Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system (GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t?km^-2?a^-1, the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t?km^-2?a^-1, and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57 (medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t?km^-2?a^-1 increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg?a^-1 to 459 kg?a^-1 under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.     

基于岩溶生态系统特性的水土流失敏感性评价

在岩溶地区大范围内进行土壤侵蚀风险评价需要寻求新的简单有效的方法,建立适合岩溶地区特点的评估模型,才能避免水土流失治理规划的失误。考虑岩溶地区碳酸盐岩成土速率低、存在石漠化等特点,选取土壤允许流失量和退化岩溶生态系统的基岩裸露率,结合年平均降水、坡度、植被指数,在生成各单因素评价图的基础上,在Arcview中完成单因素图的叠加分析,得到贵州省岩溶地区水土流失敏感性综合评价图,并将其划分为不敏感、轻度敏感、中度敏感和强度敏感四级。在此基础上,探讨了贵州省水土流失敏感性的空间分异规律,提出水土流失预防治理的优先区。     

典型喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失特征与关键问题

喀斯特地区的水土流失资料很缺乏, 传统的研究方法很多不适用, 为科学地认识喀斯特石漠化治理区水土流失的特征与变化规律, 制定符合喀斯特环境的防治对策, 2006-2010 年间, 结合石漠化治理工程, 对鸭池、红枫湖、花江典型示范区进行了长期的水土流失定位监测, 结果显示, 总体上各研究区在生态及工程治理后土壤侵蚀量明显下降, 地貌类型从宏观上控制着各区域的侵蚀特征, 高原山地土层厚, 大量陡坡开垦, 水土流失严重;高原盆地自然条件较好, 发展生态畜牧和生态农业, 侵蚀量较小;高原峡谷经历早期的剧烈流失后, 现阶段几近无土可流, 侵蚀量极低。生态修复是石漠化治理的核心, 水保林、封禁治理的生态效益好, 草地畜牧业和经济林模式能带来良好经济与水土保持效益。不同等级石漠化的坡度与土被组合特征差异显著, 对土壤侵蚀量有强烈的控制作用, 今后应根据石漠化等级细化喀斯特地区的水土流失分级和制定合适的治理措施。地下流失受研究深度所限, 目前尚无法准确判断其在地表-地下水土流失总量中的贡献率, 对落水洞等关键部位进行工程防治能大大降低其危害性。     

基于RUSLE的广东南岭土壤侵蚀敏感性研究

基于修正的通用水土流失方程RUSLE和GIS技术,分析了影响土壤侵蚀敏感性的降雨侵蚀力因子、土壤可蚀性因子、坡度坡长因子以及植被覆盖与管理因子,并生成单要素敏感性评价图,在此基础上,评价研究区土壤侵蚀敏感性,探讨不同土壤侵蚀敏感性的分布规律及其主导因子的空间分异特征。结果表明：降雨侵蚀力因子的变化范围为8 181.52~14 621.56（MJ·mm）/（hm2·h·a）,土壤可蚀性因子为0.146~0.238（t·hm2·h）/（hm2·MJ·mm）,坡度坡长因子为0~612.615,植被覆盖与管理因子为0.101~1.183,土壤侵蚀的最大值和平均值分别为7 016.44和137.69 t/（km2·a）,土壤侵蚀敏感性以低度敏感和较低敏感为主,不同影响因子在敏感性分区的变化范围不同,其中地形因子和植被覆盖与管理因子对土壤侵蚀最为敏感。     

元谋干热河谷区水土流失现状及治理对策

元谋干热河谷区气候炎热干燥、植被稀疏、生态环境脆弱,加之人类活动的干扰,水土流失严重,流失面积1080.79km^2,占总面积的53．5％。通过对水土流失特征、危害、水土保持存在问题的分析,提出了该区水土流失的治理措施和建议。     

海南省松涛水库流域土壤侵蚀及控制方案

采用RS和GIS技术,基于USLE方程实现了热带地区海南岛松涛水库流域2003~2005年平均土壤侵蚀的定量模拟,通过情景分析研究了流域土壤侵蚀控制方案。结果表明:流域内潜在土壤侵蚀量约为4261万t/a,超过容许土壤流失量的60倍;在植被的保护下,现有年均土壤侵蚀量约为51.46万t/a,主要集中在退化的林地、浆纸林和橡胶林;流域平均土壤侵蚀模数略低于容许土壤流失量,但空间分布不均,部分区域侵蚀发育强烈;如对经济林、园地和耕地采取水土保持措施或恢复林草植被,能有效控制流域内土壤侵蚀,分别减少侵蚀量22.46万t和14.15万t,减少侵蚀面积98.48km²和65.90km²。     

