CSRH阵列设计研究

介绍中国频谱日像仪(Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph,CSRH)天线阵排列的研究工作.根据CSRH观测目标,给出了在UV平面优化设计的性能指标.最后通过对螺旋阵参数的优化,根据洁化处理的图像质量决定了中国频谱日像仪天线阵列的设计方案.     

基于以太网的CSRH天线阵控制系统研究方案

中国频谱日像仪(Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph,CSRH)一期工程包括40面天线(400 MHz ～2 GHz)组成的天线阵,二期工程包括60面天线(2～15 GHz).天线统一控制包括天线指向调整、目标源跟踪、射电定标等.无论何种情况,所有的天线均需统一协调工作.对CSRH天线阵列整体控制进行了研究,提出了一种基于以太网的CSRH天线阵控制方案,并对可能遇到的关键问题进行分析.     

CSRH天线控制实验与方案研究

在日像仪预研阶段的双天线干涉实验中，实现了短距离基线（8m）的双天线单元同步控制，并对长距离基线（≥1km）的双天线单元同步控制进行了研究；最后，还对将来日像仪天线阵的整体控制进行了初步讨论。     

厘米—分米波射电日像仪天线阵基线测量

日像仪采用综合孔径原理成像,利用不同基线单元的相关输出得到复可见度函数,经过傅里叶变换得到源的亮度分布,基线测量精度是影响成像质量的重要因素.提出了采用大地坐标测量结合观测天文源确定方向基准,进行厘米-分米波射电日像仪天线阵单元天线三维坐标位置测量,获得天线基线矢量的方案,并通过在国家天文台明安图观测站建立相对坐标测控网,对射电日像仪天线阵天线基线进行实测定位,整网平差计算结果表明测量方案合理可行,并满足日像仪基线间距离测量精度的要求和相关成图要求.     

射电日像仪灵敏度测量

灵敏度是射电望远镜的一个重要性能指标,它反映了望远镜监测弱信号的能力。基于明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph,MUSER)的调试观测,给出了日像仪灵敏度的测量方法,对天线系统以及整个阵列的灵敏度进行测量分析,得到了日像仪系统整体的灵敏度性能参数。测量同时给出了天线系统的效率以及接收机系统的增益,这将为下一步日像仪展开常规的科学观测提供参考。     

明安图射电频谱日像仪天线相位方向图测量与分析

明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingantu Ultrawide Sp Ectral Radioheliograph,MUSER)是新一代具有高时间、高空间、高频率分辨率的太阳专用射电望远镜,采用综合孔径原理成像,所以幅度和相位是决定最后成图质量的关键因素。天线的相位方向图会影响日像仪输出的幅度和相位,根据日像仪的馈源设计和综合孔径原理,针对明安图射电频谱日像仪天线数目多,且为户外环境,根据天文观测须经常测试天线性能的特点,给出了基于相关结果测量日像仪天线相位方向图的方法,该方法可以直接通过日像仪的相关输出结果高效准确地得到天线的相位方向图。对MUSER-I天线的相位方向图进行了测量和分析,同时分析了天线相位方向图对日像仪成像的影响,为得到高质量的太阳图像提供了参考和保障。     

CSRH模拟接收机设计

本文叙述了日像仪实验的方案，双天线干涉仪中模拟接收机的结构，灵敏度，动态范围，噪声，增益的各级分配等问题，基于实验方案设计了日像仪模拟接收机。     

明安图射电频谱日像仪高频阵模拟接收机研制

介绍了明安图射电频谱日像仪高频阵模拟接收机总体设计方案和研制情况,详细说明所采用的光传输、温控、滤波、LTCC等技术以及针对射电日像仪阵列特别采取的可靠性保证措施。经过全面的系统指标测试和幅、相稳定性温度环境测试,结果表明模拟接收机系统的性能、功能和稳定性等指标满足总系统的设计要求。     

CSRH阵列设计研究及馈源设计的初步考虑

介绍频谱日像仪天线阵排列及实验馈源设计的研究工作。基于CSRH设计指标,模拟了天线阵T型排列、Y型排列、不规则型和螺旋型排列,给出了每种排列的UV覆盖图像,并在成图质量上对各种排列方式做了分析。最后综合考虑提出建议采用自相似螺旋型排列。     

