loose network of exocellular, muco-polysaccharide material. Clays are infrequent but, when present, are constituents of comparatively compact organic-rich microaggregates. Microbes are abundant and appear to decrease in number with increasing water depth. In contrast, marine snow aggregates collected from just above the sea floor in the nepheloid layer are assemblages of clay particles, clay flocs, and relatively dense clay–organic-rich microaggregates in an exocellular organic matrix. Bioclasts and microorganisms occur only rarely. The prevalence of clay–organic-rich aggregates in the nepheloid layer suggests that, prior to final deposition and burial, marine snow from the pelagic zone is subject to disaggregation and recombination with terrigenous detrital material near or at the sea floor. Results have significant implications for the accumulation and burial rates of organic carbon on continental margins and the aging and bioavailability of sedimentary organic matter. Samples examined were collected offshore of northern and central California.     

Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas

New measurements of the solubility of carbon dioxide in water and seawater confirm the accuracy of the measurements of Murray and Riley, as opposed to those of Li and Tsui. Corrections for non-ideal behavior in the gas phase and for dissociation in distilled water are required to calculate solubility coefficients from these sets of data. Equations for the solubilities of real gases are presented and discussed. Solubility coefficients for carbon dioxide in water and seawater are calculated for the data of Murray and Riley, and are fitted to equations in temperature and salinity of the form used previously to fit the solubilities of other gases.     

俄罗斯海洋大陆架油气资源现状与潜力探析

<正>俄罗斯具有丰富的海洋大陆架油气资源,为与俄罗斯建立良好的油气资源战略合作关系,作者对俄罗斯大陆架海洋油气资源量的分布、勘探程度、开发及投资趋势进行研究,发现俄罗斯海洋大陆架蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,其油气储量达1 000亿t油当量,其中石油占13%、天然气占87%,但分布明显     

The carbon dioxide system and net community production within a cyclonic eddy in the lee of Hawaii

The dynamics of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and processes controlling net community production (NCP) were investigated within a mature cyclonic eddy, Cyclone Opal, which formed in the lee of the main Hawaiian Islands in the subtropical North Pacific Gyre. Within the eddy core, physical and biogeochemical properties suggested that nutrient- and DIC-rich deep waters were uplifted by 80 m relative to surrounding waters, enhancing biological production. A salt budget indicates that the eddy core was a mixture of deep water (68%) and surface water (32%). NCP was estimated from mass balances of DIC, nitrate+nitrite, total organic carbon, and dissolved organic nitrogen, making rational inferences about the unobserved initial conditions at the time of eddy formation. Results consistently suggest that NCP in the center of the eddy was substantially enhanced relative to the surrounding waters, ranging from 14.1±10.6 (0–110 m: within the euphotic zone) to 14.2±9.2 (0–50 m: within the mixed layer) to 18.5±10.7 (0–75 m: within the deep chlorophyll-maximum layer) mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ depending on the depth of integration. NCP in the ambient waters outside the eddy averaged about 2.37±4.24 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ in the mixed layer (0–95 m). Most of the enhanced NCP inside the eddy appears to have accumulated as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) rather than exported as particulate organic carbon (POC) to the mesopelagic. Our results also suggest that the upper euphotic zone (0–75 m) above the deep chlorophyll maximum is characterized by positive NCP, while NCP in the lower layer (>75 m) is close to zero or negative.     

Black carbon in marine particulate organic carbon: Inputs and cycling of highly recalcitrant organic carbon in the Gulf of Maine

To increase our understanding of the roles of black carbon (BC), a highly sorptive and recalcitrant material, we measured BC concentrations and fluxes in marine particulate organic carbon (POC) out of the water column in the Gulf of Maine (GoM), a representative coastal area downwind of important BC sources of the Northeastern United States. Concentrations ranged from < 0.1 to 16 μg/L in the spring and late summer, typically contributing between 1 and 20% of the POC. Water-column export fluxes were near 10 g_BC/m²∙yr. These observations suggest that (a) up to 50% of the “molecularly uncharacterized” POC in this region's seawater is combustion-derived BC, and (b) the “bioavailabilities” of hydrophobic pollutants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) would be influenced substantially by sorption to BC. The observed BC spatial distributions imply that a large part of the BC was carried offshore by wind and that much of it is accumulated in the coastal sediments. On a global scale, these results suggest the GoM and other coastal areas with similar BC loadings accumulate significant amounts of highly recalcitrant organic carbon that remineralizes on geological time scales in the world's oceans.     