道路侵蚀研究进展

道路建设的加速会引发道路侵蚀的加剧, 继而对生态环境产生很大的压力, 为了减轻或控 制道路侵蚀, 必须了解道路侵蚀的特征, 找出有效的防治措施。道路建设是对当地地形的改造, 开 挖以及填埋等扰动活动, 会在原来地貌上形成不同的微地形, 它们各有特点, 形成不同的侵蚀特 征。不同的道路部位侵蚀机理和侵蚀过程差别很大, 现有研究对各个部位的侵蚀强度进行了比 较, 但结果并不一致。与其他用地相比, 道路用地显著的改变了土壤的物理水文性质, 加速了产流 产沙过程。尤其对一个流域而言, 道路的线性特征使其成为汇流引流的重要途径, 直接影响着流 域的行洪泄洪, 而在这方面的研究较少。道路侵蚀预报仍然集中在经验统计模型的研究上, 由于 经验模型固有的弊端, 不能明确反映侵蚀的机理, 物理模型的研究更加迫切, 尤其结合已有的农 地侵蚀的过程模型更是加强的重点。道路侵蚀的防治措施主要包括工程措施, 生物措施以及两者 的组合, 其水保效益都比较明显, 但也往往受到当地自然环境和经济条件的限制。本文总结了国 内外道路侵蚀研究成果, 结合存在的问题指出了今后加强研究的重点, 对理解道路侵蚀机理, 开 展道路侵蚀防治具有一定的指导意义。     

渭北矿区土壤侵蚀评估及驱动因素分析

陕西省渭北矿区地处黄土高原,受到自然环境和煤炭开采等人类活动的双重影响,该地区土壤侵蚀更为严重,生态环境更加脆弱。以渭北矿区为研究对象,基于RUSLE模型对渭北矿区土壤侵蚀进行了评估,并综合植被覆盖度、多年平均降水量、坡度、土地利用类型和煤炭年产量等影响因子,应用地理探测器方法对渭北矿区土壤侵蚀进行定量归因。研究结果对矿区水土流失防治具有一定参考价值。结果表明：（1）渭北矿区土壤侵蚀以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,土壤侵蚀严重的区域主要位于研究区西南部、中部和东南部。（2）植被覆盖度和多年平均降水量是造成研究区土壤侵蚀的主导因子,坡度介于20°~25°的地区、植被覆盖度小于0.3的区域和裸地是发生土壤侵蚀的高风险区。（3）渭北矿区各因子协同作用对土壤侵蚀的解释力均大于单因子解释力,因此多个因子共同作用会对土壤侵蚀造成显著影响。     

黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀共性与特点

通过对黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀以往的研究结论进行综合分析，在比较土壤侵蚀相似性和差异性的基础上，对这些典型地区土壤侵蚀的共性与特点进行了研究，结果表明：1、黄土高原典型地区土壤侵蚀影响因素有降雨、地形及土地利用；2、黄土高原各典型地区主要侵蚀类型为水蚀及重力侵蚀；主要侵蚀发生时间为汛期；主要侵蚀空间分布特征为具有垂直分带性；3、绥德地区侵蚀产沙强烈，天水地区侵蚀相对轻微，安塞地区各种侵蚀特征典型。西峰地区土壤侵蚀特殊。     

基于土壤侵蚀控制度的黄土高原水土流失治理潜力研究

以整个黄土高原为研究对象,首先将水土保持措施容量定义为某一区域能容纳的最大适宜水土保持措施量。根据梯田、林地和草地的适宜布设区域,在地理信息系统（GIS）软件的支持下,确定了黄土高原的水土保持措施容量。使用修正通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）,计算了最小可能土壤侵蚀模数和2010年现状土壤侵蚀模数,并将水土保持措施容量下的最小可能土壤侵蚀模数与现状土壤侵蚀模数之比定义为土壤侵蚀控制度。随后使用土壤侵蚀控制度,对黄土高原水土流失治理潜力进行了研究。结果显示：黄土高原2010年现状土壤侵蚀模数为3355 t·km^-2·a^-1,最小可能土壤侵蚀模数为1921 t·km^-2·a^-1,土壤侵蚀控制度为0.57,属于中等水平。相比于现状条件,在水土保持措施容量条件下,微度侵蚀区比例从50.48%提高至57.71%,林草覆盖率从56.74%增加至69.15%,梯田所占比例由4.36%增加到19.03%,人均粮食产量可从418 kg·a^-1提高至459 kg·a^-1。研究成果对于黄土高原生态文明建设具有一定的指导意义。     