天籁实验抛物柱面天线阵结构设计与力学分析

为了满足大面积天区的射电巡天观测,完成对大尺度结构的精确测量和对暗能量的探测,需要设计可安装大量馈源单元的大规模射电干涉阵列天线。抛物柱面的结构形式能较好满足工作需求,对抛物柱面天线阵进行了结构的选型设计。基于有限元方法及有限元分析软件,建立了用于暗能量射电探测的抛物柱面天线阵结构的有限元模型,计算分析了在重力、冰雪和风力等载荷作用时反射面的变形情况。仿真计算分析结果表明:设计的用于暗能量射电探测的天线结构在各种工况下反射面变形量较小,能满足各项设计技术指标要求,从而验证了天线阵结构的合理性、稳定性和可靠性。     

A method for arc-second determination of solar burst emission centers with high time resolution and sensitivity at 48 GHz

A 48 GHz five-radiometer front end was installed at the Cassegrain focus of the 13.7-m Itapetinga antenna for the observation of solar bursts. The system works with five beam patterns partly overlapping. The five antenna temperatures are recorded with a temporal resolution of 1 millisecond, including time and antenna position. The ratios of the incoming antenna signals are used to determine the centroid of burst emission. Its coordinates are determined from groups of three receivers by using a least-square fit. In favourable observing conditions we obtain an angular accuracy of about 2 arc sec (r.m.s.), with a time resolution of 1 ms and a sensitivity of 0.05 s.f.u. The accuracy of the antenna tracking, the absolute pointing and the quality of radio seeing at Itapetinga are discussed. A preliminary analysis of an impulsive solar burst event is used to illustrate the capabilities of the method described here.     

The measurement of long-period oscillations at Sacramento Peak Observatory and South Pole

A program to measure long-period brightness oscillations at the solar limb has been pursued at Sacramento Peak Observatory for several years. Past improvements in observing technique and data analysis are reviewed. The encouraging results aid in the verification of the reality and the origin of oscillatory signals. However, the main stumbling block to this and other observational programs is the length of observing sequences imposed by the day/night cycle. The South Pole has received considerable attention as a site where extended observations might be possible. Currently, the Sacramento Peak program is developing a South Pole telescope designed for the observing technique and data analysis proven in Sunspot. A review of pertinent South Pole site parameters is given here for other workers who may be considering South Pole observations. Observing sequences longer than 150 hr are possible, though rare. Data sets of this duration are very attractive for solar oscillation studies.Proceedings of the 66th IAU Colloquium: Problems in Solar and Stellar Oscillations, held at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, U.S.S.R., 1–5 September, 1981.Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under contract AST 78-17292 with the National Science Foundation.Summer Research Assistant at Sacramento Peak Observatory.     

On the prospects of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays detection by high altitude antennas

Radio emission from Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) showers detected after specular reflection off the Antarctic ice surface has been recently demonstrated by the ANITA balloon-borne experiment. An antenna observing a large area of ice or water from a mountaintop, a balloon or a satellite may be competitive with more conventional techniques. We present an estimate of the exposure of a high altitude antenna, which provides insight on the prospects of this technique for UHECR detection. We find that a satellite antenna may reach a significantly larger exposure than existing UHECR observatories, but an experimental characterization of the radio reflected signal is required to establish the potential of this approach. A balloon-borne or a mountaintop antenna are found not to be competitive under any circumstances.     

Neutron monitor observations of high-energy solar particles during the new cycle

After a lapse of five years, the first solar events in which particles were emitted with sufficiently high energies to produce intensity enhancements in ground-based neutron monitors occurred on July 7, 1966, and January 28, 1967. Although the magnitude of the first of these increases was too small (<2%) to permit detailed analysis, the later event, which exceeded 18% at sea-level stations in the polar regions, displayed unusual characteristics. The January 28 event is anomalous in that either it represents the first observation of solar particles reaching the earth from the back side of the sun, or it is associated with a feeble flare (1-) in the unfavored eastern hemisphere of the visible disk. The propagation of solar particles in this event was evidently controlled by a diffusion mechanism, and the observations are consistent with predictions based on alternative theoretical models of this process.This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research.     