Perceptions of sub-seabed carbon dioxide storage in Scotland and implications for policy: A qualitative study

The geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) offers notable potential, as part of larger carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) processes, to be a significant climate change mitigation technology. This paper challenges the argument often put forward that, due to the greater distances from centres of population, it will be ‘easier’ to garner public and stakeholder support for offshore CO₂ storage than onshore. Based on the results of research interviews carried out with stakeholders and informed publics in Scotland, challenges for public and stakeholder acceptance of sub-seabed CO₂ storage that may require further policy attention are identified. Whilst existing policy for sub-seabed CO₂ storage is cognisant of the need for societal engagement, it may be the case that these regulations may need further reinforcement to ensure future developments are able to address social acceptability issues as fully as possible. The value of taking into account social as well as physical characteristics at the site selection phase, the need for mechanisms to take seriously stakeholder conceptions of uncertainty, and the importance of extending social engagement beyond risk communication are discussed.     

An automated photochemical method for the determination of dissolved organic carbon in sea and estuarine waters

An improved version of Ehrhardt's (1969) method for the analysis of dissolved organic carbon is described. The method, which is automated, determines the carbon dioxide with a non-dispersive infra-red analyser. The conditions of photo-oxidation have been examined in order to achieve maximum performance. It was found that careful attention needed to be paid to U-V source, “oxygen source”, pH and time or irradiation. The completeness of the method was examined by three independent procedures. We concluded that in all cases the extent of oxidation of organic material was in excess of 98%. Typical performance figures were: precision ±2.5% above 2.0 mg C l^?1, approaching 0.03 mg C l^?1 below 1.0 mg Cl^?1; blank, equivalent to 0.3 mg C l^?1; sampling frequency, 10 samples per hour. The lower limit of sensitivity is mainly governed by the blank. The upper limit of the method is greater than 40 mg C l^?1.A wholly continuous modification of the method has been devised which permits on line analyses. An attentuated version of the method has been used for the analysis of total carbonate.The present and other published methods for the analysis of dissolved organic carbon in natural waters are discussed in relation to one another.     

DNA/RNA提取及处理方法对评价沉积物中纤毛虫分子多样性的影响

环境DNA(eDNA)技术结合高通量测序已广泛应用于评价微型生物多样性与群落构成。相较于eDNA,RNA在环境中易降解,环境RNA(eRNA)可更准确地反映群落近期生命活性状态。理论上,基于eRNA检获的生物多样性要低于eDNA检获的总体多样性。但前期已发表研究显示同一站点eDNA获得的多样性低于eRNA检获量,推测可能原因包括:1)样本量不同;2)RNA中存在DNA污染。为验证假设,本研究以陆架区2个站位沉积物中的纤毛虫为实验对象,系统性比较4种DNA/RNA提取方法:DNA直接提取(0.9 g沉积物),大样本量DNA直接提取(2 g), DNA洗脱法(2 g), RNA直接提取法(2g);以及3种RNA提取后的处理方法:无DNA酶反转录,含DNA酶反转录,先纯化RNA再反转录。研究结果表明,大样本量(2 g)DNA直接提取法所检获的可操作分类单元(OTUs)约为小样本量(0.9 g)的2倍。相同样本量下, DNA洗脱法检获的OTUs最多,而DNA直接提取检获的OTUs低于有/无DNA酶反转检获的数量,先纯化再反转录所获得OTUs最少。就群落构成而言, DNA洗脱法和RNA纯化可有效...