白龙江中游干旱河谷水土流失与地理环境

基于实地调查研究,结合现有资料和研究成果,总结分析白龙江中游地理环境结构特点,调查研究该区水土流失性质、带状分异特征以及小流域形态结构,剖析地理环境与水土流失作用关系,提出以小流域为单元,以其空间结构有序和区段功能有序特征,配置水土保持防治措施体系,为建立综合治理模式提供有效参考。     

贵州猫跳河流域土地利用变化和土壤侵蚀(英文)

Due to the extremely poor soil cover, a low soil-forming rate, and inappropriate intensive land use, soil erosion is a serious problem in Guizhou Province, which is located in the centre of the karst areas of Southwest China. In order to bring soil erosion under control and restore environment, the Chinese Government has initiated a serious of ecological rehabilitation projects such as the Grain-for-Green Programme and Natural Forest Protection Program and brought about tremendous influences on land-use change and soil erosion in Guizhou Province. This paper explored the relationship between land use and soil erosion in the Maotiao River watershed, a typical agricultural area with severe soil erosion in central Guizhou Province. In this study, we analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamic change of land-use type in Maotiao River watershed from 1973 to 2007 using Landsat MSS image in 1973, Landsat TM data in 1990 and 2007. Soil erosion change characteristics from 1973 to 2007, and soil loss among different land-use types were examined by integrating the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with a GIS environment. The results indicate that changes in land use within the watershed have significantly affected soil erosion. From 1973 to 1990, dry farmland and rocky desertified land significantly increased. In contrast, shrubby land, other forestland and grassland significantly decreased, which caused accelerated soil erosion in the study area. This trend was reversed from 1990 to 2007 with an increased area of land-use types for ecological use owing to the implementation of environmental protection programs. Soil erosion also significantly varied among land-use types. Erosion was most serious in dry farmland and the lightest in paddy field. Dry farmland with a gradient of 6°-25° was the major contributor to soil erosion, and conservation practices should be taken in these areas. The results of this study provide useful information for decision makers and planners to take sustainable land use management and soil conservation measures in the area.     

硬化地面与黄土高原水土流失

在界定硬化地面概念的基础上,进一步将硬化地面分为道路、城镇街区、农家场院三大类。并利用黄土高原400~600mm集流能力试验公式,对甘肃省陇东黄土高原沟壑区不同硬化地面的集流能力、侵蚀量进行分类实例分析研究,发现硬化地面集流能力远大于自然地面,因此城镇、道路、村庄附近的土壤侵蚀尤其严重。在黄土高原地区,不仅与之相关的沟壑的形成和发育,而且相关沟谷和河流的溯源侵蚀之力度大小也要受其影响。随着人口的增加,硬化地面面积越来越大,受其影响水土流失更加严重,这是历史时期黄土高原水土流失日益加剧的重要原因之一。今后黄土高原的水土保持工作,须将防治水土流失与解决水资源紧缺有机结合起来。其最佳解决途径,就是用硬化地面所集中的雨水,作为工农业生产和生活用水,以解决黄土高原水资源之不足。     

我国土壤侵蚀与地理环境的关系

本文论述我国土壤侵蚀类型与自然地带性和非地带性因素的关系,分析影响侵蚀强度时空分布和侵蚀泥沙输移的环境因素及流域条件。     

土壤侵蚀治理范式与生态学理论的耦合关系

目前土壤侵蚀已经成为全球普遍关注的环境问题, 土壤侵蚀治理范式是近年水土保持研 究中的一个热点。本文探讨了“范式”在科学研究中的变迁过程以及对土壤侵蚀防治的重要意义, 并且讨论了土壤侵蚀防治范式与生态学范式之间的耦合关系, 指出生态学思想对土壤侵蚀科学 的发展有重要的借鉴作用, 强调在进行土壤侵蚀研究过程中必须考虑生态因子。土壤侵蚀过程和 生态过程是相互渗透在一起, 它们之间所表现的是相辅相成的耦合关系, 生态学中的自然均衡思 想、系统非平衡态理论、等级缀块动态理论都深刻的影响着土壤侵蚀科学的发展并且都得到不同 程度的应用。在土壤侵蚀研究过程中必须重视生态环境平衡思想。     

