南沙海槽南部海区表层沉积物的碳酸盐沉积特征

南海的深海碳酸盐沉积及溶解作用包含极其丰富的信息,既由于陆源物质供应而关系到陆地风化作用速度及气候问题,又通过海水生产力和碱度涉及大气CO₂含量的变化[1～2].南沙海槽位于加里曼丹岛西北部大陆坡与南沙台阶之间,构造上处在南沙海槽北断裂和南沙海槽南断裂之间的断堑带,南沙台阶有众多的海山、礁盘与槽谷,东南坡直下南沙海槽,其坡度变化为5°47'-2°23'-1°57'[3].研究区为7°Ｎ以南至曾母暗沙浅滩、112°E以东至加里曼丹岛西北大陆坡的海区,本文称之为南沙海槽南部海区.     

冲绳海槽的形成与演化探讨

冲绳海槽属西太平洋沟弧盆系,其成因各说不一.根据海槽地壳厚度13—20km,为减薄的大陆壳,具有正的空间异常值,中新世至第四纪沉积由两侧向轴部增厚,海底拖网取样见大量中酸性火山岩,活断层和轴部地堑发育,中浅源地震活跃,有理由相信海槽是在陆壳上发生发展而成,是张应力控制下的断陷带,属裂谷型边缘海盆地,现在仍然处于大陆裂谷的裂陷阶段,构造作用与岩浆活动十分强烈.没有明显的、大规模的扩张,新生洋壳尚未形成.     

冲绳海槽表层沉积物沉积特征的初步研究

海槽表层沉积物沉积特征的研究结果表明,冲绳海槽沉积物具有大陆和大洋之间的过渡性质,大陆及大陆架物质在近期地质历史中,始终是海槽沉积物的主要物质来源;海槽区粗粒沉积物是陆架粗粒沉积物的延续,其性质与陆架区的相似,属于再沉积形成的沉积物;沉积物中的火山物质是区分陆架和海槽沉积物的主要标志之一。     

马里亚纳海槽的沉积

马里亚纳海槽是一个正在扩张的弧后盆地。文章分析中国和联邦德国合作考察马里亚纳海槽两个沉积岩心的一般沉积特征、物质来源及其影响因素。两岩心沉积物均以砂质粉砂、粉砂和粘土质粉砂为主,含较多黑色火山灰层和黑色纹理,岩性分析表明,物质以火山碎屑为主。由于两岩心所处具体构造位置不同,导致岩性、构造和物质来源不同。61KL岩心有4或5个递变层序,为典型的浊流沉积,物质主要来自东部活动的马里亚纳火山弧,由浊流搬运而沉积。57KL岩心物质主要来自海槽扩张裂谷本身的火山喷发。两岩心均为半远洋沉积物。     

冲绳海槽晚更新世以来沉积速率的时空差异及其控制因素

收集和分析了冲绳海槽内不同区域的33个站位柱状样的测年资料,计算了不同时段的沉积速率。结果表明,冲绳海槽内晚更新世以来的沉积速率有较大的时空差异,在空间上,由北向南有沉积速率增加的趋势,而靠近海槽西坡的站位沉积速率要大于东坡;在时间上,晚更新世期间的沉积速率要明显大于全新世。冲绳海槽内不同区域和不同时段沉积速率的差异反映了海槽内沉积环境和物质来源的复杂性,这种差异性主要是由不同区域沉积作用和物源供应变化的结果引起,末次冰消期以来的古海洋环境的变化、黑潮的摆动等因素也起到一定的作用,而事件沉积(如火山-热液作用和浊流沉积)的影响也不容忽视。     