A Research on the Gravity Deformation of Delingha 13.7m Telescope

Based on digital photogrammetric measurements, the antenna panels of the Delingha 13.7m radio telescope are adjusted to make the main dish have an optimal paraboloidal surface at the elevation of 52°, thus the overall antenna efficiency is optimized for different observing elevations. Observations indicate that the aperture efficiency of the telescope has been improved approximately twice in comparison with the antenna panels adjusted on the basis of theodolite measurements. According to the results of the measurements at different elevations, the models of antenna gravity deformation are built, including the displacement and tilt angle of the subreflector, as well as the focal length and surface error of the main reflector, as functions of elevation angle. In the process of modeling the gravity deformation of the main dish, instead of the direct calculation method, the least square fitting on the measured surface errors at different elevation angles is adopted, in order to reduce the effect of measurement errors on the accuracy of the model.     

The Solar-A mission

The Institute for Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS) is developing a satellite dedicated to high-energy observations of solar flares. The Solar-A will be launched in August–September, 1991, from the Kagoshima Space Center on board a M3S-II vehicle. The instrument complement emphasizes hard X-ray and soft X-ray imaging, and contains instruments supplied in part by U.S. and U.K. experimenters. This paper describes the instrumentation and the tentative observing program.

     

The Solar-A mission

The Institute for Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS) is developing a satellite dedicated to high-energy observations of solar flares. The Solar-A will be launched in August–September, 1991, from the Kagoshima Space Center on board a M3S-II vehicle. The instrument complement emphasizes hard X-ray and soft X-ray imaging, and contains instruments supplied in part by U.S. and U.K. experimenters. This paper describes the instrumentation and the tentative observing program.     

Observations of the 1.4mm brightness distribution of the sun

Observations of the 1.4 mm center to limb solar brightness distribution show that there is little, if any, limb brightening at this wavelength. Knowledge of the antenna radiation pattern is vital in interpreting the radio measurements.This work was supported by the U.S. Air Force under Contract No. F04701-70-C-0069.     

Maximum-likelihood astrometric geometry calibration of interferometric telescopes: application to the Very Small Array

Interferometers require accurate determination of the array configuration in order to produce reliable observations. A method is presented for finding the maximum-likelihood estimate of the telescope geometry, and of other instrumental parameters, astrometrically from the visibility timelines obtained from observations of celestial calibrator sources. The method copes systematically with complicated and unconventional antenna and array geometries, with electronic bandpasses that are different for each antenna radiometer, and with low signal-to-noise ratios for the calibrators. The technique automatically focuses on the geometry errors that are most significant for astronomical observation. We apply this method to observations made with the Very Small Array and constrain some 450 telescope parameters, such as the antenna positions, effective observing frequencies and correlator amplitudes and phaseshifts; this requires only ∼1 h of CPU time on a typical workstation.     

Brightness temperatures of the quiet sun and new moon at the 6 mm wavelength

Absolute brightness temperatures and brightness temperature ratios of a quiet region near the center of the solar disk and the central region of the new moon were measured simultaneously at the 6 mm wavelength. The measured quiet sun/new moon brightness temperature ratios and reported central brightness temperatures of the new moon confirm the measured brightness temperature of the quiet sun at the 6 mm wavelength.Reported central brightness temperatures of the new moon are tabulated and graphed as a function of frequency and wavelength. The equation of a linear regression line for the reported measurements is given for estimating the brightness temperature of the new moon at any millimeter wavelength. Estimated brightness temperatures of the new moon and measured quiet sun/new moon ratios are used to estimate solar brightness temperatures at several millimeter wavelengths. The solar brightness temperatures, the regression line, and the Van de Hulst theoretical model are presented graphically as a function of frequency and wavelength. The regression line equation is given for estimating solar brightness temperatures at any wavelength in the 6 to 1 mm wavelength interval and is solved for the wavelength of the measured ratios.Reported solar brightness temperatures in the millimeter wavelength region are tabulated. The measured temperatures in the 6 to 1 mm wavelength interval and a linear regression line are presented graphically as a function of frequency and wavelength. The regression line equation is given and solved for the solar brightness temperatures at the 6 mm wavelength.This work supported by the U.S. Air Force under Contract No. F04701-69-C-0066.