长江上游社会经济因子对侵蚀产沙的影响

In recent years,the role of human activities in changing sediment yield has become more apparent for the construction of hydraulic engineering and water conservation projec-tions in the Upper Yangtze River,but it has not been evaluated at the macro scale.Taking Sichuan Province and Chongqing City as an example,this paper studies the relationship between socio-economic factors and sediment yield in the Upper Yangtze River based on section data in 1989 and 2007.The results show that sediment yield is significantly correlated with population density and cultivated area,in which the former appears to be more closely related to sediment yield.Moreover,in the relation of sediment yield vs.population density,a critical value of population density exists,below which the sediment yield increases with the increase of population density and over which the sediment yield increases with the decrease of population density.The phenomenon essentially reflects the influence of natural factors,such as topography,precipitation and soil property,and some human activities on sediment yield.The region with a higher population density than critical value is located in the east of the study area and is characterized by plains,hills and low mountains,whereas the opposite is located in the west and characterized by middle and high mountains.In the eastern region,more people live on the lands with a low slope where regional soil erosion is slight;therefore,sediment yield is negatively related with population density.In contrast,in the western region,the population tends to aggregate in the areas with abundant soil and water resources which usually lead to a higher intensity of natural erosion,and in turn,high-intensity agricultural practices in these areas may further strengthen local soil erosion.It is also found that popu-lation tends to move from the areas with bad environment and high sediment yield to the areas with more comfortable environment and less sediment yield.The natural factors have greater influence on sediment yield of western region than that of eastern region.Generally,the natural factors play a dominant role on sediment yield in the Upper Yangtze River.     

Soil Conservation of National Key Ecological Function Areas

Soil erosion is a significant factor in the deterioration of the ecological environment and soil conservation is an important ecological service of National Key Ecological Function Areas in China. Here, climate, terrain, soil and vegetation cover, soil erosion and soil conservation spatial data in 25 National Key Ecological Function Areas in 2010 were analyzed using the Universal Soil Loss Equation by ArcGIS tool. We found that soil conservation effects due to vegetation cover and soil conservation measures are obvious and that micro and slight erosion areas in National Key Ecological Function Areas have increased by 26.2%. The area of intensive erosion decreased by 25.1%, and the soil conservation amount in southern National Key Ecological Function Areas is high. The conservation amount of soil nutrients within National Key Ecological Function Areas is related to amount of soil conservation and content of each nutrient element in soil. The sequence of nutrient conservation amounts from high to low is soil organic carbon, total K, total N and total P in soil. The conservation amount of various soil nutrient elements in the Alkin Grassland function area and Yunnan and Sichuan function area was highest. Based on our findings, we recommend the strengthening of vegetation protection and management in the areas with high per unit area soil erosion, enhancement of vegetation cover and improvement of soil conservation measures in order to improve soil conservation functions and reduce soil nutrient losses. Vegetation protection and soil conservation measures should be consolidated in the areas with high potential erosion to prevent further deterioration.     

陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地土壤水蚀预测模型

针对陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤水蚀过程复杂且难以有效预测的问题,以定西市安家沟水土保持试验站2005—2016年1~12月人工草地径流场试验数据为主要来源,将流域月降雨量、月侵蚀性降雨量、月径流量、月降雨强度、径流场面积、径流场坡度、土壤砂粒含量、土壤粘粒含量8个因子作为输入因子,月土壤水蚀量作为输出,运用偏最小二乘法(Partial Least-Squares Regression,PLSR)和长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)循环神经网络建立人工草地土壤水蚀预测模型,并利用BP(Back Propagation)、RNN(Recurrent Neural Network)、LSTM常见神经网络模型,对模型的有效性进行评估。结果表明：PLSR将模型8个输入因子减少为4个,从而有效解决LSTM神经网络模型对样本数量要求过高的问题; PLSR和LSTM神经网络模型的结合可以有效提高模型对人工草地土壤水蚀过程的预测精度和收敛速度,预测结果的平均相对误差小于4%,相关系数高于其他3种神经网络模型,而迭代次数、均方根误差和平均绝对误差均低于其他3种模型;研究发现坡度对人工草地土壤水蚀过程影响较为明显,降雨量小于25 mm时,人工草地土壤水蚀量不会随坡度增加而明显增长,但当降雨量超过25 mm时,人工草地土壤水蚀量会随坡度明显增加。 PLSR LSTM神经网络土壤水蚀预测模型可以准确预测陇中黄土丘陵沟壑区人工草地土壤水蚀量,为该地区水土流失的准确预报提供新的思路和方法。     

云南金沙江流域水土保持型可持续土地利用规划研究

水土流失是当今我国乃至世界性的头号土地生态环境问题,它已成为广大山区可持续土地利用的最大障碍和主导性制约因素。未来土地利用的主要方向是可持续土地利用,水土流失山区可持续土地利用有着特殊的内涵。本文以水土流失极其严重的全国生态建设重点区域——云南金沙江流域为研究区域,对水土保持型可持续土地利用规划的基本内涵、原则和重点内容进行了初步探讨,并制定了该流域水土保持型可持续土地利用规划的战略指导思想、基本方针、主要目标、规划方案和实施措施。