冲绳海槽地壳结构的研究

根据1990年以来对冲绳海槽地质地球物理调查的最新实测资料,包括多道和单道反射地震、海底地震仪折射地震、重磁测量、水深测量、海底岩石拖网,结合国内外学者对冲绳海槽的调查研究成果,对冲绳海槽地壳结构进行了探讨,得出如下初步结论：（1）冲绳海槽是一个典型的发育在大陆地壳边缘、由陆壳张裂而成、处于裂谷作用最高演化阶段、洋壳即将产生、海底扩张即将出现的弧后活动裂谷。（2）根据火成岩发育、沉积层分布和地壳结构分析,冲绳海槽尚缺少已经开始“扩张”的证据,还不能确定海槽中央已经发育了大洋地壳。冲绳海槽目前仍属于拉薄的大陆地壳。（3）冲绳海槽作为一个浅海槽状地貌单元,形成于距今6Ma。作为一个弧后裂谷,自距今2Ma以来开始强烈的张裂活动。海槽中央张裂地堑（槽中槽）距今2Ma以来开始形成并逐渐发展。中央张裂地堑内的火成岩年龄不大于1Ma。因此,冲绳海槽是一个年青的、正在活动的弧后裂谷盆地。     

冲绳海槽断裂、岩浆构造活动和洋壳化进程

讨论了冲绳海槽断裂、岩浆构造活动特征和它们之间的关系,认为雁行排列的地堑斜交于陆架外缘隆起带,海槽北段断块隆脊、龙王构造带和海槽南段"棉花构造带"可能保留了海槽各幕断陷前的火山岩浆活动特征,而现在活动的吐噶喇火山岛弧可沿海槽南段岛坡追踪到台湾。吕宋岛向台湾的碰撞挤压引起的旋张活动加强了海槽南段的地壳拉张,诱发了地堑内火山岩浆活动,在洋壳化进程中起关键作用,其中最典型的八重山地堑已经形成洋壳。断裂和岩浆活动主要是单向地向岛弧侧迁移,由洋中脊扩张产生的对称条带状磁异常模式难以解释冲绳海槽的洋壳化进程。     

冲绳海槽构造活动的差异性及其非同步发展

冲绳海槽的地质和地球物理特征,特别是其构造活动性表明,海槽轴部存在一个扩张应力场,是弧后扩张形成的边缘盆地。其基本特征和构造活动性从东北至西南差别明显,具有南北分段的特点。据此作者把海槽分为扩张作用非同步发展的三段;东北段处在扩张前以裂陷为主的地堑或半地堑阶段;中段处于初始扩张过程的裂谷阶段;西南段则处于相对高级扩张的弧后盆地阶段。这种非同步发展可能是由于菲律宾海板块向亚洲大陆俯冲过程中,其速度在时间和空间上的差异性所致。     

南海西沙海槽盆地地质构造特征

西沙海槽盆地是一个发育在南海北部陆坡深水区的新生代沉积盆地,接受了厚1 500～8 000m的沉积,沉积层中部厚,南北薄,呈南北分带特征。地震剖面上表现出下断上拗的特点,盆地裂陷期的构造样式以"多米诺式半地堑"或"地堑"为特征,控制半地堑发育的主要断层有F1、F2、F3、F4、F5。盆地发育经历了古新世—渐新世断陷和中新世—第四纪拗陷两个主要演化阶段,断陷阶段发育陆相河湖相沉积,拗陷阶段发育浅海-半深海沉积。     

冲绳海槽晚更新世以来沉积速率的变化与沉积环境的关系

１９９２年６月冲绳海槽进行了热水活动和底质调查。从所采岩芯中挑选有代表性的岩芯６个,对样品进行了放射性同位素Ｔｈ、＾２３０Ｔｈ、＾２３２Ｔｈ、Ｕ、＾２３４Ｕ、＾２３８Ｕ的测定。结果表明,冲绳海槽全新世期间沉积物沉积速率比晚更新世期间低,全新世平均沉积速率为２．１０－８．５０ｃｍ／ｋａ,晚更新世平均沉积速度为７．４０－２０．１０ｃｍ／ａｋ。这揭示了晚更新世低海平面期间大量的陆 火山碎屑冲绳海槽,而全     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.